POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

NTSP-ETEEAP
Master of Public Administration (MPA) Program
Research Methods in Public Administration (MPA 603)
First Semester, AY 2023-2024
Major Examination (Midterm and Finals)

A. REMINDERS:

Deadline: January 31, 2024, 9:00 p.m. (Thursday)

Type: Essay
Font: Arial/Times New Roman
Font Size: 11
Spacing: Single
Paper size length: short
Submission: please send to ccmantillas@pup.edu.ph
File Format: PDF
Number of items: 100
Passing Score: 60
All original answers. No duplication.

Please indicate the following at the top portion of your paper:

Name:
Course Title: Research Methods in Public Administration
Code: MPA 603
Section: MPA 603 ETEEAP
Course Specialist: Christopher C. Mantillas, Ph.D

B. QUESTIONS:

1. What are the qualities of a good thesis? Please identify all these qualities and explain.
A good thesis, whether for an academic paper or research project, possesses
several key qualities that contribute to its effectiveness and impact. These
qualities help ensure that the thesis statement is clear, compelling, and capable
of guiding the research and argumentation. Here are the qualities of a good
thesis and explanations for each:
Clarity: A good thesis statement is clear and concise, providing a straightforward
and unambiguous assertion or argument. It avoids vague or overly broad
language, making it easy for the reader to understand the main point of the
paper. Clarity ensures that the thesis sets a clear direction for the research or
argument.
Specificity: A strong thesis statement is specific and focused. It addresses a
particular aspect of the topic rather than making a general statement. Specificity
helps in providing a clear scope for the paper and ensures that the thesis is not
too broad or too narrow.
Debatable: A good thesis statement presents an argument or position that is
debatable. It should not be a statement of fact but rather a claim that invites
 discussion and disagreement. A debatable thesis encourages critical thinking
and analysis, as it requires evidence and support to persuade the reader.
Relevance: The thesis statement should be relevant to the topic and the context
of the paper. It should directly address the subject matter and reflect the main
theme or question being explored. Irrelevant or off-topic theses can confuse the
reader and weaken the paper's focus.
Evidence-Based: An effective thesis is based on evidence and research. It
should be supportable with credible sources, data, or examples. The thesis
statement serves as the foundation for the argument, and evidence is essential
to validate and reinforce the claim made in the thesis.
Originality: While building on existing research is common, a good thesis
statement should offer some degree of originality. It may propose a new
perspective, challenge conventional wisdom, or introduce a fresh interpretation of
existing information. Originality adds value to the thesis.
Complexity: Depending on the complexity of the topic and the depth of the paper,
a good thesis can be complex. It may acknowledge nuances, contradictions, or
multiple facets of the issue while maintaining clarity. Complex theses allow for
more comprehensive exploration.
Purposeful: The thesis statement should serve a clear purpose within the paper.
It guides the reader, informs the research or argument, and communicates the
paper's main point. It should not be included merely for the sake of having a
thesis but should contribute meaningfully to the paper's goals.
Engaging: An effective thesis statement is engaging and arouses the reader's
interest. It should make the reader want to continue reading to learn more about
the argument or perspective presented. An engaging thesis statement can
captivate the reader from the outset.
Contextual: A good thesis takes into account the context of the paper, including
the audience and the overall purpose. It should be tailored to suit the
expectations and needs of the intended readership while staying true to the
research or argumentative objectives.
In summary, a good thesis statement is clear, specific, debatable, relevant,
evidence-based, original, complex, purposeful, engaging, and contextual. These
qualities collectively contribute to the thesis's effectiveness in guiding the paper
and conveying a compelling argument or perspective to the reader.

2. Please identify the most common research methods in quantitative research design.
Have a short description of each of the methods identified.
Quantitative research design involves the collection and analysis of numerical
data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends within a research topic.
There are several common research methods used in quantitative research.
Here are some of the most common methods, along with brief descriptions of
each:
Survey Research: Surveys involve the collection of structured questionnaire
responses from a sample of individuals or groups. Surveys are used to gather
data on attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and demographics. They can be
conducted through various mediums, including online surveys, telephone
interviews, or paper questionnaires.
Experimental Research: Experimental research is characterized by the
manipulation of one or more independent variables to observe their effects on a
dependent variable. Researchers use controlled experiments to establish cause-
and-effect relationships. It often involves random assignment of participants to
control and experimental groups.
Observational Research: Observational research involves the systematic and
structured observation of subjects or events in their natural environment.
Researchers record objective data about behaviors, interactions, or phenomena.
It can be conducted in a participant's presence (participant observation) or
without their awareness (non-participant observation).
Correlational Research: Correlational research aims to identify and quantify
relationships between two or more variables. Researchers collect data on
variables without manipulating them. The strength and direction of relationships
are measured using statistical techniques, such as Pearson's correlation
coefficient.
Longitudinal Research: Longitudinal studies involve the collection of data from
the same individuals or groups over an extended period. This method is useful
for studying changes, trends, and developments over time. It can provide insights
into the temporal dynamics of variables.
Cross-Sectional Research: Cross-sectional studies collect data from participants
at a single point in time. It compares different groups or variables at that specific
moment. Cross-sectional research is often used for prevalence studies, market
research, and public opinion polls.
Content Analysis: Content analysis is a method for analyzing textual, visual, or
audio content systematically. Researchers code and quantify content to identify
patterns, themes, and trends. It is commonly used in media studies, social
sciences, and qualitative research.
Secondary Data Analysis: In this method, researchers analyze existing data
collected by other researchers or organizations. Secondary data sources can
include government databases, surveys, academic studies, or publicly available
datasets. Researchers reanalyze the data to answer new research questions.
Case Study Research: Case studies involve an in-depth examination of a specific
individual, group, organization, or phenomenon. Researchers gather
comprehensive data through multiple sources, such as interviews, documents,
and observations. Case studies are particularly useful for exploring complex,
context-dependent issues.
 Experimental Economics: Experimental economics applies experimental
methods to study economic behavior and decision-making. Researchers create
controlled economic environments and use game theory to examine economic
choices and outcomes.
These are some of the most common research methods in quantitative research
design. Researchers choose the appropriate method(s) based on their research
objectives, the nature of their research questions, the availability of resources,
and ethical considerations. Each method has its strengths and limitations, and
researchers must select the one that best suits their study's requirements.

3. Please identify the most common research methods in qualitative research design. Have
a short description of each of the methods identified.
Qualitative research methods focus on exploring and understanding the meaning
individuals or groups ascribe to social or human problems. Here are some of the
most common qualitative research methods:
Interviews: This method involves conducting one-on-one conversations with
participants to gather in-depth information about their perspectives, experiences,
or beliefs. Interviews can be structured (with a set of predefined questions), semi-
structured (with some prepared questions but room for exploration), or
unstructured (more like a free-flowing conversation). The aim is to gain deep
insights into the participant's personal views and experiences.
Focus Groups: In this method, a small group of people (usually 6-10) are
interviewed together, facilitated by a researcher. This group setting is designed to
encourage discussion and interaction among participants, which can bring out
richer, more diverse perspectives than individual interviews. Focus groups are
particularly useful for exploring societal or communal views and understanding
how opinions are shaped in a group context.
Observation/Fieldwork: This involves the researcher immersing themselves in the
environment they are studying, which could be anything from a workplace to a
community setting. The researcher observes behaviors, interactions, and
physical settings either as a passive observer or as an active participant. This
method is particularly useful for understanding social processes in their natural
context.
Case Studies: This approach involves an in-depth investigation of a single case
or a small number of cases, such as an individual, a group, or an organization.
Case studies are beneficial for understanding complex issues in their real-life
context. They often involve multiple data sources, like interviews, observations,
and document analysis.
Document Analysis: This method involves the systematic examination and
interpretation of textual material to gain an understanding of social phenomena.
Documents studied can include letters, emails, reports, policy documents,
 newspaper articles, and more. This approach is often used to understand
historical contexts or to supplement other qualitative methods.
Ethnography: Originating from anthropology, ethnography involves studying
cultures and communities by immersing oneself in the environment and
observing from the inside. It often involves a combination of observation,
interviews, and document analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of
the group or culture being studied.

4. Based on your preferred thesis topic, please create a proposed research paper. Please
make use of the attached University Thesis and Dissertation Manual to guide you in
writing your research paper. This is in preparation for your thesis writing. Please make
sure that the Thesis Title, Rationale, Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem,
and Methodology are consistent with one another. You will have to produced 3 chapters.
Chapter 1 (Introduction)
Chapter 2 (Review of Literature) Use at least 20 literature and studies for this exercise
Chapter 3 (Methodology)

THE INTERPLAY OF LEADERSHIP, AND STRATEGY IN THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF

INVESTIGATION (NBI)
Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS’ SETTING

Introduction

The landscape of global policing has seen significant evolution in the past few decades,

especially in specialized police units responsible for addressing emerging and intricate

challenges ranging from counter-terrorism to cybercrimes. Central to this evolution is the

intersection of leadership and strategy, which plays a pivotal role in determining the efficacy and

adaptability of such specialized units. The interplay between leadership styles, strategic

formulation, and operational execution holds the potential to make or break the success of

police operations on the ground.

Scholars have long debated the nature and implications of leadership within policing

contexts. Parker et al. (2018) elucidates how democratic leadership styles often foster a culture

of shared responsibility and enhanced adaptability. However, in certain high-pressure situations

inherent to specialized police units, a blend of authoritative and transformational leadership

might be more conducive (Johnson & Fernandez, 2019).

