Ifos Maths Pyqs 2009-2020

2
Preface to the First Edition
This book has been designed for students preparing for the Indian Forest
Services (IFoS) examination with Mathematics as the optional subject.
The solutions of all the previous year problems from Mathematics Paper-I
have been covered in this book for the years 2009-2020. All the solutions
are comprehensively covered in a lucid manner.
This book will also be helpful for students preparing for Civil Services
Examination (CSE) with Mathematics as the optional subject. We have
strived to keep the solutions detailed and free from errors. But as the
saying goes, “to err is human”, so this book may have a few unwanted
errors. We will highly appreciate your feedback regarding our efforts and
will progressively incorporate it in our upcoming editions.
-Authors
IFoS Maths Paper-I 3

Acknowledgment
We would like to thank our parents who have always been the guiding
light of our journey and our source of inspiration for writing this book. We
would also like to express our gratitude towards Shivani Kalyan, Bhavya,
Prashant, Mahender and Karan, who helped us a lot in the proofreading,
structuring, designing and formatting of the book.
- Authors

Syllabus
Paper-I
Section-A
Linear Algebra: Vector, space, linear dependence and independence, subspaces, bases, dimen-
sions. Finite dimensional vector spaces. Matrices, Cayley-Hamiliton theorem, Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors, matrix of linear transformation, row and column reduction, Echelon form, equiv-
alence, congruence and similarity, reduction to canonical form, rank, orthogonal, symmetrical,
skew symmetrical, unitary, hermitian, skew-hermitian forms and their eigenvalues. Orthogonal
and unitary reduction of quadratic and hermitian forms, positive definite quadratic forms.
Calculus:
Real numbers, limits, continuity, differentiability, mean-value theorems, Taylor’s theorem with
remainders, indeterminate forms, maxima and minima, asymptotes. Functions of several vari-
ables: continuity, differentiability, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange’s method of
multipliers, Jacobian. Riemann’s definition of definite integrals, indefinite integrals, infinite and
improper integrals, beta and gamma functions. Double and triple integrals (evaluation techniques
only). Areas, surface and volumes, centre of gravity.
Analytic Geometry:
Cartesian and polar coordinates in two and three dimensions, second degree equations in two
and three dimensions, reduction to canonical forms, straight lines, shortest distance between two
skew lines, plane, sphere, cone, cylinder, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two sheets
and their properties
Section-B
Ordinary Differential Equations: Formulation of differential equations, order and degree,

equations of first order and first degree, integrating factor, equations of first order but not of first
degree, Clairaut’s equation, singular solution. Higher order linear equations with constant coeffi-
cients, complementary function and particular integral, general solution, Euler-Cauchy equation.
Second order linear equations with variable coefficients, determination of complete solution when
one solution is known, method of variation of parameters.
Dynamics, Statics and Hydrostatics: Degree of freedom and constraints, rectilinear motion,
simple harmonic motion, motion in a plane, projectiles, constrained motion, work and energy,
conservation of energy, motion under impulsive forces, Kepler’s laws, orbits under central forces,
motion of varying mass, motion under resistance. Equilibrium of a system of particles, work and
potential energy, friction, common catenary, principle of virtual work, stability of equilibrium,
equilibrium of forces in three dimensions. Pressure of heavy fluids, equilibrium of fluids under
given system of forces Bernoulli’s equation, centre of pressure, thrust on curved surfaces, equilib-
rium of floating bodies, stability of equilibrium, metacentre, pressure of gases.
Vector Analysis: Scalar and vector fields, triple, products, differentiation of vector function of
a scalar variable, gradient, divergence and curl in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates
and their physical interpretations. Higher order derivatives, vector identities and vector equations.
Application to Geometry: Curves in space, curvature and torsion. Serret-Frenet’s formulae, Gauss
and Stokes’ theorems, Green’s identities.

Paper-II
Section-A
Algebra: Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, homomorphism of groups quotient groups basic
isomorphism theorems, Sylow’s group, permutation groups, Cayley theorem. Rings and ideals,
principal ideal domains, unique factorization domains and Euclidean domains. Field extensions,
finite fields
Real Analysis: Real number system, ordered sets, bounds, ordered field, real number system
as an ordered field with least upper bound property, Cauchy sequence, completeness, Continuity
and uniform continuity of functions, properties of continuous functions on compact sets. Riemann
integral, improper integrals, absolute and conditional convergence of series of real and complex
terms, rearrangement of series. Uniform convergence, continuity, differentiability and integrability
for sequences and series of functions. Differentiation of functions of several variables, change in the
order of partial derivatives, implicit function theorem, maxima and minima. Multiple integrals.
Complex Analysis: Analytic function, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Cauchy’s theorem,

Cauchy’s integral formula, power series, Taylor’s series, Laurent’s Series, Singularities, Cauchy’s
residue theorem, contour integration. Conformal mapping, bilinear transformations.
Linear Programming: Linear programming problems, basic solution, basic feasible solution and
optimal solution, graphical method and Simplex method of solutions. Duality. Transportation
and assignment problems. Travelling salesman problems.
Section-B
Partial differential equations: Curves and surfaces in three dimensions, formulation of partial
differential equations, solutions of equations of type dx/p=dy/q=dz/r; orthogonal trajectories,
Pfaffian differential equations; partial differential equations of the first order, solution by Cauchy’s
method of characteristics; Charpit’s method of solutions, linear partial differential equations of
the second order with constant coefficients, equations of vibrating string, heat equation, Laplace
equation.
Numerical Analysis and Computer programming: Numerical methods: Solution of

algebraic and transcendental equations of one variable by bisection, Regula-Falsi and Newton-
Raphson methods, solution of system of linear equations by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-
Jordan (direct) methods, Gauss-Seidel(iterative) method. Newton’s (Forward and backward)
and Lagrange’s method. Numerical integration: Simpson’s one-third rule, trapezoidal rule,
Gaussian quadrature formula. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Eu-
ler and Runge-Kutta methods
Computer Programming: Storage of numbers in Computers, bits, bytes and words, binary
system. Arithmetic and logical operations on numbers. Bitwise operations. AND, OR , XOR,
NOT, and shift/rotate operators. Octal and Hexadecimal Systems. Conversion to and from
decimal Systems. Representation of unsigned integers, signed integers and reals, double precision
reals and long integers. Algorithms and flow charts for solving numerical analysis problems.
Developing simple programs in Basic for problems involving techniques covered in the numerical
analysis.
Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics: Generalised coordinates, constraints, holonomic and non-
holonomic, systems. D’Alembert’s principle and Lagrange’s equations, Hamilton equations, mo-
ment of inertia, motion of rigid bodies in two dimensions. Equation of continuity, Euler’s equation
of motion for inviscid flow, stream-lines, path of a particle, potential flow, two-dimensional and
axi-symmetric motion, sources and sinks, vortex motion, flow past a cylinder and a sphere, method
of images. Navier-Stokes equation for a viscous fluid.

Contents
1 2020 1
1.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 2019 35
2.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 2018 66
3.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4 2017 97
4.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5 2016 128
5.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6 2015 158
6.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7 2014 190
7.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8 2013 222
8.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
8.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
9 2012 255
9.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
9.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
10 2011 295
10.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
10.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
11 2010 332
11.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
11.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
12 2009 367
12.1 Section-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
12.2 Section-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
7
8
Chapter 1
2020
1.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and I + A be a non-singular

matrix, then show that (I − A)(I + A)−1 is orthogonal.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given A is a skew-symmetric matrix and I + A is a non-singular matrix.

Let M = (I − A)(I + A)−1
T
M T = (I − A)(I + A)−1

⇒
T
= (I + A)−1 (I − A)T

−1 T
= (I + A)T I − AT

= (I − A)−1 (I + A)
[∵ A is skew symmetric ⇒ AT = −A]
∴ M T M = (I − A)−1 (I + A)(I − A)(I + A)−1
= (I − A)−1 (I − A)(I + A)(I + A)−1
=I ·I =I
!
∵ (I + A)(I − A) = I + A − A − A2 = I − A2
(I − A)(I + A) = I − A + A − A2 = I − A2
Thus, M = (I − A)(I + A)−1 is orthagonal.
1
CHAPTER 1. 2020 CHAPTER 1. 2020
Question-1(b) By applying elementary row operations on the matrix

 
−1 2 −1 0
 2 4 4 2 
A=  0 0 1 5 ,

1 6 3 2
reduce it to a row-reduced echelon matrix. Hence find the rank of A.
[8 Marks]
Solution:  
−1 2 −1 0
 2 4 4 2 
A=
 0

0 1 5 
1 6 3 2
R2 → R2 + 2R1 , R4 → R4 + R1
 
−1 2 −1 0
 0 8 2 2 
∼
 0 0 1 5 

0 8 2 2
R4 → R4 − R2
 
−1 2 −1 0
 0 8 2 2 
∼
 0 0 1 5 

0 0 0 0
R2 → R2 − 2R3 , R1 → R1 + R3
 
−1 2 0 5
 0 8 0 −8 
∼
 0 0 1 5 

0 0 0 0
This is the row-reduced echelon form which has three non-zero rows.
Hence, rank(A) = 3.
Question-1(c) Given that f (x + y) = f (x)f (y), f (0) 6= 0, for all real x, y and
f 0 (0) = 2.
Show that for all real x, f 0 (x) = 2f (x). Hence find f (x).
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given, f (x + y) = f (x)f (y).
Let x = 0, y = 0.

