ii
“OBJECTIVES
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS APPLICATIONS
1, To study the frequency response of the given op-amp (741) and determine the F2 i.e. buildan
inverting amplifier with gain 5, 20and 100 and check gain-bandwidth consistency.
2, Touse the op-ampas 1) inverter, 2)adder, 3) integrator, 4) differentiator and 5) difference
amplifier.
BACKGROUND
Ithas been shown in earlier experiments that the CE amplifier, based on a BJT, has a high gain but
limited bandwidth whereas the CS amplifier, based on a JFET, has limited gain and a large bandwidth
with better low frequency response. The CS amplifier also has ideal impedance matching capability. The
Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) combines the high gain of CE amplifier and the wide bandwidth of the
CS. amplifier ina unique way and thus becomes the building block for arithmetic algebraic operations
{addition, multiplication, sign inversion etc.) and indispensible for transfer function analysis ie. analog
computation. The characteristic features of an ideal op-amp —a special voltage — shunt feedback
amplifier are
Infinite voltage gain
Infinite bandwidth
Zero offset voltage
‘Two types of input terminals - inverting and non-inverting
eee
Depending on the relative type of passive elements employed in the input and feedback lumps, the op-
amp can be used as sign changer, adder, (Rs, Ro, Ril, scale changer (2:/Z; =Constt.), 2:=Zo, phase changer
(121 = Zs, but ZZ; = ¢ ), Integration (Zi = R, Z1 =C) or differentiation (Z\=C, Zr= 8).
The pin diagram of theop-ampto be used in this experiment,LM741, is given below
Offset null
Inverting input
Non-inverting input
Vec
Offset null
Output
Vet
Nc
eno
Scanned with CamScannererting amplifier
Vout = Vin. (-Ri/Rin)
Av = (R/Rin)
Note: In practical applications if Ry>> Ri , Rs can be removed and directly grounded.
R,=R,= 10K
ANC
Voat = Vin (1+ Ri/Rin)
Ay= (1+ R/Rin)
3. Buffer: Contains high input impedance Zand low output impedance Zou 5
Vou = Vie witikg.
‘Scanned with CamScanner4, Summer (Adder, Subtractor)
Vout = Va #V2 for unity gain
For >1 gain Vou = -(Rs/Rs) Va -(Ra/Ro) Vo
wee
phen
sy Ri pk
“LP
Vv, WW
e 2 i
3 Gq
=10V
v, Wi
Re
5. Integrator : Vea = (1/R,Ci) dt
Procedure: 1. Calculate R and C components for a frequency of 1 kHz @ 1Vp-P; 2. Study the
effect of input frequency by varying it and find out the linear integration bandwidth.
& 4 OOP
4h
1 10
‘Scanned with CamScannerDifferentiator
Vou = -RiC; dVi/dt Ensure that the time period of T(input) signal is longer than or equal to RC,
orT>RiG (C: < 1p) Preferably use disc capacitors.
Procedure: 1, Calculate R and C values for an input frequency of 1kHz and 1 Vp»: 2. Study the
effect of input frequency by varying it and find out the bandwidth.
oe + Vout
Scanned with CamScanner7. Differential amplifier:
Vo =Vi-V2
(1) At unity gain (R;
(2) > Unity gain Vo
2)
(R2/Ri)(Va - V2)
Procedure: Vs = 2Vpp (kHz); V2=1Vpp (1 kHz)
Find the Vou and note the output waveform
Rak
‘Scanned with CamScanner