Strategically, the global outlook of specialized police units has been marked by rapid

advancements in technology, intelligence gathering, and community engagement. The adoption

of cutting-edge technology and reconnaissance tools, coupled with innovative strategies, has

drastically changed the way these units operate (Kumar & Singh, 2020). At the same time, the

strategic inclusion of community-based approaches has been emphasized as vital in achieving

policing goals, especially in counter-terrorism and public order situations (Stephens & Lewis,

2022).

Yet, despite the in-depth explorations of leadership and strategy individually, there

remains a conspicuous gap in understanding their interplay, especially in the specialized units.

A comprehensive understanding of how leadership styles impact strategic choices, and

subsequently, the outcomes of these strategies, is crucial (Wright & Jacobs, 2023). This

research, therefore, delves into this interplay, focusing on the Special Operations Unit, aiming to

shed light on the intricate relationship between leadership and strategy in a contemporary

policing context.

The critical role of police forces, particularly in specialized units, demands continuous

appraisal and enhancement. Leadership styles and strategies remain core to the successful

functioning of such units. The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in the Philippines stands as

a pivotal government agency responsible for maintaining law and order through comprehensive

law enforcement and investigative efforts on a national scale. Operating under the purview of

the Department of Justice (DOJ), the NBI holds the esteemed position of being the nation's

premier investigative body. This agency shoulders a diverse array of functions and

responsibilities that collectively make it an indispensable institution in upholding justice and

ensuring societal harmony throughout the Philippines.

 Among the primary roles and functions of the National Bureau of Investigation, its

prowess in investigation and intelligence-gathering stands out prominently. The NBI is widely

recognized for its ability to conduct rigorous investigations into an extensive range of criminal

activities. These encompass cybercrime, human trafficking, drug trafficking, corruption,

organized crime, and white-collar offenses. Furthermore, the NBI diligently collects and

analyzes intelligence, reinforcing its investigative undertakings and facilitating the prevention of

criminal activities before they can proliferate.

Equally vital to the NBI's mission are its state-of-the-art forensic services. The agency

operates cutting-edge forensic laboratories staffed with experts proficient in the meticulous

examination and analysis of physical evidence. This evidence can encompass fingerprints,

ballistics, DNA, and various documents. The proficient delivery of these forensic services plays

a pivotal role in solving crimes and presenting irrefutable evidence in courtrooms across the

nation.

The NBI is also entrusted with the issuance of criminal clearances and identification

documents, including highly sought-after NBI clearance certificates. These documents hold

substantial importance in various facets of life, often required for employment, travel, and other

purposes. The NBI conducts rigorous background checks and verifies the criminal records of

individuals, ensuring the reliability and integrity of these documents.

Recognizing the evolving landscape of criminal activities, particularly in the digital realm,

the NBI has established specialized units dedicated to the investigation of cybercrimes. These

units focus on probing online offenses, such as hacking, online scams, and other cyber-related

criminal activities.

Furthermore, the NBI assumes a crucial role in the protection of human rights. It is

charged with investigating cases of human rights violations and collaborates closely with other

governmental bodies and organizations to safeguard the rule of law and protect the fundamental

rights and liberties of individuals within the country.

 In the battle against illegal drug activities, the NBI stands as a key player. The agency

conducts operations targeting drug traffickers and producers, often collaborating with other law

enforcement agencies to combat the drug trade's proliferation and its detrimental impact on

society.

Moreover, the NBI actively engages in international cooperation, partnering with law

enforcement agencies and organizations worldwide to combat transnational crimes. Such

crimes include human trafficking and terrorism, where information sharing and coordinated

efforts are essential in addressing these global threats.

The NBI provides essential legal assistance to its agents and personnel involved in legal

cases, ensuring that their rights are protected and that they are adequately represented in legal

proceedings. Additionally, the agency cooperates closely with the Department of Justice in

prosecuting cases within the judicial system.

Recognizing the importance of continuous professional development, the NBI conducts

comprehensive training programs for its personnel. These programs are designed to enhance

their investigative skills and knowledge, ensuring that they remain adept at employing the latest

techniques and technologies in the field of law enforcement.

Lastly, the NBI serves as a point of interaction with the public, offering valuable

assistance and services related to its functions. This includes facilitating the filing of complaints,

the reporting of crimes, and the issuance of clearances and other essential documents. The

leadership and strategies within these units become paramount to ensure the safety and order

of the city.

Several studies have illuminated the significance of leadership styles in policing. For

instance, Santos, Dela Cruz, & Reyes (2019) argued that the style of leadership directly impacts

the performance and motivation of police officers, thus influencing the overall efficacy of the

unit. Their study emphasized the balance between democratic and authoritarian styles to

achieve optimal results.

 In another study conducted by Rodriguez, Perez, & Gomez (2020), the NBI's strategies

in various units were scrutinized. It was found that while strategies such as counter-terrorism

and surveillance were robust, areas like community engagement needed strengthening. This

observation resonates with the findings of Dimagiba & Lim (2021), who mentioned that effective

community engagement acts as a force multiplier by garnering public trust.

Moreover, gaps have been identified in the correlation between leadership styles and the

implementation of strategies. As Valdez & Mercado (2022) note, the interplay between

leadership and strategy remains understudied, especially in the context of specialized units.

This presents an avenue to delve deeper into how leadership styles affect strategy formulation

and execution, especially in the context of Manila City's unique challenges.

Furthermore, the calls for reform and enhanced management frameworks have been

articulated in various local studies (Martinez & Bautista, 2023). The current literature, while

comprehensive in identifying individual aspects of leadership and strategy, lacks a holistic

approach to understanding their interplay and proposing actionable frameworks.

In light of the aforementioned gaps, this study seeks to explore the interplay of

leadership and strategy in the specialized police units of NBI's District Special Operations Unit in

Manila City. By seeking insights from supervisors and police officers, this research aims to

provide a rich and contextual understanding, ultimately paving the way for an enhanced

Specialized Police Unit management framework.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for this study draws upon two core areas: leadership theories,

which delve into the styles of leadership and their implications, and strategic management

theories, which illuminate the various strategies adopted by police units.

Leadership Theories in Policing:

 Authoritarian Leadership. Based on the classical theory of leadership, authoritarian

leaders make decisions unilaterally with little to no input from subordinates (Gray & Wilson,

2019). In a police context, this can be effective in crisis situations where immediate decisions

are required.

Democratic Leadership. Grounded in participative leadership theories, democratic

leaders value feedback and include team members in decision-making processes. Studies like

that of Morgan & Sanchez (2020) have found that this style can foster a culture of respect and

shared responsibility in police forces.

Transformational Leadership. Rooted in Burns' (1978) transformational leadership

theory, transformational leaders inspire and motivate their subordinates by creating a vision and

fostering a climate of trust. Such leadership has been found to be effective in units requiring

high morale and innovation (Martinez, 2021).

Transactional Leadership. This leadership style, founded on the theory of reward and

punishment (Bass, 1985), emphasizes the role of supervision, organization, and group

performance. Smith & Cruz (2022) argue that this can be effective in routine-based policing

tasks.

Laissez-faire Leadership. Based on the non-leadership theory, laissez-faire leaders

provide little to no direction, placing the onus of decision-making on subordinates. However, its

efficacy in a police context remains debated (Gray & Wilson, 2019).

Strategic Management Theories in Policing:

Counter-Terrorism. Derived from threat mitigation theories, counter-terrorism strategies

aim to proactively address and neutralize threats, as seen in the work of Lewis & Rodriguez

(2020).

Search and Rescue. Based on emergency response theories, these strategies

emphasize swift response, coordination, and the use of advanced technology (Brown et al.,

2022).
 Crowd Control and Public Order. Drawing from public order theories, these strategies

focus on maintaining peace, protecting citizens, and ensuring public gatherings are conducted

safely (Walker & Chen, 2019).

Surveillance and Reconnaissance. Grounded in intelligence-led policing, this strategy,

as illustrated by Patel & Jones (2021), underscores the importance of gathering, analyzing, and

using intelligence data effectively.

Training and Skill Development. Based on the professional development theory,

continuous learning and skill upgrading are seen as essential for police efficacy (Anderson &

Kim, 2023).

Community Engagement. Grounded in community policing theories, this strategy

emphasizes building trust, collaboration, and fostering proactive involvement with the

community (Smith & Lopez, 2018).

By mapping the aforementioned leadership styles and strategies against real-world

practices in the NBI District Specialized Operation, this study seeks to discern patterns,

implications, and opportunities for enhancement.

Research/Conceptual Paradigm

This study embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the interplay between leadership

and strategy in specialized police units, focusing on the NBI. The primary inputs guiding this

investigation include a thorough review of previous literature that delves into various leadership

styles and their implications. Moreover, the study critically examines existing strategies and

evaluates their operational outcomes as practiced within the NBI. An invaluable component of

the research inputs also involves garnering feedback and insights directly from the supervisors

and police officers, ensuring a rich blend of experiential narratives and empirical data (see

Figure 1).

Extent of leadership in terms of

the following styles: Administration of
Authoritarian, Democratic,
Transformational, researcher-made
Transactional, and Laissez- instrument to gather
faire;
data;
extent of strategies Enhanced Specialized
implemented by the NBI District Use of statistical tools Unit management
Specialized Operation Units
 Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

The research methodology integrates both quantitative and qualitative research designs.

Quantitatively, there's an in-depth analysis of prevalent leadership styles, including

authoritarian, democratic, transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire.

Authoritarian Leadership. This style is characterized by leaders who make decisions

unilaterally, expect subordinates to comply without input, and value obedience and structure.

Such leaders maintain strict control over their team members and tend to be directive (Cherry,

2018). Authoritarian leaders make decisions without consulting their teams. They hold

significant control over team members, providing clear expectations about what should be done,

when, and how (Chen, et al., 2018).