⇒ f (0) = f (0) · f (0)

f (0)[f (0) − 1] = 0
f (0) = 1 . . . (1)[∵ f (0) 6= 0 given]
By definition of derivative,
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
f (x) · f (h) − f (x)
= lim
h→0 h
f (h) − 1
= f (x) lim
h→0 h
f (h) − f (0)
= f (x) lim [ using (1)]
h→0 h
= f (x) · f 0 (0) = 2f (x) ( given f 0 (0) = 2)
∴ f 0 (x) = 2f (x)
Z 0 Z
f (x)
⇒ dx = 2dx ⇒ log f (x) = 2x + c
f (x)
f (0) = 1 ⇒ log 1 = 2(0) + c ⇒ c = 0
∴ log f (x) = 2x ⇒ f (x) = e2x
Question-1(d) Find the Taylor’s series expansion for the function

f (x) = log(1 + x), −1 < x < ∞
about x = 2 with Lagrange’s form of remainder after 3-terms.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Taylor series: If a function f is defined on [a, a + h] such that

(i) f, f 0 , f 00 , . . . f n−1 are continuous on [a, a + h]
(ii) f n (x) exists in (a, a + h), then there exists at least one real number θ, 0 < θ < 1,
such that
h2 00 hn−1 n−1 hn
f (a + h) = f (a) + hf 0 (a) + f (a) + . . . + f (a) + f n (a + θh)
2 (n − 1)! n!
Here, f (x) = log(1 + x) ⇒ f (2) = log 3.
1 1
f 0 (x) = ⇒ f 0 (2) =
1+x 3
−1 −1
f 00 (x) = 2
⇒ f 00 (2) =
(1 + x) 9

2 2
f 000 (x) = 3
⇒ f 000 (2) =
(1 + x) 27
(x − 2)2 (x − 2)3
f (x) = f (2) + f 0 (2)(x − 2) + f 00 (2) + f 000 (2 + θh) ·
2! 3!
(x − 2) (x − 2)2 f 000 [2 + θ(x − 2))
f (x) = log 3 + − + × (x − 2)3
3 18 81
where 0 < θ < 1.
Hence, it is the required form of Taylor expansion of f (x) about x = 2 with Lagrange’s
form of remainder after 3-terms.
Question-1(e) If the straight lines, joining the origin to the points of intersec-
tion of the curve 3x2 −xy +3y 2 +2x−3y +4 = 0 and the straight line 2x+3y +k = 0,
are at right angles, then show that 6k 2 + 5k + 52 = 0.
[8 Marks]
Solution:
Let S ≡ 3x2 − xy + 3y 2 + 2x − 3y + 4 = 0;
L ≡ 2x + 3y + k = 0
By homogenizing equation S with the help of Equation of line L, we get the equation of
pair of lines L1 and L2 through origin.
2
2 2 (2x + 3y) (2x + 3y)
3x − xy + 3y + (2x − 3y) +4 =0
−k k
If these lines are at right angles then, sum of coefficients of x2 and y 2 = 0

4−9 4+9
3+3+ +4 =0
−k k2
⇒ 6k 2 + 5k + 52 = 0
which is the required given condition.
[ Pair of lines, ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
√
2 h2 − ab
⇒ tan θ = ]
a+b

Question-2(a) Let T : R3 → R3 be defined by T(x, y, z) = (2x, −3y, x+y), and B1 =

{(−1, 2, 0), (0, 1, −1), (3, 1, 2)} be a basis of R3 . Find the matrix representation of
T relative to the basis B1 .
[10 Marks]
Solution:
T(x, y, z) = (2x, −3y, x + y)
B1 = {(−1, 2, 0), (0, 1, −1), (3, 1, 2)}
∴ T (−1, 2, 0) = (−2, −6, 1)
= −1(−1, 2, 0) − 3(0, 1, −1) − 1(3, 1, 2)
[Using Calculator]
T (0, 1, −1) = (0, −3, 1)
−2 13 2
= (−1, 2, 0) − (0, 1, −1) − (3, 1, 2)
3 9 9
T (3, 1, 2) = (6, −3, 4)
−5 10 13
= (−1, 2, 0) − (0, 1, −1) + (3, 1, 2)
3 9 9
Hence, matrix representation of T is
 >  
−1 −3 −1 −1 − 32 −5/3
[T ]B1 =  −2 3
−13
9
−2 
9 =  −3 −13 9
−10/9 
−5 −10 13
3 9 9
−1 −2/9 13/9
Question-2(b) Using Lagrange’s multiplier, show that the rectangular solid

of maximum volume which can be inscribed in a sphere is a cube.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let diameter of sphere be D, which is fixed. Let x, y, z be dimensions of

rectangular solid inscribed in the sphere.
V = xyz
such that x + y + z 2 = (D)2
2 2
(Diagonal of Rectangular solid = Diameter of the sphere)

Consider the function
F (x, y, z) = xyz + λ x2 + y 2 + z 2 − D2


We use Lagrange’s multiplier method to maximize V = xyz for critical points,

∂F = 0 ⇒ Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0
∴ yz + λ(2x) = 0 . . . (1)
xz + λ(2y) = 0 . . . (2)
xy + λ(2z) = 0 . . . (3)
Subtracting equation (1) from (2) and (3), we get

z(x − y) + 2λ(y − x) = 0 ⇒ x=y
y(x − z) + 2λ(z − x) = 0 ⇒ x=z
∴x=y=z
As all the three dimensions x, y, z should be same for maximum volume of rectargular
solid, hence it will be a cube.
Let x=y=z=a
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 12 ⇒ 3a2 = D2
D
⇒ Dimension of cube = a = √
3
Question-2(c) Prove that the angle between two straight lines whose direction
cosines are given by l + m + n = 0 and fmn + gnl + hlm = 0 is π3 , if 1f + 1g + 1h = 0.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Given l + m + n = 0 ⇒ n = −(1 + m) Using it in,

f mn + gnl + hlm = 0
−(f m + gl)(l + m) + hlm = 0
f lm + gl2 + f m2 + glm − hlm = 0
gl2 + ln(f + g − h) + f m2 = 0
2
l l
g + (f + g − h) + f = 0
m m
l1 l2
Let m1
and m2
are two roots of the quadratic equation.

l1 l2 f l1 l2 m1 m2
∴ = ⇒ =
m1 m2 g f g
By symmetry
l1 l2 m1 m2 n1 n2
= = = k (Say)
f g h
Again,
l1 l2 −(f + g − h)
+ =
m1 m2 g
l1 m2 + m1 l2 m1 m2
= =k
−(f + g + h) g

∴ (l1 m2 − l2 m1 )2 = (l1 m2 + l2 m1 )2 − 4(l1 m2 )(l2 m1 )

= k 2 (f + g − h)2 − 4(kf )(kg)
= k 2 f 2 + g 2 + h2 + 2f g − 2gh − 2f h − 4f g

= k 2 f 2 + g 2 + h2 − 2(f g + gh + f h)

= k 2 f 2 + g 2 + h2 + 2(f g + gh + f h)

1 1 1
∵ + + = 0 ⇒ f g + gh + hf = 0
f g h
= [k(f + g + h)]2
(l1 m2 − l2 m1 )2
P
2
tan θ =
(l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n, n2 )2
3[k(f + g + h)]2
= =3
[k(f + g + h)]2
√ π
⇒ tan θ = 3 ⇒ θ =
3
Question-3(a) Find the asymptotes of the curve x3 + 3x2 y − 4y 3 − x + y + 3 = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: As the coefficients of highest powers of x and y are constant, hence asymp-
totes parallel to x-axis or y-axis do not exist.
Oblique Asymptotes:
Put x = 1, y=m
φ3 (m) = 1 + 3m − 4m3 (Taking third degree terms)
φ2 (m) = 0 (Taking second degree terms)
φ1 (m) = −1 + m (Taking first degree terms)
Slopes of the asymptotes are real roots of eqn, φ3 (m) = 0
i.e., 4m3 − 3m − 1 = 0
⇒ (m − 1)(2m + 1)2 = 0
∴ m = 1, −1/2, −1/2
φ2 (m)
for m = 1, c = − 0 =0
φ3 (m)
∴ y = mx + c i.e. y = x is an asymptote.
For m = −1/2 ( repeated root), the value of c is given by
c2 00
φ (m) + c · φ02 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
2! 3
c2
i.e. (−24m) + c(0) + (m − 1) = 0
2


1 2 1
−12 − c + − −1 =0
2 2
→ 12c2 − 3 = 0
1
⇒ c2 =
4
1 1
⇒ c = + ,−
2 2
∴ Thus, the asymptotes are y = mx + c
1 1 −1 1
ie. y = − x + and y = x−
2 2 2 2
∴ Three asymptotes are y − x = 0, x + 2y = 1 and x + 2y = −1
Question-3(b) When is a matrix A said to be similar to another matrix B?

Prove that
(i) if A is similar to B, then B is similar to A.
(ii) two similar matrices have the same eigenvalues.
Further, by choosing appropriately the matrices A and B, show that the con-
verse of (ii) above may not be true.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Similarity of Matrices: Let A and B be square matrices of order n.

