Chapter 10 Energy

Energy
Ability to do work or produce heat
chemical mechanical thermal electrical radiant sound nuclear

Potential and Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy: energy due to composition or position Kinetic Energy: energy due to motion mv2

Energy and Energy Changes

All physical changes and chemical changes involve energy changes.

Energy affects matter.

Raise its temperature eventually causing a state change, or cause a chemical change such as decomposition

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed
First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred between objects Energy can be transformed from one form to another
heat light sound

Temperature and Heat

Heat: a flow of energy due to a temperature difference Temperature: a measure of the random motions of the components of a substance

Equal masses of hot water and coldwater separated by a thin metal wall in an insulated box.

H2O molecules in hot water have much greater random motions than the H2O molecules in cold water.

The water samples have the same temperature (50. C) and have the same random motions.

System and Surroundings

System: that part of the universe that we wish to study Surroundings: everything else in the universe

Exothermic vs. Endothermic

Exothermic process: a process that results in the production of heat
- Example: when a match is struck, it is an exothermic process because energy is produced as heat.

Endothermic process: absorbs heat

- Example: melting ice to form liquid water is an endothermic process because the ice absorbs heat in order to melt

Exothermic vs. Endothermic

Units of Energy
One calorie = amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1C
kcal = energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1C

joule
4.184 J = 1 cal

In nutrition, calories are capitalized.

1 Cal = 1 kcal

Energy & Temperature of Matter

The amount the temperature of an object increases depends on: the amount of heat added (q)
If you double the added heat energy the temperature will increase twice as much.

its mass (m)

If you double the mass it will take twice as much heat energy to raise the temperature the same amount.

Specific Heat Capacity

Specific heat (s): the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius
J By definition , the specific heat of water is 4.184 g C
Amount of Heat = Specific Heat x Mass x Temperature Change Q = s x m x T

Specific Heat Capacity

Example #1:
Calculate the amount of heat energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 7.40 g of water from 29.0C to 46.0C.

Example #1 (cont.)
Specific heat of water = 4.184 Mass = 7.40 g
J g C

Temperature change = 46.0C 29.0C = 17.0C

Q = s m T
J Heat 4.184 7.40g 17.0C 526 J g C

Example #3
When 1 mole of methane (CH4) is burned at constant pressure, 890 kJ of energy is released as heat. Write the equation for this reaction. CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2

Example #4
Calculate the heat (q) for a process in which a 5.8 gram sample of methane is burned at constant pressure.
qp = H
1 mol = - 890 kJ = H 5.8 g = 0.36 moles 0.36 moles x -890kJ/mol = -320 kJ EXOTHERMIC

Entropy
Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder or randomness.
As a system becomes more disordered, S >0

Second Law of Thermodynamics: the entropy of the universe is always increasing.

Entropies of Ice and Steam

Entropy
Consider melting ice:
Endothermic reaction, so no energy spread Entropy increases

Increase in entropy is greater than the energy required for melting Process is spontaneous

Hesss Law

Hesss Law
Hesss law: if a reaction is carried out in a number of steps, H for the overall reaction is the sum of H for each individual step. For example: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = -802 kJ 2H2O(g) 2H2O(l) H= - 88 kJ CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -890 kJ

Hesss Law Characteristics

The heat of a reaction is constant, regardless of the number of steps in the process
Hoverall = S Hs of individual reactions When it is necessary to reverse a chemical equation, change the sign of H for that reaction

When multiplying equation coefficients, multiply values of H for that reaction

Practice Hess Law 2 CO (g) + O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g), H = ?

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g), Ho = -394kJ/mol C(s) + O2(g) CO(g), Ho = -111kJ/mol

H = [2 x Ho(CO2) 2 x Ho(CO)] = -788kJ (-222kJ) = -566kJ