Democratic Leadership. Also known as participative leadership, this approach

encourages team participation in the decision-making process. Leaders employing this style

solicit input from team members, fostering collaboration and ensuring that team members feel

valued (Goleman, 2018). Democratic leaders prioritize group participation in decision-making

processes. They encourage team members to share their ideas, and they actively consider

these ideas when making decisions (Yang, 2018).

Transformational Leadership. Transformational leaders inspire their team by providing a

vision and a sense of mission. They have high expectations, and they work to instill a sense of

purpose in their teams. Such leaders are seen as charismatic and influential (Bass & Riggio,

2019). Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their team with a shared vision of the
future. They often challenge and inspire their followers to see beyond their own interests and

work for the collective interest of the organization (McCleskey, 2018).

Transactional Leadership. This style is more structured and rule-oriented. Leaders using

this style set clear expectations and use rewards and punishments to motivate employees. It's

more about exchanges that occur between leader and follower (Antonakis & House, 2018).

Transactional leaders operate through a system of rewards and punishments. They believe in

clear structures and systems where specific tasks are linked to specific rewards (Ismail, et al.,

2018).

Laissez-Faire Leadership. Often seen as the opposite of authoritarian leadership, this

style involves leaders providing little direction or guidance, leaving most decisions up to group

members. It can work well in creative or entrepreneurial environments but may lead to lack of

structure in other settings (Skogstad, et al., 2019). Laissez-faire leaders take a hands-off

approach and allow group members to make most of the decisions. They provide little to no

direction and give team members as much freedom as possible (Skogstad, et al., 2018).

Additionally, the study quantifies the extent of implementation and perceived success of

various strategies encompassing counter-terrorism, search and rescue, crowd control and

public order, surveillance and reconnaissance, training and skill development, and community

engagement. On the qualitative front, the research aims to capture a descriptive analysis of the

participants' perspectives, zeroing in on their leadership experiences in specialized units and

the strategies they perceive as most effective.

Counter-terrorism. Jackson and Rahim's 2020 study sheds light on the increasing trend

of lone-wolf terrorist attacks. By analyzing patterns over the past decade, the authors identified

factors that drive individuals towards extremism. Their findings underscore the need for counter-

terrorism efforts to focus on detecting isolated threats, as well as broader networks. Collins

(2019) reviews various counter-terrorism strategies implemented in metropolitan areas. He

underscores the balance needed between rigorous security measures and the preservation of
civil liberties and freedoms, suggesting that overtly stringent measures can inadvertently boost

the appeal of extremist ideologies. This research emphasizes the role of social media in both

propagating extremist ideologies and as a tool for counter-terrorism. Park & Shen (2021)

propose a model using data analytics to detect early signs of radicalization.

Search and Rescue. Martinez and Garcia (2018) delve into the transformative role of

drone technology in wilderness search and rescue operations. Through several case studies,

they detail the advantages of drones, such as quicker response times and wider coverage

areas, concluding that they substantially increase the chances of successful rescues.

Crowd Control and Public Order. Walker and Thompson's (2019) study analyze the

psychological dimensions of crowd control. The authors argue that understanding crowd

psychology can help law enforcement deploy non-aggressive tactics to prevent escalation and

maintain public order during protests.

Surveillance and Reconnaissance. Kim and Lee (2020) evaluate the efficiency and

accuracy of facial recognition systems in urban environments. While highlighting their utility,

they also discuss concerns related to privacy and the potential for misuse.

Training and Skill Development. This paper assesses the potential of virtual reality as a

tool for training police officers. Douglas & Mckay (2022) find that VR-based training can help

officers in making better split-second decisions, potentially leading to safer outcomes during

confrontations.

Community Engagement. Smith and Patel (2019) examine various community policing

initiatives aimed at fostering trust between law enforcement and diverse communities. Their

findings underscore the importance of cultural sensitivity and proactive engagement in building

lasting, positive relationships.

The outputs of the study will be twofold. First, there will be findings detailing the

prevalence of the various leadership styles and gauging the extent of the strategies'

implementation. These findings will also shed light on the supervisors' and officers' perceptions,
experiences, and assessments. The culmination of both the quantitative and qualitative

research findings will then be used to propose a comprehensive framework for enhanced

specialized police unit management. This framework will present tangible recommendations for

potential leadership style adaptations and suggest strategic adjustments, possibly introducing

innovative strategies.

Lastly, the research emphasizes a feedback loop mechanism. Once the proposed

framework is put into practical use, its effectiveness will be continuously monitored. Feedback

and results from this implementation will be harnessed to refine, optimize, and potentially

recalibrate the framework, ensuring its continued relevance and efficiency in guiding specialized

police units towards operational excellence.

Statement of the Problem

This study will explore the interplay of leadership and strategy in specialized police units,

as assessed by the supervisors and officers at the NBI District Special Operations Unit. The

results of this study will propose a framework for enhanced Specialized Unit management.

The following specific problems will be answered:

1. What is the extent of leadership in terms of the following styles:

1.1. Authoritarian;

1.2. Democratic;

1.3. Transformational;

1.4. Transactional; and

1.5. Laissez-faire?
2. What is the extent of strategies implemented by the NBI District Specialized Operation Units

classified as to:

2.1. Counter-Terrorism;

2.2. Search and Rescue;

2.3. Crowd Control and Public Order;

2.4. Surveillance and Reconnaissance;

2.5. Training and Skill Development;

2.6. Community Engagement?

3. Is there a significant interplay between leadership, strategies, and tactics implemented in NBI

District Specialized Operation Units?

4. How do the select participants describe the leadership and strategies employed in NBI

District Specialized Operation Units?

6. Based on the results of the study, what framework for enhanced Specialized Unit

management may be proposed?

Hypothesis

There is no significant interplay between leadership, strategies, and tactics implemented

in NBI District Specialized Operation Units.

Significance of the Study

Global Perspectives. The study stands as a pivotal contribution to the broader body of

global literature on police leadership and strategy, given the increasing complexities of law
enforcement challenges in the 21st century. As countries grapple with multifaceted security

issues – ranging from terrorism to civil unrest, cyber threats, and more – understanding the

nuances of leadership and strategic execution in specialized units can offer invaluable insights.

By exploring the unique setting of the NBI District Specialized Operation Units, this research can

potentially serve as a comparative benchmark for other nations, aiding them in drawing lessons

and best practices suitable for their local contexts.

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). For the DILG, this study promises

a deeper understanding of the dynamics within the NBI's specialized units. Armed with this

knowledge, the DILG can make more informed policy decisions, refine their training programs,

and facilitate better coordination between different law enforcement entities. The research can

also aid in highlighting potential areas of improvement, ensuring that the department's

objectives align seamlessly with on-ground realities.

National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). Directly under the spotlight, the NBI stands to

benefit immensely. By scrutinizing leadership styles and their effectiveness, as well as the

practical application of strategies, the NBI can enhance its operational effectiveness and

efficiency. This research may reveal gaps, challenges, and opportunities, enabling the institution

to recalibrate its approaches and potentially ushering in an era of improved community relations,

better resource allocation, and more adept handling of specialized tasks.

Local Government Units (LGUs). LGUs are at the frontline of governance and service

delivery, making them critical stakeholders in the realm of security and public order. By

understanding the inner workings of the NBI's specialized units, LGUs can foster stronger

collaborations with the police, ensure that their local policies are in sync with the strategies

employed by these units, and more effectively address the unique security challenges within

their jurisdictions. The insights from this study can guide LGUs in their budgetary allocations,

community engagement strategies, and crisis response planning.

 Community. At the heart of any law enforcement endeavor is the community it serves.

This study is instrumental in bridging potential gaps between the NBI and the community. By

unpacking leadership styles and strategies, and by providing a platform for the voices of

supervisors and officers, the research can demystify the operations of specialized units for the

general populace. This can foster trust, promote understanding, and pave the way for

community-police partnerships that are rooted in mutual respect and collaboration. Moreover,

an informed community can actively contribute to enhancing security, ensuring that their needs

are aptly met by those entrusted with their protection.

In essence, this study, while centered on a specific locale, has ramifications that echo

across various spheres, from the local to the global. By unraveling the intricate interplay of

leadership and strategy in specialized police units, it promises a tapestry of insights that can

reshape practices, policies, and perceptions in the realm of law enforcement.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will focus on the NBI District Special Operations Unit. While the Force has a

total strength of 7,598 uniformed personnel, this study will concentrate on supervisors and

officers of the Special Operations Unit given their specialized roles and experiences.

This research will delve into various leadership styles and their prevalence within the

Special Operations Unit, namely authoritarian, democratic, transformational, transactional, and

laissez-faire. The strategies currently being implemented by the unit, spanning counter-

terrorism, search and rescue, crowd control and public order, surveillance and reconnaissance,

training and skill development, and community engagement. The interrelation between the

adopted leadership styles and the effectiveness of the aforementioned strategies.

Personal accounts and narratives of select participants about the leadership and

strategies being employed.

 By the conclusion of this study, a framework will be proposed. This framework will focus

on enhancing the management of Specialized Police Units based on the findings derived from

the study’s objectives.

The research focuses specifically on the NBI District Special Operations Unit in Manila.

As a result, findings may not be generalizable to other departments or units within Manila.

The study is geographically limited to Manila City. This means that the findings might not

directly apply to Special Operations Units or similar entities in other cities or regions of the

Philippines.

Given that a portion of this study is quantitative and qualitative in nature, involving select

participant narratives, there might be inherent subjectivity in some of the findings. These

narratives provide depth but may not be representative of the entire population of the Special

Operations Unit.