Then A is said to be similar to B if there exists a non-singular matrix P such that
A = P −1 BP
i) If A is similar to B, therefore there exists an n × n non-singular matrix p such that
A = P −1 BP
⇒ P AP −1 = P (P −1 BP )
⇒ P AP −1 = B
−1 −1
i.e. B = (P −1 ) A (P −1 ) P is invertible means P −1 is invertible and (P −1 ) = P . It
implies that B is similar to A.
(ii) Suppose A and B are similar matrices
Then, B = P −1 AP
Characteristic polynomial of B is
|B − λI| = P −1 AP − λP −1 P
= P −1 (A − λI)P
= |P −1 ||A − λI||P |
∵ P −1 |P | P −1 P = |I| = 1

= |A − λI|
Which is same as characteristic bolymomial of A. Hence, A and B have same eigenvalues.
Finally, consider matrices

0 0 0 1
A= and B =
0 0 0 0

which clearly have the same eigenvalues, but they are not similar because B cannot be
obtained by applying any sequence of elemantary transformtions on matrix A.
Hence, converse of (ii) is not true.
Question-3(c) A point P moves on the plane xa + yb + zc = 1, which is fixed. The

plane through P and perpendicular to OP meets the axes in A, B, C respec-
tively. The planes through A, B, C parallel to yz, zx and xy planes respectively
intersect at Q. Prove that the locus of Q is x12 + y12 + z12 = ax
1
+ by1 + cz1 .
[15 Marks]
Solution: The eqn of the plane is

x y z
+ + =1 . . . (1)
a b c
Let the coordinates of the point P be (α, β, γ). Since the point P lies on plane (1), we
have
α β γ
+ + =1 . . . (2)
a b c
The d.r.’s of OP are α − 0, β − 0, γ − 0 i.e., α, β, γ.
Hence, the equation of plane passing through point P (α, β, γ) and perpendicular to OP
is
α(x − α) + β(y − β) + γ(z − γ) = 0
or
αx + βy + γz = α2 + β 2 + γ 2 . . . (3)
The plane (3) meets the axes in the points A, B and c whose cordinates are
2
α + β2 + γ2 α2 + β 2 + γ 2 α2 + β 2 + r 2

, 0, 0 , 0, , 0 , 0, 0,
α β γ
Now the eqn of plane through A and parallel to y = plane i.e. plane x = 0 is
α2 + β + γ 2
x=
α
Similarly, equations of the other two planes are
α2 + β 2 + γ 2
y= ,
β
α2 + β 2 + γ 2
z=
γ
Now, Q is the intersection point of above three planes.
The locus of point Q is obtained by eliminating α, β and γ from eqn (2) with the help of
above three equations.
α β γ
+ + = 1 gives
a b c

α2 + β 2 + γ 2 α2 + β 2 + γ 2 α2 + β 2 + γ 2

1 1 1
+ + =1
a x b y c z
1 1 1 1
⇒ + + = 2
ax by cz α + β2 + γ2
Also,
1 1 1 α2 + β 2 + γ 2 1
2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2 =
x y z 2 2
(α + β + γ ) 2 α + β2 + γ2
2
Hence, required locus is given by:

1 1 1 1 1 1
2
+ 2+ 2 = + +
x y z ax by cz
Question-4(a) Let P be the vertex of the enveloping cone of the ellipsoid

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
If the section of this cone made by the plane z = 0 is a rectangular hyperbola,
then find the locus of P .
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let P (x, y, z) be the vertex of enveloping cone.

Eqn of ellipsoid is
x2 y 2 z 2
S ≡ 2 + 2 + 2 −1=0
a b c
2 2 2
x y z
∴ S1 = 21 + 21 + 2 − 1,
a b c
x1 x y1 y z1 z
T = 2 + 2 + 2 −1
a b c
Eqn of enveloping cone:
SS1 = T 2
x2 y 2 z 2 x21 y12 z12

x1 x y1 y z1 z 2
+ 2 + 2 −1 + 2 + 2 −1 = + 2 + 2 −1
a2 b c a2 b c a2 b c
The section of enveloping cone by z = 0 is
2
y2
2
x1 y12 z12

x x1 x y 1 y 2
+ − 1 + + − 1 = + − 1
a2 b2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2
If it represents rectangular hyperbola, sum of coefficients of x2 and y 2 will be zero.
1 y12 z12 1 x21 z12

+ 2 −1 + 2 + 2 −1 =0
a2 b 2 c b a2 c
The required locus of P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
c 2 x 2 + y 2 + a2 + b 2 z 2 = c 2 a2 + b 2


Question-4(b)
(i) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =
1 4
, hence find its inverse. Also, express A5 − 4A4 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A − 10I as
2 3
a linear polynominl in A.
(ii) Express the vector (1,2,5) as a linear combination of the vectors
(1,1,1),(2,1,2) and (3, 2, 3), if possible. Justify your answer.
[15 Marks]

1 4
Solution: (i) Given, A = .
2 3
Characteristic polynomial is given by
|A − λI| = 0
1−λ 4
⇒ =0
2 3−λ
⇒ (1 − λ)(3 − λ) − 8 = 0
⇒ λ2 − 4λ + 3 − 8 = 0
⇒ λ2 − 4λ − 5 = 0
Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its characteristics eqn.

2 1 4 1 4 9 16
A = =
2 3 2 3 8 17

2 9 16 1 4 1 0 9 − 4 − 5 16 − 16
A − 4A − 5I = −4 −5 = =
8 17 2 3 0 1 8−8 17 − 12 − 5

0 0
0 0
Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified for matrix A. Now,
A2 − 4A − 5I = 0
⇒ A5 − 4A3 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A − 10I

= A5 − 4A3 − 5A3 − 2A3 + 11A2 − A − 10I
= A3 A2 − 4A − 5I − 2A(4A + 5I) + 11A2 − A − 10I

= 0 − 8A2 − 10 · A + 11A2 − A − 10I

= 3A2 − 11A − 10I
= 3(4A + 5I) − 11A − 10I
= 12A + 15I − 11A − 10I
= A + 5I
(ii) Let if possible
(1, 2, 5) = a(1, 1, 1) + b(2, 1, 2) + C(3, 3, 3)

i.e.    
1 2 3 : 1 1 2 3 : 1
 1 1 2 : 2  ∼  0 −1 −1 : −1 
1 2 3 : 5 0 0 0 : 4
If AX = b, then, Rank(A) = 2 and Rank (A : b) = 3, which are not equal. Hence, above
system of equations is inconsistent.
Therefore, vector (1, 2, 5) cannot be expressed as a linear combination of vector
(1, 1, 1),(2, 1, 2) and (3, 2, 3)
Question-4(c) (i) Evaluate

πx
lim (x − 1) tan
x→1 2
(ii) Evaluate the following integral :
Z ∞
2
xe−x dx
−∞
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let
πx
l = lim (x − 1) tan
x→1
nπ 2 o
= lim h tan (1 + h)
h→0 2 i
h π
= lim −h cot h
h→0 2
−h πh
= lim · cos
h→0 sin πh 2
2

−2 πh/2 πh
= lim πh
· lim cos
π h→0 sin 2 h→0 2
−2
= ·1·1
π
−2
=
π
(ii) Z ∞
2
xe−x dx
−∞
Z 0 Z b
−x2 2
= lim xe dx + lim xe−x dx
a→−∞ a b→∞ 0
0 b
1 2 1 −x2
= lim − e−x
+ lim − e
a→−∞ 2a
b→∞ 2 0
h i
−1 −0 −a2 −b2 −0
= e − lim e + lim e − e
2 a→−∞ b→∞


1 −∞
−∞

= − 1−e + e −1
2
1
= − [1 − 0 + 0 − 1] = 0
2
Hence, the given infinite integral is convergent.
1.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Solve the initial value problem:

2x2 + y dx + x2 y − x dy = 0, y(1) = 2

[8 Marks]
Solution:
Comparing with M dx + N dy = 0,
M = 2x2 y ; N = x2 y − x
∂M ∂N
∴ =1 ; = 2xy − 1
∂y ∂x
Since, ∂M
∂y
6= ∂N
∂x
, so ODE is not exact.
Integrating factor (I.F.):

1 ∂M ∂N 1 − (2xy − 1)
− =
N ∂y ∂x x2 y − x
2(1 − xy) 2
= = − = f (x)
−x(1 − xy) x
Which is a function of x only.
− x2 dx
R R
f (x)dx
I.F = e =e
−2 1
= e−2 log x = elog x =
x2
Multiplying the given Differential Equation with I.F. = 1/x2
1 2
1 2

2x + y dx + x y − x dy = 0
x2 x2
y 1
2 + 2 dx + y − dy = 0
x x

R R
Hence, the solution is y− constant M dx + ( terms in N not containing x)dy = C
Z Z
y
2 + 2 dx + ydy = C
y−constant x
y y2
2x − + =C
x 2
Now, when x = 1, y = 2
2 (2)2
∴ 2− + =C⇒C=2
1 2
y y2
∴ 2x − + =2
x 2
i.e. 4x2 + xy 2 − 2y = 4x
is the required solution of the initial value problem.
Question-5(b) Solve the differential equation:

d2 y dy
2
− 3 − 4y = 16x − 12e2x
dx dx
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given D.E. can be written as

D2 − 3D − 4 y = 16x − 12e2x

Auxiliary Equation:
m2 − 3m − 4 = 0
m2 − 4m + m − 4 = 0
(m − 4)(m + 1) = 0
⇒ m = 4, −1
∴ C · F = C1 e4x + C2 e−x
1
16x − 12e2x

