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Chapter 1 - Student
Chapter 1 - Student
Chapter 1 - Student
Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?
Chapter 1 - 1
Chapter 1 - 2
• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility
Chapter 1 - 3
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11/2/13
Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
Acetabular
– must avoid any debris in cup Cup and Liner
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister 7e. (Photograph
courtesy of Zimmer, Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA.)
Chapter 1 - 5
Chapter 1 - 6
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(d)
6 00
Hardness (BHN)
30 µm
5 00 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.31(a) and
4 00 (b) 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition, and from
(a) Fig. 11.15, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 10.19;
4 µm
3 00 (b) Fig. 9.30; (c) Fig. 10.33; and (d) Fig.
10.21, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. (Figures
30 µm 10.19, 10.21, & 10.33 copyright 1971 by United
2 00 30 µm States Steel Corporation. Figure 9.30 courtesy
of Republic Steel Corporation.)
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 7
Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.
Chapter 1 - 8
Chapter 1 - 9
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ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Fig. 18.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
i
a t%N [Adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
5 .32
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
3 Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill
t%N
(10-8 Ohm-m)
4 16 a t%N
i
+ 2. 12 a
Cu + 1 .
3 u
dC
rme i
defo t%N
2 12 a
+ 1.
Cu
1 Cu
re”
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 10
THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
-- Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. -- It decreases when
Chapter-opening you add zinc!
photograph, Chapter 17,
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
400
Thermal Conductivity
(Courtesy of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
300
(W/m-K)
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Courtesy of Lockheed [Adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties
Aerospace Ceramics and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure
Systems, Sunnyvale, CA) Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing
(Note: "W" denotes fig. is on Editor), ASM International, 1979, p. 315.]
CD-ROM.)
100 µm Chapter 1 - 11
MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!
Fe+3%Si
Magnetization
Fe
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973.
(Courtesy of HGST, a Western Digital Company.) Electronically reproduced by permission of
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey.
Chapter 1 - 12
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OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material’s structure (i.e.,
single crystal vs. polycrystal, and degree of porosity).
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal no porosity some porosity
Chapter 1 - 13
DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!
10-8 “as-is”
crack speed (m/s)
“held at
160°C for 1 hr
before testing”
Alloy 7178 tested in
10-10
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23°C
increasing load
Fig. 17.21, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505,
John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel,
Brown Boveri Co.)
Chapter 1 - 14
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.
Chapter 1 - 15