This study will capture data and perspectives within a specific timeframe. Given the

dynamic nature of law enforcement, strategies and leadership dynamics might evolve, and thus,

the findings might have temporal limitations.

While the study delves deep into specific leadership styles and strategies, other potential

leadership styles and strategies outside the ones mentioned might not be explored. The

research also won’t delve into other facets like organizational culture, morale, or external

influences affecting the unit.

In summary, while this study aims to provide valuable insights into the leadership and

strategic interplay within the NBI District Special Operations Unit in Manila City, it is crucial for

readers and policymakers to understand its specific focus and inherent limitations. The depth of

this research promises rich insights but should be interpreted in light of its defined scope and

delimitations.

Definition of Terms
 The following terminologies are operationally defined:

Authoritarian Leadership. This is a leadership style characterized by an individual leader

who makes decisions unilaterally, expecting subordinates to comply without input or feedback.

Such leaders value discipline, clear directives, and a defined hierarchy.

Community Engagement. In the context of this study, community engagement refers to

the initiatives, programs, and interactions undertaken by the Special Operations Unit to

establish, strengthen, and maintain relationships with the community. This involves

understanding community concerns, fostering trust, and collaborating on public safety initiatives.

Counter-Terrorism. Within the scope of this research, counter-terrorism refers to the

strategies, tactics, and operations executed by the Special Operations Unit to detect, deter, and

respond to threats posed by extremist or terrorist entities in Manila City.

Crowd Control and Public Order. This involves strategies and tactics employed to

manage large gatherings of people, ensuring their safety, and maintaining peace and order,

especially during public events, demonstrations, or any potential civil disturbances.

Democratic Leadership. Contrary to authoritarian, democratic leadership involves

leaders who actively seek input, opinions, and participation from group members in the

decision-making process. Decisions are typically made collectively, promoting a sense of

teamwork and collaboration.

Laissez-faire Leadership. Also known as hands-off leadership, it's characterized by

leaders who provide minimal direction, allowing team members to make decisions. Such leaders

offer support when asked but generally let their team handle tasks autonomously.

Leadership. For the purpose of this study, leadership is defined as the process or act of

influencing, guiding, or directing a group of individuals towards achieving specific objectives or

goals. It encompasses the behaviors, characteristics, and styles that an individual in a position

of authority exhibits to inspire, motivate, and guide their subordinates or team members.
 Search and Rescue. This pertains to the organized and systematic efforts made by the

unit to locate and save individuals who are in distress or imminent danger, whether due to

natural calamities, accidents, or other emergencies.

Special Operations Unit. In this study, the Special Operations Unit refers to a dedicated

division within the NBI (specifically in Manila City) that specializes in handling unique, high-risk,

and specialized tasks beyond the capability of regular police units. This may involve tactical

operations, counter-terrorism, surveillance, and other specialized missions.

Strategy. Strategy, within the context of this research, refers to a systematic plan or set

of actions designed and executed by the NBI District Special Operations Unit to achieve specific

operational outcomes. It encompasses the tactics, methods, and practices employed to address

various challenges and scenarios that the unit encounters.

Surveillance and Reconnaissance. For this study, this refers to the covert or overt

operations carried out by the unit to gather intelligence, monitor specific individuals or groups,

and assess areas for potential threats or to gain tactical advantages.

Training and Skill Development. This denotes the systematic programs and sessions

designed to enhance the competencies, skills, and knowledge of members of the Special

Operations Unit, ensuring they are equipped to carry out their specialized roles effectively.

Transactional Leadership. Leaders who adopt this style focus on a system of rewards

and punishments. They set clear expectations and provide rewards (or consequences) based

on performance. It's more about routine and regimented tasks and responsibilities.

Transformational Leadership. Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their team

members by creating a vision of the future, fostering change, and promoting innovation. They

tend to prioritize the professional and personal growth of their subordinates.

Chapter 2
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Leadership Styles

Authoritarian leadership is a style of leadership in which the leader exercises a high

degree of control and authority over their subordinates, making decisions without significant

input or collaboration from the team members (Northouse, 2018). This leadership approach is

often characterized by a top-down and directive approach, where the leader's commands are

unquestioned, and compliance is expected from their followers (Yukl, 2013). While authoritarian

leadership can be effective in specific situations, such as emergencies or in industries where

strict adherence to protocols is crucial, it comes with its own set of advantages and

disadvantages.

One of the advantages of authoritarian leadership is that it can lead to quick decision-

making and clear direction, particularly in high-pressure or crisis situations (Cherry, 2020). In

emergencies, having a leader who can make swift and decisive choices can be essential.

Additionally, in organizations where there is a need for tight control or where employees may

lack the expertise to make important decisions independently, an authoritarian leader can help

maintain order and consistency (Yukl, 2013).

However, there are notable drawbacks to authoritarian leadership. One significant

concern is the potential for reduced creativity and motivation among team members. When

individuals do not have a say in decision-making processes and their ideas are not considered,

they may become disengaged and less committed to their work (Cherry, 2020). Moreover,

overreliance on authoritarian leadership can stifle innovation and hinder the development of

employees' problem-solving skills.

The authoritarian leadership is a leadership style characterized by high levels of control

and decision-making authority in the hands of the leader. While it can be effective in certain

situations, such as emergencies or highly structured environments, it may lead to decreased

creativity and motivation among team members. Leaders must carefully consider the context

and the needs of their team when deciding whether to adopt an authoritarian approach.

Democratic leadership is a leadership style characterized by shared decision-making

and collaboration between leaders and their team members (Northouse, 2018). In this

approach, leaders actively seek input, ideas, and feedback from their subordinates, fostering a

culture of participation and involvement. Research has shown that democratic leadership can

have several positive effects on organizations and their members. For instance, it often leads to

higher levels of job satisfaction among employees because they feel valued and included in the

decision-making process (Avolio & Bass, 1991). Additionally, the emphasis on collaboration and

open communication can stimulate innovation within the organization, as team members are

more likely to share their ideas and take ownership of their work (Northouse, 2018).

However, it's important to note that democratic leadership may not be suitable for all

situations. In cases where quick, decisive action is required, such as during emergencies or in

highly competitive industries, the consensus-building nature of democratic leadership can slow

down decision-making processes (Bass & Riggio, 2006). In such circumstances, leaders may

need to adopt a more directive approach to ensure the organization can respond promptly and

effectively.

Democratic leadership is a participatory leadership style that encourages collaboration

and shared decision-making. It can enhance job satisfaction and foster innovation within

organizations. However, leaders should be mindful of the context and the need for timely

decision-making when choosing to employ a democratic leadership approach.

Transformational leadership is a leadership style that is characterized by the ability to

inspire and motivate followers by articulating a compelling vision and emphasizing personal

growth and development (Bass & Riggio, 2006). Leaders who employ this style often possess

charismatic qualities and serve as role models for their followers, inspiring them to achieve

beyond their self-interests and work toward the greater good of the organization or society
(Northouse, 2018). Research has consistently demonstrated the positive impact of

transformational leadership on various aspects of organizational performance. For instance,

transformational leaders are known to enhance employee satisfaction by creating a positive and

empowering work environment where individuals feel valued and motivated (Bass & Riggio,

2006). Moreover, this leadership style is associated with increased job performance, as

followers are more likely to be committed, innovative, and dedicated to achieving the

organization's goals and vision (Bass & Riggio, 2006).

Transformational leadership is a powerful leadership style that focuses on inspiring and

developing followers through a shared vision and personal growth. Leaders who adopt this

approach can have a profound impact on employee satisfaction and organizational

performance, creating a positive and motivated workforce.

Transactional leadership is a leadership style that operates on a system of rewards and

punishments to motivate and manage followers (Bass & Riggio, 2006). Leaders employing this

approach set clear expectations and establish a structured framework for performance

evaluation. They provide feedback, both positive and corrective, to ensure that employees

adhere to established standards and meet specific goals. Transactional leadership is particularly

effective in situations where routine tasks require consistency and compliance with established

protocols. It helps maintain order, monitor performance, and ensure that tasks are completed

efficiently.

However, it's important to note that transactional leadership may not be as effective in

environments that require high levels of creativity, innovation, or autonomy. Highly creative or

autonomous individuals may find the rigid structure and reliance on rewards and punishments

less motivating and may be less likely to thrive under this leadership style (Bass & Riggio,

2006). In such contexts, alternative leadership approaches, such as transformational or laissez-

faire leadership, may be more suitable for encouraging individual initiative and innovation.
 Transactional leadership is a structured leadership style that relies on rewards and

punishments to motivate and manage followers. While effective for maintaining order and

ensuring adherence to established standards, it may not be the best fit for environments that

require high levels of creativity and autonomy among team members.

Laissez-faire leadership is a leadership style characterized by a hands-off approach,

where leaders provide employees with significant autonomy and decision-making freedom

(Northouse, 2018). Leaders adopting this style tend to trust their team members to manage their

own tasks and make decisions without extensive oversight. Laissez-faire leadership can be

particularly effective when working with highly skilled, experienced, and self-motivated

individuals who thrive in an environment of independence and minimal supervision. In such

cases, this leadership approach can lead to increased job satisfaction and performance as

employees appreciate the trust and autonomy granted to them.

However, it's essential to recognize that laissez-faire leadership may not be suitable for

all situations or teams. In less experienced or less motivated teams, the absence of clear

direction and guidance from a leader can lead to confusion, lack of accountability, and

decreased productivity (Northouse, 2018). Without proper leadership involvement, less

experienced team members may struggle to make decisions and navigate complex challenges

effectively.