P ·I = 2
D − 3D − 4
1 1
= 16 2 x − 12 2 e2x
D − 3D − 4 D − 3D − 4
−1
(D2 − 3D)

16 12
=− 1− x− 2
e2x
−4 4 (2) − 3(2) − 4
2

D − 3D 12 2x
= −4 1 + + ... x − e
4 (−6)

1
= −4 x + (−3) + 2e2x
4
= −4x + 2e2x + 3

Hence, General Solution is

y = C.F. + P.I.
y = C1 e4x + C2 e−x − 4x + 2e2x + 3
Question-5(c) If the radial and transverse velocities of a particle are pro-

portional to each other, then prove that the path is an equiangular spiral.
Further, if radial acceleration is proportional to transverse acceleration, then
show that the velocity of the particle varies as some power of the radius vec-
tor.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Here it is given that radial velocity is proportional to transverse velocity

dr dθ
∴ =k r . . . (1)
dt dt
where k is a constant of proportionality
dr
i.e., = kdθ
r
Integrating, log r = kθ + log c
or log r = log ekθ + log c
or log r = log c · ekθ
∴ r = cekθ
Which is the equation of an equiangular spiral.
Further, radial acceleration is proportional to transverse acceleration. i.e.
2
d2 r

dθ 1d 2 dθ
−r =µ r . . . (2)
dt2 dt r dt dt
dθ
where µ is a constant. Now, we shall eliminate dt
between (1) and (2). From (1),
dθ 1 dr
= .
dt kr dt
dθ
Putting the value of dt
in eq. (2), we get
2
d2 r µ d r2 dr

1 dr
−r · = · .
dt2 kr dt r dt kr dt
2 " 2 #
d2 r 1 dr µ 1 d2 r dr
or − = · r +
dt2 k 2 r dt k r dt2 dt
2
µ d2 r

1 µ 1 dr
i.e., 1− = +
k dt2 k 2 k r dt
2
d2 r 1 + ku 1 dr
or =
dt2 k(k − µ) r dt

d2 r dr
dt2 1 + kµ
which can be written as dr
= A dt where A =
dt
r k(k − µ)
dr
Integrating, log = A log r + log c1 = log rA + log c1
dt
dr
Hence = c1 r A
dt
dθ dθ c1
∴ From (1), c1 rA = kr i.e., r = rA . . . (3)
dt dt k
s
2 2 r
dr dθ 1
∴ Velocity of the particle = + r = (c1 rA )2 + 2 (c1 rA )2
dt dt k
r
c2
= crA where c = c21 + 12 is a constant
k
Hence the velocity of the particle varies as some power of radius vector.
Question-5(d) A cylinder of radius ’r’, whose axis is fixed horizontally, touches

a vertical wall along a generating line.
A flat beam of length l and weight 0 W 0 rests with its extremities in contact
with the wall and the cylinder, making an angle
√
of 45◦ with the vertical.
Prove that the reaction of the cylinder is W2 5 and the pressure on the wall is
W
2
.
Also, √
prove√that the ratio of radius of the cylinder to the length of the beam
is 5 + 5 : 4 2.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Rod AB is in equilibrium on the cylinder and against the wall under the
forces:
(i) Reaction R ⊥ wall at B.
(ii) Reaction S at A passing through the centre D.
(iii) Weight W acting at middle point C of the rod vertically downwards.

Forces are concurrent at O,
∠ABL = ∠OGB = 45◦ (Given)

Let ∠AOG = θ,
Applying m : n theorem in 4AOB
(1 + 1) cot 45◦ = 1 cot θ − 1 cot 90
∴ cot θ = 2 . . . (1)
Applying Lami’s theorem
R S W
= ◦
=
sin(180 − θ) sin 90 sin(90 + θ)
R S W
or = =
sin θ 1 cos θ
W
∴ R = W tan θ = (using 1)
2p
S = W sec θ = W 1 + tan2 θ
r
1
=W 1+
4
1 √
= W 5
2
Further DL = DM + ML = DM + AN = r sin θ + l sin 45◦
√
1 1 r( 5 − 1) l
∴ r =r· √ +l· √ ⇒ √ =√
5 2 5 2
√
r (5 + 5)
⇒ = √
l 4 2

Question-5(e) Prove that for a vector →

−
a,
∇(~a · ~r) = ~a;
where ~r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂, r = |~r| Is there any restriction on → −

a?
Further, show that
3(~a · ~r)(~b · ~r) ~a · ~b

~ 1
~a · ∇ b · ∇ = − 3
r r5 r
Give an example to verify the above.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let ~a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ and ~r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂.

∴ ~a · ~r = a1 x + a2 y + a3 z.

∂ ∂ ∂
Now,∇(~a · ~r) = î + ĵ + k̂ (~a · ~r)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= î (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z) + ĵ (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z) + k̂ (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= îa1 + ĵa2 + k̂a3 = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂
∴ ∇(~a · ~r) = ~a
Condition: Above result is valid only when vector a is a constant vector.
Also,

1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 1
∇ = î + ĵ + k̂
r ∂x ∂y ∂z r

1 ∂r ∂r ∂r
= − 2 î + ĵ + k̂
r ∂x ∂y ∂z
1 x y z
=− 2 î + ĵ + k̂
r r r r
2 2 2 2 2 ∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
∵ r = |~r| = x + y + z , ∴ = , = , =
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
!
1 xî + y ĵ + z k̂ ~r
=− 2 =− 3
r r r

1 −~r 1
∴ ~b · ∇ =~b · 3
= − 3 (~b · ~r)
r r r

~ 1 1 ~ 1 ~
Also, ∇ b·∇ = − 3 ∇(b · ~r) + ∇ − 3 (b · ~r)
r r r

1~ 3 ∂~r ∂~r ∂~r ~
= − 3 b + 4 î + ĵ + k̂ (b · ~r)
r r ∂x ∂y ∂z
[∵ For any vector ~a, ∇(~a · ~r) = ~a]

1~ 3 x y z ~
= − 3b + 4 î + ĵ + k̂ (b · ~r)
r r r r r
~b ~
3~r(b · ~r)
=− 3 +
r r5
~a · ~b 3(~a · ~r)(~b · ~r)

1
Hence, ~a · ∇ ~b · ∇ =− 3 +
r r r5
Verification of above Result: Let us take, ~a = î, ~b = ĵ
~r = xi + yj + zk

1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 k∂ 1
∇ =i +j +
r ∂x r ∂y r ∂z r

−1 ∂r 1 ∂r −1 ∂r
=i +j − 2 +k
r2 ∂x r ∂y r2 ∂z
−1 x y z −~r
= 2 i+ j+ k = 3
r r r r r
~b · ∇ 1 = −1 j · (~r) = −y
r r3 r3

−y ∂ −y ∂ y ∂ −y
∇ =i +j +k
r3 ∂x r3 ∂y r3 ∂z r3

3y x 1 3y y 3y z
=i 4
+ j (−1) 3 + 4 · +k
r r r r r r4 r

1 y 3xy
~a · ∇ ~b · ∇ =i·∇ − 3 = 5
r r r
3 · (~a · ~r) · (~b · ~r) ~a · ~b 3(x)(y) ij 3xy
5
− 3 = 5
− 3 = 5
r r r r r
Question-6(a) Find one solution of the differential equation
2
d2 y dy
x +1 − 2x + 2y = 0
dx2 dx
by inspection and using that solution determine the other linearly indepen-
dent solution of the given equation. Obtain the general solution of the given
differential equation.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The D.E. is

d2 y 2x dy 2
2
− 2 + 2 y=0 . . . (1)
dx (x + 1) dx x + 1
d2 y dy
Which is in the form dx2
+ P dx + Qy = 0.
Here, we notice that
−2x 2
P + Qx = + ·x=0
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
∴ y = x is a part of solution.

Consider, y = vx
dy dv
∴ = v.1 + x
dx dx
2 2
dy dv dv
2
=x 2 +2
dx dx dx
Putting these values in (1), we get
2
dv dv 2x dv 2
x 2 +2 − 2 v+x + 2 (vx) = 0
dx dx (x + 1) dx x +1
d2 v 2x2

dv
x 2 + 2− 2
=0
dx 1 + x dx
d2 v 2 dv
x 2+ =0 . . . (2)
dx 1 + x2 dx
dv d2 v dp
Let =p ⇒ 2
=
dx dx dx
dp 2
∴x + p = 0 (from (2))
dx 1 + x2
dp 2
⇒ =− dx
p x (1 + x2 )

dp 1 x
= −2 − dx
p x 1 + x2
log p = −2 log x + log 1 + x2 + log c1

Integrating,
c1 (1 + x2 )
p=
x2
dv (1 + x2 )
= c1
dx x2

1
dv = c1 + 1 dx
x2

−1
Integrating, v = c1 + x + c2
x
Hence, the complete solution is
y = vx
y = c1 −1 + x2 + c2 x

Question-6(b) A particle of mass 5 units moves in a straight line towards a

centre of force and the force varies inversely as the cube of distance. Starting
from rest at the point A distant 20 units from centre of force 0, it reaches a
point B distant b ’ from O.
Find the time in reaching from A to B and the velocity at B.
When will the particle reach at the centre?
[15 Marks]

Solution: Let O be the centre of force, and particle starts from rest at point A. Then
it reaches point B.
−k
Given F = x3
. The differential equation of motion of particle is given by
d2 x −k
m 2
= 3
dt x
Multiplying by 2 dx
dt
on both side and integrating, we get
2
dx k
m = 2 +C
dt x
dx
At x = 20, v = =0
dt
k −k
0= 2
+C ⇒ C =
(20) 400
and, m = 5 units
2
dx 1 1
5 =k −
dt x2 400
r √ √ r !
dx k 400 − x2 −µ 400 − x2 k
=− = for µ =
dt 5 20x 20x 5
[Negative sign is taken because v = dx
dt
is decreasing (central force)]
−20x
Z Z
⇒ √ dx = µdt
400 − x2
√
⇒ 20 400 − x2 = µt + c1
When t = 0, x = 20 ⇒ c1 = 0
20 √ p
∴ t= 400 − x2 , µ = k/5
µ
Time taken in reaching from A to B,
i.e. when x = b
20 √
tB = 400 − b2
µ
√
−µ 400 − b2
VB =
20b
When particle reaches at centre, x = 0
r
20 √ 400 k
∴ t= 400 − 0 = ,µ =
µ µ 5

Question-6(c) A tangent is drawn to a given curve at some point of contact.

