and Photonics Il

Minor 1 2022-23 J'imc: 1 hour

26-09-2022 NOTE. 'Il/ svtnho/s used have their usual mneaning Max.

An.vcer all questions

Of
l) Derive the FWI1Mof a Doppler-broadened absototion I)) linc Croma Rubidium cell, Eqtimate the temperature
14 mark«l
the cell if it is 0.6 Gl Iz (given, Inass of Rubidiuni is 85.4678 u).

2) Using the rate equation tnodelsderive the condition Corpopulation inversion in case of a three-level laser. 15 marks)

3) Consider a systelll with the lower level El = —13.6ev and upper levelE2 = 3 .4 eV. Assume '121 z
6 x IOS s -1 . (a) What is the frequency of light einitted due to transitions from E2 to El? Assuming the emiss ion to
have only natural broadening. what is the FWI1Mof the emission? What is the population ratio N2/N1 at T = 300K?
(b) If the atoniic system containing No atoms/cm3 of the above atoms is irradiated by a beam of intensity 10 at the
line center frequency calculate the value of 10required to produce NI = 2N2 11+2 = 3 marksl

4) Consider a Ruby laser whose active medium consists of Cr3+ ion doped in A1203and is an example of a three-level
laser. It has the following typical parameters:110= 694.3 nm, tsp 3 x 10¯3 s, no = 1.76, cavity length: L =
5 cm , mirror reflection coefficients: rl = r2 = 09 gain coefficient 0 and g(oo) = A — ——L z 1.1x
10-12 s. Based on these parameters 27tAv
and values, calculate (i) the loss factor of light energy in a roundtrip due to the
min-ors;(ii) the passive cavity lifetime: Tc (decay time after which the energy reduces to l/e times
its initial value);
(iii) critical population inversion at threshold (assuming non-degenerate states); (iv)
calculate the typical gain
coefficient required for achieving such threshold population inversion as in part (iii). (v)
Also, a typical Chromium
ion density in Ruby laser is about 1.6 x 1019 atoms/cm 3 and since at 300K
most of the atoms are in the ground level,
calculate the absorption coefficient at the line center.
11+1+2+2+2= 8 marksl

5) In the context of quantization of light, answer the following:

(i) What is Coulomb gauge? Justify the choice of scalar
potential = 0.
(ii) Write down the general solution of the vector potential A(r,
t) with explicit time and space dependency.
(iii) How do we classically discretize the problem in obtaining
the above solution in part (ii)?
(iv) Using A(r, t) derive expressions for the Electric field
E(r, t) and Magnetic field H(r, t).
(v) Using the expressions in (iv) obtain the \total
electromagnetic energy and therefore the classical
Hamiltonian.
15marksl