Laissez-faire leadership is a leadership style that emphasizes employee autonomy and

minimal direct intervention from leaders. While it can be highly effective with self-motivated and

skilled individuals, it may lead to issues of direction and accountability in less experienced

teams.

Studies in Line with Leadership Styles

Transformational Leadership Research:

Transformational leadership is a widely studied leadership style known for its positive impact on

organizations. A seminal work in this area is the study by Bass and Riggio (2006), which
extensively discusses transformational leadership. It highlights how transformational leaders

inspire and motivate their followers through a shared vision and personal growth, ultimately

enhancing employee satisfaction and organizational performance.

Transactional leadership is another critical leadership style often examined in the context

of organizational behavior. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, & Bommer's (1996) research delves into

transformational and transactional leader behaviors, showing how these styles influence

employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviors.

Democratic leadership, characterized by shared decision-making, is explored in Eagly,

Johannesen-Schmidt, & van Engen's (2003) meta-analysis. Their study compares

transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles across genders, offering

insights into the prevalence and effectiveness of different leadership styles and their variations

based on leaders' gender.

Authoritarian leadership, often associated with bureaucracy, is examined in Alkadry and

Towers' (2011) research. Their study analyzes bureaucratic and charismatic leadership in both

the public and private sectors, shedding light on the distinctions between these leadership styles

and their applicability in different organizational contexts.

Laissez-faire leadership, characterized by a hands-off approach, is explored in Riggio

and Lee's (2007) study. They investigate the divergent perceptions of laissez-faire leadership

from the perspectives of both leaders and followers, emphasizing the challenges and

consequences of this leadership style.

These research works offer valuable insights into various leadership styles, their effects

on organizations, and the nuances associated with each style. Researchers and practitioners

alike can benefit from the knowledge derived from these studies to inform leadership practices

and strategies.

Strategies Employed at Specialized Units

 Counter-terrorism strategies are crucial for preventing and responding to acts of

terrorism. One such approach, as evidenced in the work of Lewis and Rodriguez (2020), is

threat mitigation. This strategy aims to proactively identify and neutralize threats before they

materialize, emphasizing intelligence gathering and preventive measures to enhance national

security.

Search and rescue strategies, as highlighted in the research by Brown et al. (2022), are

rooted in emergency response theories. These strategies prioritize swift response, effective

coordination among agencies, and the use of advanced technology to locate and rescue

individuals in crisis situations, such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks, ultimately saving

lives and minimizing harm.

Crowd control and public order strategies, drawing from public order theories, are

essential for maintaining peace and ensuring public safety during large gatherings or protests.

Walker and Chen (2019) emphasize the importance of police interventions that protect both

citizens' rights to assemble and public safety, striking a balance between maintaining order and

upholding civil liberties.

Surveillance and reconnaissance strategies, grounded in intelligence-led policing, are

crucial for monitoring and gathering intelligence on potential threats. Patel and Jones (2021)

illustrate the significance of collecting and analyzing intelligence data effectively to stay ahead of

terrorist activities and criminal organizations.

Training and skill development strategies, as based on professional development theory,

are fundamental for enhancing the efficacy of law enforcement agencies. Continuous learning

and skill upgrading, as explored by Anderson and Kim (2023), ensure that police officers are

well-equipped to handle evolving threats and challenges effectively.

Community engagement strategies, rooted in community policing theories, are vital for

building trust, collaboration, and proactive involvement between law enforcement agencies and

the communities they serve. Smith and Lopez (2018) emphasize the importance of community-
oriented policing, which fosters positive relationships and helps prevent radicalization and

extremism through community support and cooperation.

In conclusion, effective counter-terrorism strategies encompass a range of approaches,

drawing from various theories and research findings. These strategies aim to proactively

address threats, respond to emergencies, maintain public order, gather intelligence, develop

skills, and engage with communities to ensure the safety and security of societies. Collaborative

efforts that integrate these strategies are essential for countering terrorism and protecting the

well-being of communities.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

The discussion on leadership styles provides an insightful overview of different

leadership approaches and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Authoritarian

leadership is characterized by centralized control and quick decision-making, which can be

effective in emergencies and structured environments but may hinder creativity and motivation.

Democratic leadership promotes collaboration and innovation but may not be suitable for

situations requiring rapid decisions. Transformational leadership inspires and motivates,

fostering employee satisfaction and performance. Transactional leadership relies on rewards

and punishments, suitable for maintaining order but less motivating for creative individuals.

Laissez-faire leadership emphasizes autonomy, effective with skilled individuals but potentially

problematic in less experienced teams (Northouse, 2018; Yukl, 2013; Cherry, 2020; Bass &

Riggio, 2006).

In the realm of research, studies on leadership styles contribute valuable insights. Bass

and Riggio's (2006) work extensively discuss transformational leadership, highlighting its

positive impact on organizational satisfaction and performance. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, &

Bommer (1996) delve into transformational and transactional leadership behaviors, showcasing
their influence on employee satisfaction and commitment. Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & van

Engen's (2003) meta-analysis explores democratic leadership across genders, offering insights

into its prevalence and effectiveness. Alkadry and Towers (2011) analyze authoritarian and

bureaucratic leadership, shedding light on their distinctions in public and private sectors. Riggio

and Lee (2007) investigate laissez-faire leadership, emphasizing its challenges and

consequences (Bass & Riggio, 2006; Podsakoff et al., 1996; Eagly et al., 2003; Alkadry &

Towers, 2011; Riggio & Lee, 2007).

Moving on to specialized units' strategies, counter-terrorism strategies like threat

mitigation aim to proactively neutralize threats, emphasizing intelligence gathering (Lewis &

Rodriguez, 2020). Search and rescue strategies prioritize swift response and advanced

technology for crisis situations (Brown et al., 2022). Crowd control and public order strategies

focus on maintaining peace while protecting civil liberties (Walker & Chen, 2019). Surveillance

and reconnaissance strategies gather intelligence effectively (Patel & Jones, 2021). Training

and skill development strategies enhance law enforcement efficacy (Anderson & Kim, 2023).

Community engagement strategies build trust and prevent extremism (Smith & Lopez, 2018).

In summary, leadership styles play a critical role in organizational dynamics, with each

style offering unique advantages and disadvantages. Research studies contribute to a deeper

understanding of these styles, their effects, and their contexts. Specialized units employ a range

of strategies to address specific challenges, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures,

swift response, and community engagement in ensuring safety and security. Combining these

elements can lead to effective leadership and strategic approaches in various contexts.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Method of Research
 The research design for this study integrates both quantitative and qualitative research

methodologies to provide a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between leadership styles

and strategies within the context of the NBI District Special Operations Unit in Manila City. The

dual-method approach is essential to ensure that the study captures both empirical data and

subjective experiences, which are equally valuable in understanding the research questions.

Here’s a detailed discussion of the research design:

Quantitative Research Design. Quantitative research, characterized by the systematic

empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational

techniques, will be used to address the first two specific problems of the study.

Descriptive Statistics. To measure the extent of police leadership styles (Authoritarian,

Democratic, Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-faire), a structured survey instrument

will be administered to a sample of police officers and supervisors. Likert scale questions will

capture the frequency and degree to which these leadership styles are evident within the

Special Operations Unit. The gathered data will then be statistically analyzed to determine

prevalence and trends.

Strategies Implementation Assessment. The second research question, which pertains

to strategies implemented by the Special Operations Unit, will also be addressed using

descriptive statistics. A structured questionnaire, focusing on areas such as Counter-Terrorism,

Search and Rescue, Crowd Control, etc., will be used. Responses will indicate the extent to

which these strategies are employed and their perceived effectiveness. Statistical analysis will

offer insights into which strategies are most prevalent and considered most effective.

Qualitative Research Design. Qualitative research will be employed to delve deeper into

the lived experiences, perceptions, and opinions of select participants, offering a richer and

more contextual understanding.

Semi-Structured Interviews. For the fourth research problem, qualitative data will be

collected through semi-structured interviews. These interviews, conducted with selected

participants, will be open-ended, allowing for an in-depth exploration of how these individuals

perceive and describe the leadership and strategies employed in the Special Operations Unit.

Themes and patterns emerging from these interviews will be coded and analyzed to provide

qualitative insights into leadership and strategy interplay.

Triangulation. By combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the study seeks

to achieve triangulation, thus ensuring that the research findings are robust, comprehensive,

and well-rounded. This combined approach will facilitate the collection of both hard data

(quantitative) and nuanced insights (qualitative), offering a multi-faceted understanding of

leadership and strategy within the Special Operations Unit.

In conclusion, this integrated research design ensures a holistic exploration of leadership

and strategy within the NBI District Special Operations Unit. Quantitative methods provide

empirical evidence, while qualitative methods capture the nuances and complexities of human

experience and perception. This combination is pivotal to proposing a well-informed framework

for enhanced Specialized Police Unit management.

Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique

The NBI District Special Operations Unit (NBI OFFICE) within the Manila City stands as

a critical segment of the policing landscape, consisting of a unique hierarchy of personnel.

Specifically, the District is composed of fifteen supervisors, and 47 NBI agents, culminating in a

total of 62 personnel. In contrast, the broader expanse of the Manila City encompasses a robust

roster of 598 uniformed personnel, illustrating the district’s specialized stature within this

expansive organization.

For the purpose of this study, the research will employ a purposive sampling technique.

As elucidated by Etikan, Musa, and Alkassim (2016), purposive sampling, alternatively termed

as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, stands as a non-probability sampling

approach. This technique is rooted in the researcher's discretion to select distinct members from
the population who can offer pertinent and profound insights into the research matter at hand.