B is a point on the tangent at a distance 5 units from the point of contact.
Show that the curvature of the locus of the point B is
1/2
25κ2 τ 2 (1 + 25κ2 ) + κ + 5 dκ
3
ds
+ 25κ
(1 + 25κ2 )3/2
Find the curvature and torsion of the curve →

−r = tî + t2 ĵ + t3 k̂.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Locus of point at distance 5 units from B,
R(s) = r(t) + 5t(s)

R0 (s) = r0 (s) + 5t0 (s)
R00 (s) = r00 (s) + 5t00 (s)
√
|R0 (s)| = |t(s) + 5kn(s)| = 1 + 25k 2 (∵ t(s) and n(s) are unit vectors)
0 00 0 0 00 00
⇒ R (s) × R (s) = (r (s) + 5t (s)) × (r (s) + 5t (s))
= r0 (s) × r00 (s) + r0 (s) × 5t00 (s) + 5t0 (s) × r00 (s) + 25t0 (s) × t00 (s)
= t(s) × kn(s) + t(s) × 5k(−kt(s) + τ b(s)) + 25kn(s) × (−kt(s) + τ b(s))

∵ t0 (s) = kn(s)
dk
⇒ t00 (s) = n(s) + kn0 (s)
ds
t(s) × kn(s) + t(s) × 5k(−kt(s) + τ b(s)) + 25kn(s) × (−kt(s) + τ b(s))
= kb(s) + (r0 (s) + 5t0 (s)) × 5t00 (s)

0 0 dk
= kb(s) + (r (s) + 5t (s)) × 5 n(s) + k(−kt(s) + τ b(s))
ds

0 0 dk 2
= kb(s) + 5 (r (s) + 5t (s)) × n(s) − k t(s) + τ kb(s)
ds

dk 3 2
= kb(s) + 5 t(s) × n(s) − τ kn(s) + 5k b(s) + 5τ k t(s)
ds
dk
= kb(s) + 5 b(s) + 25k 3 b(s) − 5τ kn(s) + 25τ k 2 t(s)
ds
dk
= k + 5 + 25k b(s) − 5τ kn(s) + 25τ k 2 t(s)
3
ds
( 2 )1/2
0 00 2 2 2 4 dk 3
|R (s) × R (s)| = 25τ k + 625τ k + k + 5 + 25k
ds
(∵ k(s) · t(s) = 0)
( 2 )1/2
dk
= 25τ 2 k 2 1 + 25k + k + 5 + 25k 3
2

ds
1/2
25τ 2 k 2 (1 + 25k 2 ) + k + 5 dk
3
|R0 (s) × R00 (s)| ds
+ 25k
⇒ =
|R0 (s)|3 {1 + 25k } 2 3/2
Curvature and torsion of the curve → −r = tî + t2 ĵ + t3 k̂

r(t) = t, t2 , t3
r0 (t) = 1, 2t, 3t2
r00 (t) = h0, 2, 6ti
r000 (t) = h0, 0, 6i
î ĵ k̂
0 00
r (t) × r (t) = 1 2t 3t2 = h6t2 , −6t, 2i
0 2 6t
√
| r0 (t) | = 1 + 4 · t2 + 9t4
√ √
36t4 + 36t2 + 4 2 1 + 9t2 + 9t4
Curvature = =
(1 + 4t2 + 2t4 )3/2 (1 + 4t2 + 9t4 )3/2
[r0 r00 r000 ]
Torsion = 2 = r0 · [r00 × r000 ]
0 00
|r × r |
î ĵ k̂
r00 × r000 = 0 2 6t = h12, 0, 0i
0 0 6
r0 r00 r000 = 1, 2t, 3t2 · h12, 0, 0i = 12

2
|r0 × r00 | = 36t4 + 36t2 + 4 = 4 1 + 9t2 + 9t4

12 3
Torsion = 2 4
=
4 (1 + 9t + 9t ) 1 + 9t2 + 9t4
Question-7(a) Derive intrinsic equation
x = c log(sec ψ + tan ψ)
of the common catenary, where symbols have usual meanings.
Prove that the length of an endless chain, which will hang over a circular
pulley of radius ’a’ so as to be in contact with 23 of the circumference of the
pulley, is
4π 3
a + √ (10)
3 log(2 + 3)
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the uniform flexible string ACB hang freely from two points A and B
which are not in a vertical line. Let C be the lowest point of the common catenary. Let
P be any point on the portion CA of the string such that are CP = s, measured along
the curve.

Let w be the weight of the string per unit length of the string, then the weight of the
portion CP = ws. This weight ws will act vertically downwards through S, the centre
of gravity of the arc CP . Let the tangent at P make an angle ψ with the horizontal.
The portion CP of the string is in equilibrium under the action of the following forces:
(i) The tension T0 at the lowest point C acting horizontally along the tangent to the
curve at C.
(ii) The tension T along the tangent at P .
(iii) The weight ws to the portion CP acting vertically downwards through the centre of
gravity of the are CP .
Since these three forces are in equilibrium, the line of action of the weight ws must pass
through Q, the point of intersection of tangent at C and P .
Resolving these forces horizontally and vertically, we have
T cos ψ = T0 . . . (1)
T sin ψ = ws . . . (2)
Dividing (2) by (1), we get
ws
tan ψ = . . . (3)
T0
Let the tension T0 at the lowest point C be taken equal to the weight of a length c of the
string, i.e., T0 = wc.
Then from (3),
ws s
tan ψ = =
wc c
Hence, s = c tan ψ is the required intrinsic equation of the catenary, where c is called
the parameter of the catenary.
Relation between x and ψ:

We have
dx dx ds dx
= · = · c sec2 ψ
dψ ds dψ ds

= cos ψ · c sec2 ψ (From differential calculus)

= c sec ψ
⇒ dx = c sec ψ · dψ
Intergating, x = c log(sec ψ + tan ψ) + c2 . . . (4)
where c2 is an arbitrary constant. At the lowest point C, x = 0 and ψ = 0
∴ c2 = 0
∴ From (4), x = c log(sec ψ + tan ψ).
Question-7(b) Solve the differential equation

d2 y dy 1
x2 2
+ 3x + y =
dx dx (1 − x)2
[15 Marks]
Solution:
Put x = ez ⇒ z = log x
d d
Let D = x =
dx dz
Then given O.D.E reduces to
1
[D(D − 1) + 3D + 1]y =
(1 − ez )2
1
D2 + 2D + 1 y =

or
(1 − ez )2
Auxiliary Equation:
D2 + 2D + 1 = 0 i.e. (D + 1)2 = 0
⇒ D = −1, −1

∴ C · F · = (c1 + c2 z) e−z
1
= (c1 + c2 log x) (∵ ez = x)
x
1 1
P.I. = ·
(D + 1) (1 − ez )2
2

1 1 1
= ·
D + 1 D + 1 (1 − ez )2
Z
1 −z 1 z
= ·e 2 · e dz
D+1 (1 − e ) z
Z
1 ax −ax
∵ X=e xe dx
D−a
Z
1 −z
= ·e (1 − t)−2 dt, where ez = t
D+1
1
= · e−z (1 − t)
D+1
e−z

1
= ·
D+1 1 − ez
e−z
Z
= e−z · ez dz
1 − ez
e−z
Z Z
−z dz −z
=e = e dz
1 − ez e−z − 1
−e−z
Z
−z
= −e dz
e−z − 1
= −e−z log e−z − 1

1 1
= − log −1 (∵ ez = x)
x x

1 1−x 1 x
= − log = log
x x x 1−x
Hence, the complete solution is,

1 1 x
y = (c1 + c2 log x) + log
x x 1−x
Question-7(c) Given a portion of a circular disc of radius 7 units and of height

1 · 5 units such that x, y, z ≥ 0.
Verify Gauss Divergence Theorem for the vector field
→
−
f = z, x, 3y2 z

over the surface of the above mentioned circular disc.
[15 Marks]

