0xip21 MATHMATICS THE Languge of PHYSICS

School Of Excellence
Directorate of Education Govt. of Delhi, 9968 0 66788, soedoe110091@gmail.com
0xip21 MATHMATICS THE Language of PHYSICS
Quadratic Equation
An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation. It is of the form:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
The roots of a quadratic equation are
− ± −
x=
Binomial Theorem
If n is any integer, positive or negative, or a traction and x is any real number, then
( − ) ( − )( − )
( + ) = + + + +…
! !
where ! = × , != × ×
In general, ! = − − .. × × .
If | | << 1, then ( + ) ≃ + .
TRIGONOMETRY
Systems of Measurement of an Angle
(i) Sexagesimal system. In this system,

1 right angle =90° (degree)
1°=60' (minute)
1’ =60"(second)
(ii) Centesimal system. In this system

1 right angle =100 g (grade)
1g =100' (minute)
1' =100" (second)
(iii) Circular system. In this system, the unit of angle is radian.
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose length
is equal to the radius of the circle. If l is the length of an arc and 0 is the angle
subtended at the centre of the circle as shown inFig., then
Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 1

Doubts: What’s app at 9968 0 66788
"
θ= = =radian
!
Fig.
Angle subtended at the centre of the circle is
$ %&' ' ' (
#= = = ( Radius
! )
π radian = 180° =200g

1 radian = 57°916'22" =63g 63' 64"
Trigonometrical Ratios
In right angled Δ OMP, of Fig, ∠OMP =90° and∠ POM = θ.
Fig.
We can define the trigonometric ratios as follows :
,' ,' " 12
sin+ = -.,/0' !'
= =! +
31
6 !' 32
/45 '# = = = /! +
-.,/0' !' 31
,' ,' " 12

tangent θ= = = 0 #
6 !' 32
-.,/0' !' 31
cosecant # = ,' ,' "
= 12 = /!' +

-.,/0' !' 31
secant # = = = !' #
6 !' 32
6 !' 32
cotangent θ = ,' ,' "
= 12
= /0 #
Fundamental Trigonometric Relations
1. /!' # = ! #
, .!' # = /! #
, /0 # =
0 #
! # /! #
2.0 #= , /0 # =
/! # ! #
3. sin θ + cos θ = 1, 1 + tan2 θ = sec2θ,

2 2
1 + cot2θ = cosec2 θ
T-ratios of Allied Angles
sin (- θ) = - sin θ cosec (- θ) = - cosec θ

cos (- θ) = cos θ sec (- θ) - sec θ
tan (- θ) = - tan θ cot (-0) = - cot θ
sin (90° - θ) = cos θ cosec (90° - θ) = sec θ

cos (90° - θ) = sin θ sec (90° - θ) = cosec θ
tan (90° - θ) = cot θ cot (90° - θ) - tan θ
sin (90° + θ) = cos θ cosec (90° + θ) = sec θ

cos (90° + θ) = - sin θ sec (90° + θ) = - cosec θ
tan (90° + θ) = - cot θ cot (90° + θ) = - tan θ
sin (180° - θ) = sin θ cosec (180° - θ) = cosec θ

cos (180° - θ) = - cos θ sec (180° - θ) = - sec θ
tan (180° - θ) = - tan θ cot (180° - θ) = - cot θ
sin (180° + θ) = - sin θ cosec (180° + θ) = - cosec θ

cos (180° + θ) = - cos θ sec (180° + θ) = - sec θ
tan (180° + θ) = tan θ cot (180° + θ) = cot θ
sin (270° - θ) = - cos θ cosec (270° - θ) = - sec θ

cos (270° - θ) = - sin θ sec (270° - θ) = - cosec θ
tan (270° - θ) = cot θ cot (270° - θ) = tan θ

sin (270° + θ) = - cos θ cosec (270° + θ) = - sec θ

cos (270° + θ) = sin θ sec (270° + θ) = cosec θ
tan (270c + θ) = - cot θ cot (270° + θ) = - tan θ
sin (360° - θ) = - sin θ cosec (360° - θ) = - cosec θ

cos (360° - θ) = cos θ sec (360° - θ) = sec θ
tan (360° - θ) = - tan θ cot (360° - θ) = - cot θ
Some Important Trigonometrical Formulae
sin ( + 7) = ! /! 8 + 9 os sin 8
! ( − 8) = ! A /! 8 − /! sin 8
/! ( + 8) = /!, /! 8 − ! sin 8
/! ( − 8) = /!A /! 8 + !%9 sin 8
0 + 0 8
0 ( + 8) =
− 0 0 8
0 − 0 7
0 ( − 8) =
+ 0 0 8
0
sin = ! /! =
+0
/! = /! −! = − !
−0
= : /! − =
+0
0
0 =
−0

sin ( + 8) + ! ( − 8) = sin /! 8
sin ( + 8) − ! ( − 8) = /! sin 8
/!( + 8) + /! ( − 8) = /!A /! 8
/!( + 7) − /! ( − 8) =− sin sin 8
$+; $−;
! $+! ;= sin /!
$+; $−;
sin $ − ! ;= /! sin
$+; $−;
/! $ + /! ; = /! /!
$+; $−;
/! $ − /! ; =− ! sin

Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Standard Angles
angle θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 270° 360°
sin θ 0 1 0 -1 0
cos θ 1 0 - - -1 0 1
tan θ 0 1 ∞ − -1 - 0 -∞ 0
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Differentia, Coefficient
Let y be a function of x i.e., y =f (x)

Suppose the value of x increases by a small amount ∆x. Then the value of y also
increases by a small amount, say ∆y.
∆.
The ratio is called the average rate of change of y with respect to x.
∆
∆.
When ∆x approaches zero, the limiting value of ∆
is called differential coefficient
.
or derivative of y w.r.t. xand is denoted by .
. ∆.
Hence = "%
= →?= ∆
.
Physically, the derivative gives the instantaneous rate of change of function y
with respect to variable x.
Some Important Results on Differentiation
.
(i) Let c be a constant. Then (c) =0
.
(ii) (cy) = .

(iii) ( )= −
(iv) Let . = ± @, where and @ are functions of .

. @
Then = ±
(v) Product Rule.

Let . = @.
.
Then = 1. A. (B. A. ) + B. P. (1. 1. )
@
= +@
Quotient rule.
Let . = @ .
. ;' −(C %)−(C %)

Then = (Den)
(;' )
@ − @
@ −
=
@
(vii) Chain rule Let . be a fJJnCfi0n of and be a function of .
. .
Then = .
Let . = .
Then ( )= −
.
(viii) ("/D' ) =
(ix) ("/D ) = E "/D'
(x) (' ) = '
( F) ( E) = E
"/D' a
( ) (sin ) = /!
( ) ( /! ) =− !

( @) (0 ) = !'
( @) ( /0 ) =‐cosec2
( @) ( !' ) = !' 0
(xvii) (cosec ) =− /!' /0
.
Example 1. Find for the following functions:
(i) . = G
+ + ? (ii) . = + + E
.
(iii) . = G + 3x3/2+H .
Solution.
(i) . = G
+ + ?
.
= ( G) + ( )+ ( ?)
=G + +?=G + .
(ii) . = + +
E
= + /
+ − /
.
= ?
+ − /
− − /
= + − .
E E
(iii) . = G + /
+H
.
=G ( )+ ( /
)+H ( )
=G× + /
+H×
J
= ? + + H.

Example 2. A particle is moving with a uniform acceleration. Its displacement at

any instant & is given by ! = ?0 + J0 . What is (i) initial velocity (ii) velocity at
0 = second and (iii) the uniform acceleration?
Solution. Displacement, ! = ?0 + . J0
!
Velocity, @ = = ?+ × . J0
0
(i) Initial velocity

(i.e., velocity K = ?) = ? + ? = ?%!− .
(ii) Velocity at 0 = second is

@= ?+ × .J × = J. %!− .
(iii) Acceleration,
@
= 0
= 0
(10+9.8 0) = ? + J. L = J. L%!−
Example. 3. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion, the displacement

from the mean position is given by = a sin (ωt + ϕ); where a, ω and ϕ are
constants. Find the - velocity and acceleration of the particle at any instant t.
Solution. Displacement, y = a sin (ωt + ϕ)

Velocity,
.
@= = [ ! (O0 + P)]
0 0
= /! (O0 + P) (O0 + P)
0
=O /! (O0 + P)
Acceleration,
@
= = [O /! (O0 + P)]
0 0
=− O ! (O0 + P) (O& + P)
0
=− O sin (O0 + P).
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is the process of finding a
function whose derivative is given. If derivative of function f (x) w.r.t. x is /'(x),
then integration of f'(x) w.r.t. x is f (x). Symbolically, we can say
if [f(x)] = f'(x), then ∫ f'(x)dx = f(x).
Some Standard Elementary Integrals
Some standard elementary integrals along with their results on differentiation are
as follows:
Differentiation Integration
+
1. (xn) = nxn - 1 ∫ xn dx = ( + c,
+ )
provided n ≠ - 1
Here c is constant of integration.
2. (x) = 1 ∫ dx = x + c
3. (loge x) = ∫ = loge x + c
4. (sinx) = cos x dx ∫ cos x . dx = sin x + c
5. (cos x) = - sin x dx ∫ sin x . dx = - cos x + c
6. (tan x) = sec2 x dx ∫sec2 x .dx = tan x + c
7. (cot x) = - cosec2 x dx ∫ cosec2 x . dx = - cot x + c