Given the niche nature of the NBI OFFICE and the study's aspirations to unearth specific

nuances, this sampling methodology is deemed apt. By using this approach, the research

ensures that those chosen for participation are intricately intertwined with NBI OFFICE's

leadership dynamics and strategic orientations, rendering them optimally positioned to furnish

insights into the unit's modus operandi.

Description of Respondents

The respondents are the supervisors, NBI agents, and non-uniformed personnel in the

Central Office of the NBI. Located within the bustling metropolis of Manila City, the District

Special Operations Unit (NBI OFFICE) operates as a pivotal branch of the National Bureau of

Investigation (NBI). Serving the largest city in Metro Manila both in terms of population and land

area, the NBI OFFICE in Manila City is tasked with some of the most challenging and

specialized duties within the law enforcement spectrum.

The NBI OFFICE's headquarters, often strategically placed, typically houses advanced

communication systems, operation rooms, and detention facilities. As with many police units,

the infrastructure would likely be built to facilitate rapid response to emergencies and to serve

as a base for planning and coordinating specialized operations.

The NBI OFFICE is entrusted with distinct tasks that fall outside the realm of regular

police duties. Their operations span from counter-terrorism to search and rescue, crowd control

and public order, surveillance and reconnaissance, training and skill development, and

community engagement. Given the urban setting of Manila City, with its unique challenges such

as high population density and varied commercial-residential landscapes, the NBI OFFICE's

strategies often need to be dynamic and multifaceted.

 While the NBI OFFICE focuses on specialized tasks, it is not isolated from the broader

NBI framework. It operates in synergy with other units, ensuring that the overarching goal of

maintaining law and order in Manila City is achieved. Regular collaborations, intelligence

sharing, and joint operations with other NBI units ensure that the NBI OFFICE remains

integrated into the larger law enforcement machinery.

Given the diverse demographics of Manila City, community engagement becomes

crucial. The NBI OFFICE, in its capacity, not only carries out operations but also engages with

community leaders, local organizations, and the general public. This is vital for building trust,

gathering intelligence, and ensuring that the NBI OFFICE's operations are aligned with the

community's needs.

To address the wide array of challenges and to stay abreast of the evolving nature of

crime and security threats, NBI OFFICE personnel undergo rigorous training sessions. These

often encompass both physical training and cognitive skill development, ensuring that officers

are equipped to handle the multifaceted challenges they face.

In summary, the District Special Operations Unit in Manila City serves as a cornerstone

in the NBI's efforts to maintain safety and order within the city's confines. Its strategic position

within the city's law enforcement framework, combined with its specialized mandate, makes it a

critical entity in the broader police landscape of the Philippines.

Research Instrument

The study utilized a mixed-methods approach combining both quantitative and

qualitative data gathering techniques. This dual method ensures a comprehensive

understanding of the research objectives (Creswell & Clark, 2017).

 Research Instrument: Questionnaire for Police Officers and Supervisors. The primary

quantitative instrument used was a structured questionnaire designed to gauge police officers'

and supervisors' perceptions of various leadership styles in the NBI Special Operations Unit.

The questionnaire comprised two main parts.

In Part I, participants were asked to rate their supervisor's leadership style across five

categories: Authoritarian, Democratic, Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-faire

Leadership. For each leadership style, a range of descriptors was provided, with an arbitrary

scale ranging from 1 (Ineffective) to 5 (Excellent). This Likert scale facilitated the measurement

of perceptions and attitudes regarding leadership behaviors.

Part II of the questionnaire concentrated on the strategies implemented in the NBI

Special Operations Unit. Here, participants rated various strategies in areas such as Counter-

Terrorism, Search and Rescue, Crowd Control and Public Order, Surveillance and

Reconnaissance, Training and Skill Development, and Community Engagement. The scoring

system, like the previous section, used a scale, but this time from 1 (Never) to 5 (Often).

Research Instrument: Semi-Structured Interview Guide. Complementing the quantitative

data, a semi-structured interview guide was developed to glean deeper insights into the

perspectives of participants on various leadership strategies in the Special Operations Unit. The

interview questions were crafted to be open-ended, facilitating an in-depth exploration of

participants' perceptions across different areas like Counter-Terrorism, Search and Rescue, and

Community Engagement. The semi-structured nature of the interviews enabled researchers to

delve deeper into specific areas based on participants' responses, providing rich, qualitative

data (Patton, 2015).

Data Gathering Procedure

 In research, the procedure for data gathering is paramount in ensuring the accuracy,

reliability, and validity of results. Firstly, to uphold the validity and reliability of questionnaires

and instruments, they must undergo meticulous testing. Validation ensures that an instrument

genuinely measures the intended construct. This can be achieved through content validity,

where experts assess if the instrument adequately covers the topic, and criterion validity, which

correlates the instrument's results with a known measure. Reliability, on the other hand, speaks

to the consistency of the instrument. Methods like the test-retest approach and assessing

internal consistency using tools like Cronbach's alpha can establish this. Before deploying any

instrument, gaining permissions and undergoing pilot testing is vital. This phase, termed the

request for instrument administration, refines the questionnaire and ensures its clarity and

appropriateness.

Once the instrument is set, gathering quantitative data typically involves distributing the

questionnaire broadly, either physically or electronically. It's essential to maintain a keen eye on

the response rate and act with reminders if necessary. In contrast, gathering qualitative data

often involves more intimate methods like interviews. Here, participants are carefully selected to

represent varied perspectives, and interviews are conducted, often with recording devices to

ensure accuracy. In addition, researchers often maintain field notes to capture nuances and

insights.

Post data collection, the treatment and processing of quantitative data require rigorous

methods. Data entry into statistical software must be precise, followed by a phase of data

cleaning to root out errors or inconsistencies. Subsequent analysis might employ a range of

statistical tests, from simple descriptive statistics to more complex analyses like regression. In

parallel, qualitative data, especially from interviews, undergoes thematic analysis. This starts

with transcribing the interviews, followed by multiple readings to gain familiarity. The data is then

coded, leading to the emergence of themes, which are then refined, defined, and narrated,
always supported by verbatim quotes from the participants. This intricate dance between

methodology and data ensures the research's robustness and validity.

Ethical Considerations

Studying the interplay of leadership and strategy within the National Bureau of

Investigation’s (NBI) District Special Operations Unit in Manila City demands a heightened

awareness of ethical considerations. First and foremost, given the potentially sensitive nature of

police operations, assuring participants of strict confidentiality and anonymity is essential. Any

revealing information should be carefully masked in subsequent reports to prevent undue

exposure or harm. Prior to engagement, participants should be provided a clear outline of the

research's objectives and methodologies through informed consent, ensuring they understand

their voluntary role and their right to withdraw at any point. It's vital to be cognizant of the

potential physical and psychological risks; discussions might inadvertently trigger distressing

memories, requiring a support system or counseling referrals. Beyond the individual, the

organizational and political layers of the NBI can't be overlooked. Researchers must tread

carefully, being attuned to the organization's sensitivities, and ensuring objectivity to avoid being

swayed by personal biases or political undercurrents. Gaining authentic access can be a

challenge; therefore, transparency about the research's limitations, if any, is pivotal.

Furthermore, researchers should respect the NBI's cultural and hierarchical norms, fostering an

environment of mutual respect and trust. Lastly, an ethical obligation exists to circle back to the

NBI with findings, bridging the gap between research and practical implications while honoring

participants' contributions.

Statistical Treatment of Data

 To determine the prevalence of specific police leadership styles, such as Authoritarian,

Democratic, Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-faire, the weighted mean is utilized.

Through this method, respondents might rate the prominence of each leadership style on a

scale, like a Likert-scale. The weighted mean then computes an average that indicates the most

dominant or prevalent leadership styles based on the respondents' perceptions. The "weighted"

aspect ensures that particular responses, based on specific criteria, have more influence on the

resulting mean, thus allowing for a more nuanced understanding of leadership style prevalence.

Similarly, when gauging the extent of various strategies implemented, such as Counter-

Terrorism, Search and Rescue, Crowd Control and Public Order, Surveillance and

Reconnaissance, Training and Skill Development, and Community Engagement, the weighted

mean is again the chosen method. This aids in determining which strategies are perceived to be

more prominently implemented or prioritized in the unit.

The study also seeks to uncover whether there's a notable relationship between the

leadership styles and the strategies and tactics implemented. To discern this relationship, the

Pearson r correlation is used. This statistical tool measures the strength and direction of a linear

relationship between two variables. A strong positive correlation would suggest that as one

variable increases, the other does too, and vice versa for a negative correlation. In this context,

it helps identify if specific leadership styles correlate with the adoption of certain strategies.

Lastly, to delve into the qualitative aspect of how participants perceive and describe the

leadership and strategies in the NBI District Specialized Operation Units, thematic analysis is

employed. Through this qualitative method, patterns or themes within the participants'

responses are identified, analyzed, and reported. This offers a deeper, narrative-driven insight

into the intricacies of leadership and strategic implementation, enriching the quantitative

findings.
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Questionnaire/Instrument

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Questionnaire for NBI Agents
Name : ____________________ (optional)
Part I. Extent of Police Leadership. Please put a checkmark on the leadership styles your
supervisor employs in the NBI Special Operations Unit using the following arbitrary scale of
values:
Authoritarian Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: Completely Autocratic
Description: Makes all decisions unilaterally and punishes subordinates for questioning
authority.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Highly Directive
Description: Provides strict instructions but does not engage in open punishment. No
room for feedback.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Directive but Reasonable
Description: Provides clear directions and occasionally listens to subordinate input but
maintains a strong control.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Directive with Some Flexibility
Description: Maintains a strong control but allows for some feedback and minor
participation from subordinates.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Balanced Authoritarian
Description: Provides a clear chain of command but also encourages feedback and
small levels of participation from subordinates.