Solution: F~ = z î + xj + 3y 2 z k̂.
By Gauss Divergence Theorem,
x y
F · n̂dS = divF dV
S V
Consider RHS, y y
divF dV = 3y 2 dV
V
Z π/2 Z 7 Z 3/2
= 3 r3 sin2 θdzdrdθ (Changing to polar coordinates)
0 0 0
V is given by:
x2 + y 2 = 72
0 ≤ z ≤ 3/2
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Z π/2
3 1 4
∴ RHS = 3 (7) sin2 θdθ
2 4 0

9 1 π 21609π
= (7)4 = . . . (I)
8 2 2 32
Consider LHS
For S1 : z = 0, n̂ = −k̂ ⇒ F~ · n̂ = −3y 2 z

x x
⇒ F~ · n̂dS = 0dS = 0 (as F~ · n̂ = 3y 2 z = 0 ∵ z = 0) . . . (1)
S1 S1

For S2 : z = 3/2, n̂ = k̂, x2 + y 2 = 72 , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

x x 2 3 Z πZ
9 2 7 3 2
⇒ ~
F · n̂dS = 3y dxdy = r sin θdθ
2 2 0 0
S2 S2

9 1 4 1 π 21609π
= 7 × = . . . (2)
2 4 2 2 32
For S3 : x = 0, n̂ = −i, F~ · n̂ = −z, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3/2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 7
x Z 3/2 Z 7
9 −63
⇒ ~
F · n̂dS = −zdydz = − ×7= . . . (3)
0 0 4×2 8
S3
For S4 : y = 0, n̂ = −j, F~ · ~n = −x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3/2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 7

Z 1/2 Z x 2
−49 × 3 −147
Z
~ 3 7
⇒ F · n̂dS = −xdxdz = = = . . . (4)
S4 0 0 2 2 4 4
For S5 : n̂ = 2xi+2yj+0k
2×7
= xi+yj
7
Taking projection on yz plane, 0 6 y 6 2, 0 6 z 6 3/2.
x Z 3/2 Z 7
dydz
F~ .n̂dS = x(z + y)
0 0 x
S5
3 72

9
= × +7
2 2 8
147 63
= + . . . (5)
4 8
Adding (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), we get:
21609π 63 147 147 63 21609π
0+ − − + + = = RHS from (I)
32 8 4 4 8 32
Therefore, Gauss Divergence Theorem is verified.
Question-8(a) Derive expression of ∇f in terms of spherical coordinates.

Prove that
∇2 (f g) = f ∇2 g + 2∇f.∇g + g∇2 f
for any two vector point functions f(r, θ, φ) and g(r, θ, φ). Construct one example
in three dimensions to verify this identity.
[10 Marks]
Solution: First we prove that

ê1 ∂φ ê2 ∂φ ê3 ∂φ
∇φ = + +
h1 ∂u h2 ∂v h3 ∂w
Consider any scalar point function φ(u, v, ω) given in terms of orthogonal curvilinear

coordinates u, v, w.
Regarding u, v, w as functions of x, y, z, we have
∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂w
= + + . . . (1)
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x
∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v ∂φ ∂w
= + + . . . (2)
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y
∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v ∂φ ∂w
= + + . . . (3)
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂z
mutiplying (1) by î, (2) by ĵ, (3) by k̂ and adding, we get
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
∇φ = ∇u + ∇v + ∇w
∂u ∂v ∂w
ê1 ∂φ ê2 ∂φ ê3 ∂φ
= + + . . . (4)
h1 ∂u h2 ∂v h3 ∂w

ê1
∵ ∇u = etc
h1
The spherical coordinates of (x, y, z) are
x = r sin θ cos φ
y = r sin θ sin φ
z = r cos θ
∴ dx = −r sin θ sin φdφ + r cos θ cos φdθ + sin θ cos φdr
dy = r sin θ cos φdφ + r cos θ sin φdθ + sin θ sin φdr
dz = −r sin θdθ + cos θdr
Element of Arc length
(ds)2 = (dx)2 + (dy)2 + (dz)2
= (dr)2 + r2 (dθ)2 + r2 sin2 θ(dφ)2
Thus we have scalar factors h1 = hr = 1
h2 = hθ = r
h3 = hφ = r sin θ
Using these in (4), we get
êr ∂f êθ ∂f êφ ∂f
∇f = + +
1 ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
Now, we will calculate ∇2 (f g).
∇2 (f g) = ∇ · (∇f g)
⇒ ∇ · (∇f g) = ∇ · (f ∇g + g∇f )

∂ ∂ ∂
∇f g = f g, f g, f g
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
= g + f ,g + f ,g +f
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂g ∂g ∂g
=g , , +f , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
=g∇f + f ∇g

⇒ ∇ · (f ∇g + g∇f ) = ∇ · (f ∇g) + ∇ · (g∇f )

= (∇f ) · ∇g + f (∇ · ∇g) + (∇g) · ∇f + g(∇ · ∇f )
= ∇f · ∇g + f ∇2 g + ∇g · ∇f + g∇2 f
= f ∇2 g + 2∇f · ∇g + g∇2 f
Example to verify above result:
Let f (r, θ, φ) = r; g(r, θ, φ) = θ
We know that,
∂ 2f 1 ∂ 2f 1 ∂ 2f 2 ∂f cot θ ∂f
∇2 f = 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2
+ +
∂r r ∂θ r2 sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r2 ∂θ
2
∴ ∇2 f = ∇2 (r) =
r
cot θ
∇2 g = ∇2 (θ) = 2
r
∂f 1 ∂f 1 ∂f
∇f = r̂ + θ̂ + φ̂
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
= ∇(r) = r̂
1
∇g = ∇(θ) = θ̂
r
2 2
∇ (f g) = ∇ (rθ)
2 cot θ 2θ cot θ
= θ+ 2 ·r = +
r r r r
cot θ 2 2θ cot θ
f ∇2 g + g∇2 f + 2∇f · ∇g = r 2 + θ + 2r̂ · θ̂ = +
r r r r
Hence, ∇2 f g = f ∇2 g + g∇2 f + 2∇f · ∇g is verified in spherical coordinates.
Question-8(b) Reduce the differential equation

2 dy
xp − 2yp + x + 2y = 0, p=
dx
to Clairaut’s form and obtain its complete primitive. Also, determine a sin-
gular solution of the given differential equation.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Put u = x2 , v = y − x in the given D.E.

dv dv dx 1
Let P = = · = (p − 1)
du dx du 2x
⇒ p = 1 + 2xP

using it in given D · E, we get

x(1 + 2xP )2 − 2y(1 + 2xP ) + x + 2y = 0
⇒x 1 + 4x2 P 2 + 4xP − 2y − 4xyP + x + 3y = 0

⇒1 + 4x2 P 2 + 4xP − 4yP + 1 = 0

⇒2 + 4uP 2 − 4P v = 0
1
⇒v = P u +
2P
Which is in Clairaut’s form, y = px + f (p). To obtain complete primitive, we replace P
with constant c.
1
∴ v = cu +
2c
2 1
i.e. y − x = cx + ⇒ 2c(y − x) = 2c2 x2 + 1
2c
For singular solution, p-discriminant =c-discriminant
i.e., (−2y)2 − 4x(x + 2y) = 0
⇒ y 2 − x2 − 2xy = 0
Question-8(c) A sphere of radius 0 a0 , and having density half of that of water,

is completely immersed at the bottom of a circular cylinder of radius ’b’,
which is filled with water to depth ’d’. The sphere is set free and takes up its
position of equilibrium. Show that the loss of potential energy this way is
a3

11
W d− a−
8 3 b2
where W is the weight of the sphere.
[15 Marks]
Solution:
Let d0 be new height then:

Clearly for floating, height of submerged part of fluid displaced = weight of body
⇒ V1 ρ1 g = V2 ρ2 g
V1 ρg = V2 ρ2 g ⇒ V1 = 12 V2
⇒ 21 of sphere submereged in equilibrium as shown .
Now total vol. of sphere + water = πb2 d and it also equals
2
πb2 d0 + πa3
3
2
⇒ πb2 d = πb2 d0 + πa3
3
3
2a
⇒ d = d0 + 2
3b
Now,
(4P E)sphere = w (d0 − a)
2a3

=w d− 2 −a
3b
, where w is weight of sphere.
Clearly for (4P E)water , water has moved from (α) and (β) in f ig.1 to (α) and (β) in
f ig.2 leading to decerease in water level d0 and enough space for sphere to keep floating
in vacant space (β)

0 3a 0 3a
(∆P E) water due to (β) = w1 a − − d −
8 8
= w10 (a − d0 )
= w (a − d0 )
2 a3
= w(a − d0 + )
3 b2
[with w10 = weight of the water
in1 volume shaded by (β) = 12 weight
of 1a sphere of water
0 0 1 4 4 3ρ 4 3 ρ
3

of radius a = 2 · 3 πa ρ · g = 2 3 πa 2 g · 2 ∵ w = 3 πa · 2 · g = 2 (w) · 2 = w]
d+d0
Now, (4P E)water due to (x) = w20 a + 3a − 2 but w10 + w20 = weight of a sphere of

8
water of radius a
4 3 4 3ρ
= πa ρg = π × a · g · 2 = 2w
3 3 2
and w10 = w as shown already.
⇒ w20 = w
0
∴ (4P E)water due to (β) = w 8 − d+d
11a
2
.
∴ Total 4P E = (∆P E)sphere +(4P E)water due to α and β
2a3 2a3 11a d + d0