8. (sec x) = sec x . tan x dx ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c
9. (cosec x) ∫ cosec x . cot x dx

= - cosec x + c
= - cosec x. cotx ∙
10. (ax + b)n ∫(ax + b)n dx

+ 6 +
= na(ax + b)n - 1 = +
( + )
11. "/D' ( + 6) ∫(
+ 6)
= = - log (ax + b)+ c a

( + 6)
12. (' ) = ' ∫ex.dx = ex + c
13. ( )= ⋅ "/D' a ∫ ax.dx="/D

'
x
= a . loga e + c
14. . = ± @ ± T; ∫(u± v± w) dx
. @ T = ∫ u∙dx± ∫ vdx ± ∫ wdx + c
= ± ±
Definite integral
When an integral is defined between two definite limits a and b, it is said to be a

definite integral. It is given by
6
U &( ) = [P( )]6 = P(6) − P( )
where P( ) is the integral of &( ). Here and 6 are the lower and upper limits of
integration.
∞ W2%
Example 4. Find the value of U ; where G, M and m are constants.imp
∞ W2% ∞ −
Solution. U = W2% U

− ∞ ∞
= W2% =− W2%
−
=− WX% −
∞
W2%
=− W2% ? − = .
Example 5. Find the value of U? A ; where A = Y .
E E
Solution. U? A = U? Y
E
= YZ =Y
? ?
=Y −? = Y .
+ / 2
Example 6. Evaluate U− / [
. where 2 and l are constants.
Solution.
+ / 2 2 + /
U− / [
. = U− /
\
"
+
2
=
[
−
2 " [
= − −
"
2 " " 2 " 2"
= ⋅ + = ⋅ = .
" L L " L


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School Of Excellence

Directorate of Education Govt. of Delhi, 9968 0 66788, soedoe110091@gmail.com

0xip21 MATHMATICS THE Language of PHYSICS

(i) Sexagesimal system. In this system,

(ii) Centesimal system. In this system

(iii) Circular system. In this system, the unit of angle is radian.

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 1

π radian = 180° =200g

In right angled Δ OMP, of Fig, ∠OMP =90° and∠ POM = θ.

,' ,' " 12

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 2

Fundamental Trigonometric Relations

3. sin θ + cos θ = 1, 1 + tan2 θ = sec2θ,

T-ratios of Allied Angles

sin (- θ) = - sin θ cosec (- θ) = - cosec θ

sin (90° - θ) = cos θ cosec (90° - θ) = sec θ

sin (90° + θ) = cos θ cosec (90° + θ) = sec θ

sin (180° - θ) = sin θ cosec (180° - θ) = cosec θ

sin (180° + θ) = - sin θ cosec (180° + θ) = - cosec θ

sin (270° - θ) = - cos θ cosec (270° - θ) = - sec θ

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 3

sin (270° + θ) = - cos θ cosec (270° + θ) = - sec θ

sin (360° - θ) = - sin θ cosec (360° - θ) = - cosec θ

Some Important Trigonometrical Formulae

/! ( − 8) = /!A /! 8 + !%9 sin 8

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 4

/!( + 7) − /! ( − 8) =− sin sin 8

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 5

Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Standard Angles

Let y be a function of x i.e., y =f (x)

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 6

(iv) Let . = ± @, where and @ are functions of .

(v) Product Rule.

. ;' −(C %)−(C %)

(ix) ("/D ) = E "/D'

(x) (' ) = '

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 7

(xvii) (cosec ) =− /!' /0

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 8

Example 2. A particle is moving with a uniform acceleration. Its displacement at

(i) Initial velocity

(ii) Velocity at 0 = second is

Example. 3. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion, the displacement

Solution. Displacement, y = a sin (ωt + ϕ)

=− O sin (O0 + P).

Some Standard Elementary Integrals

4. (sinx) = cos x dx ∫ cos x . dx = sin x + c

5. (cos x) = - sin x dx ∫ sin x . dx = - cos x + c

6. (tan x) = sec2 x dx ∫sec2 x .dx = tan x + c

7. (cot x) = - cosec2 x dx ∫ cosec2 x . dx = - cot x + c

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 10

8. (sec x) = sec x . tan x dx ∫ sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c

9. (cosec x) ∫ cosec x . cot x dx

10. (ax + b)n ∫(ax + b)n dx

= = - log (ax + b)+ c a

12. (' ) = ' ∫ex.dx = ex + c

13. ( )= ⋅ "/D' a ∫ ax.dx="/D

When an integral is defined between two definite limits a and b, it is said to be a

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 11

Example 5. Find the value of U? A ; where A = Y .

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 12

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