Authoritarian Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
decisions are made without consulting the subordinates
directs and controls
uses coercive power to enforce rules
provides detailed instructions to subordinates
monitors the performance of the subordinates closely
makes all decisions unilaterally
 uses punishment as a way of enforcing discipline
prefers to have a clear and rigid chain of command
insists on being the sole authority on all decisions
rejects feedback or suggestions from subordinates?
Democratic Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: Neglects Participation
Description: Rarely involves subordinates in decision-making and limits open
communication.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Limited Participation
Description: Occasionally involves subordinates in decision-making but does not value
their opinions highly.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderate Participation
Description: Involves subordinates in decision-making processes sometimes and allows
for some open communication.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: High Participation
Description: Frequently involves subordinates in decision-making and encourages open
communication.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Fully Democratic
Description: Consistently involves subordinates in decision-making, values their
opinions, and fosters a team spirit.

Democratic Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
involves subordinates in decision-making processes
encourages open communication and feedback
facilitates group discussions to solve problems
encourages subordinates to share their ideas and opinions
uses participative decision-making techniques
delegates responsibilities to subordinates
considers the needs and interests of the subordinates
seeks consensus before making decisions
facilitates the development of team spirit
involves subordinates in the goal-setting process
Transformational Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
 Verbal Interpretation: Lacks Inspiration
Description: Rarely inspires subordinates or shows concern for their development.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Minimally Inspirational
Description: Shows some elements of inspiration but lacks consistency and depth in
engagement with subordinates.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderately Inspirational
Description: Often inspires subordinates and encourages personal and professional
growth.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Highly Inspirational
Description: Consistently inspires subordinates, encourages growth, and establishes a
clear, compelling vision for the future.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Exceptionally Inspirational
Description: Not only inspires and encourages growth but also successfully transforms
the organizational culture.

Transformational Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
inspires subordinates to go beyond their self-interests for the
good of the organization
stimulates subordinates to think creatively and innovatively
acts as role models for subordinates
encourages subordinates to develop their own leadership
potential
articulates a clear and compelling vision for the future
shows genuine concern for the needs and feelings of
subordinates
empowers subordinates by giving them autonomy and
responsibility
encourages subordinates to challenge their own beliefs and
values
recognizes and rewards the contributions of subordinates
creates a supportive and encouraging work environment
Transactional Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: No Structure
 Description: Lacks clear goals, rewards, or feedback systems.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Inconsistent Structure
Description: Provides occasional feedback and rewards but lacks consistency.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderate Structure
Description: Establishes clear goals and provides consistent feedback and rewards.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Strong Structure
Description: Maintains clear goals, provides immediate feedback, and effectively uses
rewards and punishments.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Exceptionally Structured
Description: Establishes and communicates exceptionally clear goals, and immediate
feedback, and has a highly effective reward and punishment system.

Transactional Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
sets clear goals and expectations for subordinates
provides feedback to subordinates on their performance
uses rewards and punishments to influence subordinate
behavior
focuses on the achievement of objectives and adherence to
standards
monitors subordinates’ performance to identify deviations from
standards
emphasizes the importance of fulfilling contractual obligations
clarifies the roles and responsibilities of subordinates
uses a structured approach to problem-solving
encourages compliance with rules and procedures
establishes a formal system of rewards and sanctions
Laissez-faire Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: Completely Disengaged
Description: Provides no guidance, feedback, or support to subordinates.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Minimally Engaged
 Description: Occasionally offers some guidance but largely leaves subordinates to their
own devices.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderately Engaged
Description: Provides enough freedom for subordinates to make decisions while being
available for consultation.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Highly Engaged Laissez-faire
Description: Gives freedom but also provides resources and support needed for
subordinates to make good decisions.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Optimally Engaged
Description: Provides the perfect balance of freedom and support, enabling subordinates
to take responsibility and make excellent decisions.

Laissez-faire Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
allows subordinates to make decisions on their own
provides minimal guidance and supervision to subordinates
adopts a hands-off approach to leadership
allows subordinates to determine their own goals and methods
avoids getting involved in the decision-making process
provides subordinates with the freedom to solve problems on
their own
refrains from giving feedback unless absolutely necessary
allows subordinates to work at their own pace
encourages subordinates to take responsibility for their own
actions
avoids taking a stand on issues and making decisions

Part II. Extent of Strategies implemented in the NBI Special Operations Unit. Please put a
checkmark on the space assessing the strategies implemented in the NBI Special Operations
Unit using the following score and verbal interpretation:
Score Verbal Interpretation
5 Often (O)
4 Always (A)
3 Sometimes (So)
2 Seldom (Se)
1 Never (N)
 Counter-Terrorism 5 4 3 2 1
Intelligence Gathering and Analysis: Establish robust
intelligence networks both domestically and internationally to
monitor and predict terrorist activities.
Multi-Agency Coordination: Collaborate with various
governmental and non-governmental organizations to create a
comprehensive counter-terrorism approach.
Pre-Emptive Action: Use gathered intelligence to act before a
terrorist event can occur. This can include arrests, asset
freezing, and raids.
Public Awareness and Preparedness: Educate the public
about the signs of terrorism and what to do in the event of an
attack to minimize casualties.
Counter-Radicalization Programs: Work within communities to
identify and address factors that contribute to radicalization,
such as social isolation or poverty.

Search and Rescue 5 4 3 2 1

Pre-Deployment Readiness: Ensure that all search and rescue
personnel are fully trained and equipped for a variety of
emergency scenarios.
Advanced Technology Utilization: Use technologies like
drones, heat-seeking cameras, and advanced GPS to improve
search capabilities.
Local Collaboration: Collaborate with local experts and
authorities who know the geography and may aid in the search.
Central Command and Coordination: Establish a centralized
command post to coordinate the search and rescue operations
effectively.
Continuous Assessment: After each mission, conduct a
thorough debrief and assessment to learn from any mistakes or
inefficiencies.

Crowd Control and Public Order 5 4 3 2 1

Advanced Planning and Preparedness: Identify potential
flashpoints and assemble adequate staffing and barriers well in
advance of public events.
Communication Strategy: Establish clear lines of
communication between command centers and field officers and
also between police and the public.
Non-Lethal Tactics: Use non-lethal means, such as rubber
bullets or tear gas, as primary tools for controlling unruly crowds.
Immediate Medical Response: Have medical teams on
standby to treat any injuries to both the public and officers.
Real-time Monitoring: Use aerial surveillance or CCTV feeds to
monitor crowd movements and adapt strategies as situations
evolve.

Surveillance and Reconnaissance 5 4 3 2 1

Human Intelligence (HUMINT): Utilize undercover agents and
informants to gather information.
Signal Intelligence (SIGINT): Monitor electronic
communications to track illegal activities.
High-Tech Surveillance Tools: Utilize high-resolution cameras,
drones, and other advanced tech for real-time information
gathering.
Data Analytics: Use advanced software for real-time analytics
of collected data to predict criminal activities.
Covert Operations: Train specialized units for undercover
operations to infiltrate criminal organizations.

Training and Skill Development 5 4 3 2 1

Scenario-Based Training: Utilize virtual reality or controlled
environments to simulate real-life situations.
Continuous Professional Development: Offer courses,
workshops, and seminars on evolving police procedures and
technologies.
Physical Fitness Programs: Maintain regular physical training
programs to ensure that all officers meet fitness requirements.
Psychological Training: Train officers in de-escalation
techniques, cultural sensitivity, and stress management.
Specialized Skill Training: Provide training programs for
specialized skills like cybercrime investigation, counter-terrorism,
and advanced forensics.

Community Engagement 5 4 3 2 1
Community Policing: Assign officers to specific neighborhoods
to foster relationships and build trust with local communities.
Public Forums: Hold regular public meetings to discuss
community concerns and law enforcement activities.
Youth Outreach Programs: Develop programs aimed at
engaging with the youth to prevent criminal behavior and to build
trust.
Transparency and Accountability: Publicly report on activities,
achievements, and challenges, possibly through an annual
report or frequent updates.
Collaborative Partnerships: Partner with local organizations,
schools, and businesses to jointly address community issues
and sponsor events.

SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE

Counter-Terrorism:
"How do participants perceive the effectiveness and adaptability of leadership strategies in
addressing evolving terrorism threats in Manila City?"

Search and Rescue:

"How do the participants characterize the leadership's preparedness and response mechanisms
in search and rescue operations during emergencies?"

Crowd Control and Public Order:

"What are the participants' views on the leadership's approach towards maintaining public order,
especially during large gatherings and potential disruptions?"

Surveillance and Reconnaissance:

"How do participants describe the leadership's emphasis on technology, intelligence, and
human resources in the surveillance and reconnaissance operations?"

Training and Skill Development:

"How do the participants perceive the leadership's commitment to continuous training, skill
development, and capacity-building within the specialized operation units?"

Community Engagement:
"How do participants view the leadership's strategies in fostering trust, collaboration, and
proactive involvement with the community?"

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Questionnaire for Supervisors, AND Non-Uniformed Personnel
Name : ____________________ (optional)
Part I. Extent of Police Leadership. Please put a checkmark on the leadership styles you
employ in the NBI Special Operations Unit using the following arbitrary scale of values:
Authoritarian Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: Completely Autocratic
Description: Makes all decisions unilaterally and punishes subordinates for questioning
authority.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Highly Directive
Description: Provides strict instructions but does not engage in open punishment. No
room for feedback.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Directive but Reasonable
Description: Provides clear directions and occasionally listens to subordinate input but
maintains a strong control.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Directive with Some Flexibility
Description: Maintains a strong control but allows for some feedback and minor
participation from subordinates.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Balanced Authoritarian
Description: Provides a clear chain of command but also encourages feedback and
small levels of participation from subordinates.