=w d− 2 −a+a−d+ 2 + −
3b 3b 8 2
11a d + d0

=w −
8 2

∴ Loss of PE = − Change in P E
d + d0 11a

=ω −
2 8
d d 1 a3 11a

=ω + − −
2 2 3 b2 8
a3

11a
=ω d− − 2
8 3b

Chapter 2
2019
2.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Let T : R3 → R3 be a linear operator on R3 defined by
T (x, y, z) = (2y + z, x − 4y, 3x)

Find the matrix of T in the basis {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given T : R3 → R3 such that Basis B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}
T (1, 1, 1) = (3, −3, 3)
= 3(1, 1, 1) − 6, (1, 1, 0) + 6(1, 0, 0) (using calculator)
T (1, 1, 0) = (2, −3, 3)
= 3(1, 1, 1) − 6(1, 1, 0) + 5(1, 0, 0)
T (1, 0, 0) = (0, 1, 3)
= 3(1, 1, 1) − 2(1, 1, 0) − 1(1, 0, 0)
 >
3 −6 6
[T ]B =  3 −6 5 
3 −2 −1
 
3 3 3
=  −6 −6 −2 
6 5 −1
Question-1(b) The eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix A are -1, 1 and -2.
1 1
The corresponding eigenvectors are √ (−1, 1, 0)T , (0, 0, 1)T and √ (−1, −1, 0)T
2 2
respectively. Find the matrix A4 .
[8 Marks]
35
Solution: If a matrix A is diagonalizable, then

P −1 AP = D
∴ A = P DP −1
−1
A4 = P DP P DP −1 P DP −1 P DP −1

= P D4 P −1
Where P is diagonalizing matrix consisting of eigenvectors of A.
Also, D is diagonal matrix containing eigenvalues of A at diagonal entries.
 −1
− √1
  
√
2
0 2 −1 0 −1
−1  1 
P =  √12 0 √ 2
= √ 1 √0 −1 
2 0 2 0
0 1 0

−1 −1 1 −1
|P | = −1. √ · √ − √ √
2 2 2 2
[ Expanding Along C2 ]

1 1
=− + = −1
2 2
 1
0 √12
  
√
2 1 −1 0
√
−1 1
Adj P =  √ 2
0 √12  = √  0 0 − 2 
2 1 1 0
0 −1 0
 
1 −1 0
√
−1 Adj −1 
∴P = =√ 0 0 − 2 
|A| 2 1 1 0
 
−1 0 0
D= 0 1 0 
0 0 −2
   
(−1)4 0 0 1 0 0
D4 =  0 (1)4 0 = 0 1 0 
0 0 (−2)4 0 0 16
Hence, A4 = P D4 P −1
   
−1 0 −1 1 0 0 1 −1 0
√
1 −1
=√ √ √0 −1
 1  0 1 0  0 0 − 2 
2 2 0 2 0 0 0 16 1 1 0
  
−1 0 −16 1 −1 0
√
−1 
= 1 √0 −16 0 0 − 2 
 
2
0 2 0 1 1 0
   17 15 
−17 −15 0 0
−1  2 2
= −15 −17 0  =  15 2
17
2
0 
2 0 0 −2 0 0 1
 
17 15 0
1
∴ A4 = P D4 P −1 =  15 17 0 
2 0 0 2

Question-1(c) Find the volume lying inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 − 2x = 0 and

outside the paraboloid x2 + y 2 = 2z, while bounded by xy-plane.
[8 Marks]
1 2
Solution: The required volume is found by integrating z = (x + y 2 ) over the circle
2
x2 + y 2 = 2x
Changing to polar coordinates in the xy-plane,

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
1 2 r2
∴z= x + y2 =
2 2
r2 cos2 θ + r2 sin2 θ = 2rcosθ
r = 2 cos θ
To cover this circle, r varies from 0 to 2 cos θ and θ varies from −π 2
to π
2
∴ Required volume
Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ 3
r
V = z · rdrdθ = drdθ
−π/2 0 −π/2 0 2
1 π/2 2 cos θ 3
Z Z
V = r drdθ
2 −π/2 0
2cosθ
π/2
r4
Z
1
= dθ
2 −π/2 4
0
Z π/2
1
= 16 cos4 θdθ
8 −π/2
Z π/2
=2×2· cos4 θdθ
0
Z a Z a
∵ f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx, if, f (x) = f (−x)
−a 0

3 1 π
=4× × × (Using Walli’s formula)
4 2 2
3
= π
4
Question-1(d) Justify by using Rolle’s theorem or mean value theorem that

there is no number k for which the equation x3 − 3x + k = 0 has two distinct
solutions in the interval [−1, 1].
[8 Marks]
Solution:
f (x) = x3 − 3x + k
We will prove the result by using method of contradiction.
Let f (x) has two distinct roots a and b in [-1,1] i.e.
f (a) = 0 = f (b), −1 ≤ a, b ≤ 1, a 6= b
f (x) is continuous and differentiable over the interval [a, b].
Hence, by Rolle’s theorem, there exist some c ∈ (a, b) s.t.
f 0 (c) = 0
i.e.
3c2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ c = ±1
which is contradiction to the fact that a and b lies within [-1,1].
Hence f (x) cannot have two distinct roots in [-1,1] for any value of 0 k 0 .
Question-1(e) If the coordinates of the points A and B are respectively

(b cos α, b sin α) and (a cos β, a sin β) and if the line joining A and B is pro-
duced to the point M (x, y) so that AM : M B = b : a, then show that
α+β α+β
x cos + y sin =0
2 2
[8 Marks]
Solution: Point M (x, y) divides the line-segment AB in the ratio b : a externally, We

take it as b : −a internally.
ab cos β − ab cos α
x=
b−a
ab
= (cos β − cos α)
b−a
ab β+α β−α
= −2 sin sin . . . (1)
b−a 2 2

C +D C −D
∵ cos C − cos D = −2 sin sin
2 2

b · (a sin β) − a(b sin α)

y=
b−a
ab
= (sin β − sin α)
b−a
ab β+α β−α
= 2 cos sin . . . (2)
b−a 2 2

C +D C −D
∵ sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
x − sin((α + β)/2)
=
y cos((α + β)/2)
α+β α+β
⇒ x · cos + y sin =0
2 2
Question-2(a) Determine the extreme values of the function f (x, y) = 3x2 −

6x + 2y 2 − 4y in the region {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 3x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 20}
[10 Marks]
Solution: Method-1:
First we find the critical points f (x, y) = 3x2 − 6x + 2y 2 − 4y

fx = 0 ⇒ 6x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
fy = 0 ⇒ 4y − 4 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
fxy = 0
∴ P (1, 1) is the only critical point. As
3(1)2 + 2(1)2 = 5 < 20
⇒ P (1, 1) lies in the given elliptical region.
f (1, 1) = 3 − 6 + 2 − 4 = −5 . . . (1)
2
fxx fyy − fxy = (6)(4) − 02 = 24 > 0
and fxx = 6 > 0 at P (1, 1)
Hence point (1,1) is a point of local minima. Let us check at boundaries of the ellipse i.e.
3x2 + 2y 2 = 20
∴ f (x, y) = 3x2 − 6x + 2y 2 − 4y
= 20 − 6x − 4y
√ √
= 20 − 6x ± 2 2 20 − 3x2
Let √ √
g(x) = 20 − 6x + 2 2 20 − 3x2
√ (−6x)
g 0 (x) = −6 + 2 2 √
2 20 − 3x2

g 0 (x) = 0 gives x = ±2 ⇒ y = ∓2
At (2, −2)
f (x, y) =20 − 6(2) − 4(−2)
=20 − 12 + 8 = 16 . . . (2)
At (−2, 2),
f (x, y) = 20 − 6(−2) − 4(2)
= 12 + 12 − 8 = 16 . . . (3)
Again let √ √
h(x) = 20 − 6x − 2 2 20 − 3x2
1 √

y = √ 20 − 3x 2
2
√ 6x
h0 (x) = −6 + 2 2 · √
2 20 − 3x2
h0 (x) = 0 ⇒ x = ±2 ⇒ y = ±2
At
(2, 2) ⇒ f (x, y) = 20 − 12 − 8 = 0 . . . (4)
At
(−2, −2) f (x, y) = 20 + 12 + 8 = 40 . . . (5)
From (1),(2),(3),(4) and (5) ,we get max at (−2, −2),
f (x, y) = 40
min at (1, 1),
f (x, y) = −5
Method-2:
Using polar coordinates (elliptical)

x2 y2
3x2 + 2y 2 = 20 ⇒ + =1
20 10
3
Let
√
r
5
x=2 r cos θ, y = 10 rsin θ
3
for 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, it gives elliptical region {3x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 20}.
f (x, y) = 3x2 − 6x + 2y 2 − 4y
√
r
5
= 20r2 − 12 r cos θ − 4 10 · r sin θ
3
2
√ √ √
= 20r − 4 5r( 3 cos θ − 2 sin θ)
r r !
3 2
= 20r2 − 20 r cos θ − sin θ
5 5
= 20r2 − 20r(sin(A − θ))

where, r r !
3 2
sin A = , cos A =
5 5
f (r, θ) = 20r[r − sin(A − θ)]
Max value of f (r, θ) will occur where
sin(A − θ) = −1 and r = 1
f (r, θ) = 20(1)(1 − (−1)) = 40
for minimum , sin(A − θ) = 1
f (r, θ) = 20r(r − 1) = 20(r2 − r)