Authoritarian Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
decisions are made without consulting the subordinates
directs and controls
uses coercive power to enforce rules
provides detailed instructions to subordinates
monitors the performance of the subordinates closely
makes all decisions unilaterally
uses punishment as a way of enforcing discipline
prefers to have a clear and rigid chain of command
insists on being the sole authority on all decisions
rejects feedback or suggestions from subordinates?
Democratic Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
 Verbal Interpretation: Neglects Participation
Description: Rarely involves subordinates in decision-making and limits open
communication.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Limited Participation
Description: Occasionally involves subordinates in decision-making but does not value
their opinions highly.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderate Participation
Description: Involves subordinates in decision-making processes sometimes and allows
for some open communication.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: High Participation
Description: Frequently involves subordinates in decision-making and encourages open
communication.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Fully Democratic
Description: Consistently involves subordinates in decision-making, values their
opinions, and fosters a team spirit.

Democratic Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
involves subordinates in decision-making processes
encourages open communication and feedback
facilitates group discussions to solve problems
encourages subordinates to share their ideas and opinions
uses participative decision-making techniques
delegates responsibilities to subordinates
considers the needs and interests of the subordinates
seeks consensus before making decisions
facilitates the development of team spirit
involves subordinates in the goal-setting process
Transformational Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: Lacks Inspiration
Description: Rarely inspires subordinates or shows concern for their development.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Minimally Inspirational
 Description: Shows some elements of inspiration but lacks consistency and depth in
engagement with subordinates.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderately Inspirational
Description: Often inspires subordinates and encourages personal and professional
growth.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Highly Inspirational
Description: Consistently inspires subordinates, encourages growth, and establishes a
clear, compelling vision for the future.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Exceptionally Inspirational
Description: Not only inspires and encourages growth but also successfully transforms
the organizational culture.

Transformational Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
inspires subordinates to go beyond their self-interests for the
good of the organization
stimulates subordinates to think creatively and innovatively
acts as role models for subordinates
encourages subordinates to develop their own leadership
potential
articulates a clear and compelling vision for the future
shows genuine concern for the needs and feelings of
subordinates
empowers subordinates by giving them autonomy and
responsibility
encourages subordinates to challenge their own beliefs and
values
recognizes and rewards the contributions of subordinates
creates a supportive and encouraging work environment
Transactional Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: No Structure
Description: Lacks clear goals, rewards, or feedback systems.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Inconsistent Structure
Description: Provides occasional feedback and rewards but lacks consistency.
 Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderate Structure
Description: Establishes clear goals and provides consistent feedback and rewards.
Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Strong Structure
Description: Maintains clear goals, provides immediate feedback, and effectively uses
rewards and punishments.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Exceptionally Structured
Description: Establishes and communicates exceptionally clear goals, and immediate
feedback, and has a highly effective reward and punishment system.

Transactional Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
sets clear goals and expectations for subordinates
provides feedback to subordinates on their performance
uses rewards and punishments to influence subordinate
behavior
focuses on the achievement of objectives and adherence to
standards
monitors subordinates’ performance to identify deviations from
standards
emphasizes the importance of fulfilling contractual obligations
clarifies the roles and responsibilities of subordinates
uses a structured approach to problem-solving
encourages compliance with rules and procedures
establishes a formal system of rewards and sanctions
Laissez-faire Leadership
Score: 1 (Ineffective)
Verbal Interpretation: Completely Disengaged
Description: Provides no guidance, feedback, or support to subordinates.
Score: 2 (Needs Improvement)
Verbal Interpretation: Minimally Engaged
Description: Occasionally offers some guidance but largely leaves subordinates to their
own devices.
Score: 3 (Average)
Verbal Interpretation: Moderately Engaged
Description: Provides enough freedom for subordinates to make decisions while being
available for consultation.
 Score: 4 (Good)
Verbal Interpretation: Highly Engaged Laissez-faire
Description: Gives freedom but also provides resources and support needed for
subordinates to make good decisions.
Score: 5 (Excellent)
Verbal Interpretation: Optimally Engaged
Description: Provides the perfect balance of freedom and support, enabling subordinates
to take responsibility and make excellent decisions.

Laissez-faire Leadership 5 4 3 2 1
allows subordinates to make decisions on their own
provides minimal guidance and supervision to subordinates
adopts a hands-off approach to leadership
allows subordinates to determine their own goals and methods
avoids getting involved in the decision-making process
provides subordinates with the freedom to solve problems on
their own
refrains from giving feedback unless absolutely necessary
allows subordinates to work at their own pace
encourages subordinates to take responsibility for their own
actions
avoids taking a stand on issues and making decisions

Part II. Extent of Strategies implemented in the NBI Special Operations Unit. Please put a
checkmark on the space assessing the strategies implemented in the NBI Special Operations
Unit using the following score and verbal interpretation:
Score Verbal Interpretation
5 Often (O)
4 Always (A)
3 Sometimes (So)
2 Seldom (Se)
1 Never (N)

Counter-Terrorism 5 4 3 2 1
Intelligence Gathering and Analysis: Establish robust
intelligence networks both domestically and internationally to
monitor and predict terrorist activities.
Multi-Agency Coordination: Collaborate with various
governmental and non-governmental organizations to create a
comprehensive counter-terrorism approach.
Pre-Emptive Action: Use gathered intelligence to act before a
terrorist event can occur. This can include arrests, asset
freezing, and raids.
Public Awareness and Preparedness: Educate the public
about the signs of terrorism and what to do in the event of an
attack to minimize casualties.
Counter-Radicalization Programs: Work within communities to
identify and address factors that contribute to radicalization,
such as social isolation or poverty.

Search and Rescue 5 4 3 2 1

Pre-Deployment Readiness: Ensure that all search and rescue
personnel are fully trained and equipped for a variety of
emergency scenarios.
Advanced Technology Utilization: Use technologies like
drones, heat-seeking cameras, and advanced GPS to improve
search capabilities.
Local Collaboration: Collaborate with local experts and
authorities who know the geography and may aid in the search.
Central Command and Coordination: Establish a centralized
command post to coordinate the search and rescue operations
effectively.
Continuous Assessment: After each mission, conduct a
thorough debrief and assessment to learn from any mistakes or
inefficiencies.

Crowd Control and Public Order 5 4 3 2 1

Advanced Planning and Preparedness: Identify potential
flashpoints and assemble adequate staffing and barriers well in
advance of public events.
Communication Strategy: Establish clear lines of
communication between command centers and field officers and
also between police and the public.
Non-Lethal Tactics: Use non-lethal means, such as rubber
bullets or tear gas, as primary tools for controlling unruly crowds.
Immediate Medical Response: Have medical teams on
standby to treat any injuries to both the public and officers.
Real-time Monitoring: Use aerial surveillance or CCTV feeds to
monitor crowd movements and adapt strategies as situations
evolve.

Surveillance and Reconnaissance 5 4 3 2 1

Human Intelligence (HUMINT): Utilize undercover agents and
informants for gathering information.
Signal Intelligence (SIGINT): Monitor electronic
communications to track illegal activities.
High-Tech Surveillance Tools: Utilize high-resolution cameras,
 drones, and other advanced tech for real-time information
gathering.
Data Analytics: Use advanced software for real-time analytics
of collected data to predict criminal activities.
Covert Operations: Train specialized units for undercover
operations to infiltrate criminal organizations.

Training and Skill Development 5 4 3 2 1

Scenario-Based Training: Utilize virtual reality or controlled
environments to simulate real-life situations.
Continuous Professional Development: Offer courses,
workshops, and seminars on evolving police procedures and
technologies.
Physical Fitness Programs: Maintain regular physical training
programs to ensure that all officers meet fitness requirements.
Psychological Training: Train officers in de-escalation
techniques, cultural sensitivity, and stress management.
Specialized Skill Training: Provide training programs for
specialized skills like cybercrime investigation, counter-terrorism,
and advanced forensics.

Community Engagement 5 4 3 2 1
Community Policing: Assign officers to specific neighborhoods
to foster relationships and build trust with local communities.
Public Forums: Hold regular public meetings to discuss
community concerns and law enforcement activities.
Youth Outreach Programs: Develop programs aimed at
engaging with the youth to prevent criminal behavior and to build
trust.
Transparency and Accountability: Publicly report on activities,
achievements, and challenges, possibly through an annual
report or frequent updates.
Collaborative Partnerships: Partner with local organizations,
schools, and businesses to jointly address community issues
and sponsor events.

SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE

Counter-Terrorism:
"How do participants perceive the effectiveness and adaptability of leadership strategies in
addressing evolving terrorism threats in Manila City?"

Search and Rescue:

"How do the participants characterize the leadership's preparedness and response mechanisms
in search and rescue operations during emergencies?"

Crowd Control and Public Order:

"What are the participants' views on the leadership's approach towards maintaining public order,
especially during large gatherings and potential disruptions?"

Surveillance and Reconnaissance:

"How do participants describe the leadership's emphasis on technology, intelligence, and
human resources in the surveillance and reconnaissance operations?"

Training and Skill Development:

"How do the participants perceive the leadership's commitment to continuous training, skill
development, and capacity-building within the specialized operation units?"

Community Engagement:
"How do participants view the leadership's strategies in fostering trust, collaboration, and
proactive involvement with the community?"