1
f 0 (r, θ) = 20r(r − 1) ⇒ r =
2
1 1
min value 20 × ( − 1) = −5
2 2
Question-2(b) Consider the singular matrix

 
−1 3 −1 1
−3 5 1 −1
A= 
 10 −10 −10 14 
4 −4 −4 8
Given that one eigenvalue of A is 4 and one eigenvector that does not corre-
spond to this eigenvalue 4 is (1, 1, 0, 0)T .
Find all the eigenvalues of A other than 4 and hence also find the real numbers
p, q, r that satisfy the matrix equation A4 + pA3 + qA2 + rA = 0.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let λ1 = 4 , v2 = (1, 1, 0, 0)T

Av2 = λ2 v2
    
−1 3 −1 1 1 1
 −3 5 1 −1   1   1 
   = λ2  
 10 −10 −10 14   0   0 
4 −4 −4 8 0 0
(2, 2, 0, 0) = (λ2 , λ2 , 0, 0)
⇒ λ2 = 2
Let the other two eigenvalues be λ3 and λ4 .
Trace (A) = sum of eigenvalues

4 + 2 + λ3 + λ4 = −1 + 5 + (−10) + 8
λ3 + λ4 = −4
Also, product of eigenvalues = Det(A)
4 · 2 · λ3 · λ4 = 0 ⇒ λ3 λ4 = 0

i.e.
λ3 (−4 − λ3 ) = 0
⇒ λ3 = 0 or λ3 = −4
∴ λ4 = −4 or λ4 = 0
Characteristic polynomial
Π(x − λi) = 0
(x − 4)(x − 2)(x + 4)(x − 0) = 0
(x2 − 16) (x − 2)x = 0
(x3 − 16x − 2x2 + 32) x = 0
x4 − 16x2 − 2x3 + 32x = 0
Since, every square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation (Cayley Hamilton Theorem)
∴ A4 − 2A3 − 16A2 + 32A = 0
∴ p = −2, q = −16, r = 32
Question-2(c) A line makes angles α, β, γ, δ with the four diagonals of a cube.

Show that
4
cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ =
3
[15 Marks]
Solution: The D.R. of four diagonals
AF = (−a, a, a)
= (−1, 1, 1)
BE = (−a, −a, a)
= (1, 1, −1)
CO = (−a, −a, −a)
= (1, 1, 1)
DG = (−a, a − a)
= (1, −1, 1)
Let the D.R.’s of line are hl, m, ni
−l + m + n l+m−n
cos α = √ √ ; cosβ = √ √
3 · `3 + m2 + n2 3 · l2 + m2 + n2

`+m+n l−m+n
cos γ = √ √ cos δ = √ √
3 · l2 + m2 + n2 3 · l2 + m2 + n2
1
cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ = (−l + m + n)2 + (l + m − n)2

3 (`2 2 2
+m +n )
+(l + m + n)2 + (l − m + n)2

4 (l2 + m2 + n2 ) 4
= =
3 (l2 + m2 + n2 ) 3
Question-3(a) Consider the vectors x1 = (1, 2, 1, −1), x2 = (2, 4, 1, 1), x3 =

(−1, −2, 0, −2) and x4 = (3, 6, 2, 0) in R4 . Justify that the linear span of the
set {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 } is a subspace of R4 , defined as
(ξ1 , ξ2 , ξ3 , ξ4 ) ∈ R4 : 2ξ1 − ξ2 = 0, 2ξ1 − 3ξ3 − ξ4 = 0

Can this subspace be written as {(α, 2α, β, 2α − 3β) : α, β ∈ R}? What is the
dimension of this subspace?
[15 Marks]
Solution:
x1 = (1, 2, 1, −1), x2 = (2, 4, 1, 1)
x3 = (−1, −2, 0, −2), x4 = (3, 6, 2, 0)
We find span {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 }
   
1 2 1 −1 1 2 1 −1
 2 4 1 1   0
  0 −1 3 

 −1 −2 0 ∼ 
−2   0 0 1 −3 
3 6 2 0 0 0 −1 3
   
1 2 1 −1 1 2 0 2
 0 0 −1 3   0
  0 1 −3 
∼  0 0 ∼ 
0 0   0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= span{(1, 2, 0, 2), (0, 0, 1, −3)}
= {a(1, 2, 0, 2) + b(0, 0, 1, −3); a, b ∈ R}
= {(a, 2a, b, 2a − 3b)}
= {(x, y, z, w) : x = a, y = 2a, z = b, w = 2a − 3b}
i.e. y = 2x, w = 2x − 3z}
If we take a = α, b = β then above subspace can be written as
{α, 2α, β, 2α − 3β}, Dim = 2 .
as α and β are linearly independent.

Question-3(b) The dimensions of a rectangular box are linear functions of

time- l(t), w(t) and h(t). If the length and width are increasing at the rate
2 cm/sec and the height is decreasing at the rate 3 cm/sec find the rates at
which the volume V and with respect to time. If l(0) = 10, w(0) = 8 and the
surface area S are changing h(0) = 20, is V increasing or decreasing, when t = 5
sec? What about S, when t = 5 sec?
[10 Marks]
Solution: Given
dl dw dh
= 2cm/sec =2 = −3
dt dt dt
l = 2t + `0 , w = 2w + w0 , h = −3t + h0
Using l(0) = 10, w(0) = 8, h(0) = 20
l = 2t + 10
w = 2t + 8
h = −3t + 20
At t = 5 sec,
l = 20cm, w = 18cm, h = 5cm

V = lwh
= (2t + 10)(2t + 8)(−3t + 20)
dV
= 2(2t + 8)(−3t + 20) + 2(2t + 10)(−3t + 20)
dt
(−3)(2t + 10)(2t + 8)
dv
=2(18)(5) + 2(20)(5) − 3(20)(18)
dt t=5
= 180 + 200 − 1080
= −700 < 0 ( Decreasing V )
Surface Area, S = 2(lw + wh + hl)

dS dl dw dh
= 2 (w + h) + (l + h) + (l + w)
dt dt dt dt
= 2[23(2) + 25(2) + 38(−3)]
= 2(46 + 50 − 114) = −36 < 0
Therefore, S is decreasing.

Question-3(c) Show that the shortest distance between the straight lines
x−3 y−8 z−3
= =
3 −1 1
and
x+3 y+7 z−6
= =
−3 2 4
√
is 3 30. Find also the equation of the line of shortest distance.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let A(3, 8, 3) and B(−3, −7, 6) are points lying on the lines L1 and L2 .
x−3 y−8 z−3
L1 : = =
3 −1 1
x+3 y+7 z−6
L2 : = =
−3 2 4
D.R. of line which is perpendicular to L1 and L2 both (i.e. shortest distance line)
l m n
= =
−4 − 2 −3 − 12 6−3
l m n
= =
−6 −15 3
< 2, 5, −1 >
D.R.’s of AB = h3 + 3, 8 + 7, 3 − 6i
= h6, 15, −3i
1
∴ S.D. = √ (2 · 6 + 5 · 15 + (−1)(−3))
4 + 25 + 1
1 90 √
= √ (12 + 75 + 3) = √ = 3 30
30 30
Since, S. D. line is parallel to AB. Hence taking A(3, 8, 3) as one point its equation is
x−3 y−8 z−3
= =
2 5 −1
[Alternate Method]: (When equation of Shortest Distance is asked)

Let
x−3 y−8 z−3
L1 : = =
3 −1 1
x+3 y+7 z−6
L2 : = =
−3 2 4
Any general point on L1 is P (3a + 3, −a + 8, a + 3) and,
any general piint on L2 is Q(−3b − 3, 2b − 7, 4b + 6).
∴ D.R.’s of P Q are hP − Qi i.e. h3a + 3b + 6, −a − 2b + 15, a − 4b − 3i.
If P Q is the shortest distance line, it will be perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 .

∴ 3(3a + 3b + 6) − 1(−a − 2b + 15) + 1(a − 4b − 3) = 0

⇒ 11a + 7b = 0 . . . (1)
Also, −3(3a + 3b + 6) + 2(−a − 2b + 15) + 4(a − 4b − 3) = 0
⇒ (−9a − 9b − 18) + (−2a − 4b + 30) + (4a − 16b − 12) = 0
⇒ −7a − 29b = 0 . . . (2)
From (1) and (2) we get a = 0, b = 0.
∴ P is (3, 8, 3) and Q is (−3, −7, 6)

p
Shortest Distance, PQ = (3 + 3)2 + (8 + 7)2 + (3 − 6)2
√
= 36 + 225 + 9
√ √
= 270 = 3 30
D.R.’s of P Q h6, 15, −3i i.e. h2, 5, −1i
x−3 y−8 z−3
∴ Equation of Shortest Distance is: = =
2 5 −1
.
Question-4(a) Using elementary row operations, reduce the matrix

 
2 1 3 0
 3 0 2 5 
A=  1

1 1 1 
2 1 1 3
to reduced echelon form and find the inverse of A and hence solve the system
of linear equations AX = b, where X = (x, y, z, u)T and b = (2, 1, 0, 4)T
[15 Marks]
Solution:
A = IA
   
2 1 3 0 1 0 0 0
 3 0 2 5   0 1 0 0 
 = A
 1 1 1 1   0 0 1 0 
2 1 1 3 0 0 0 1
R1 ↔ R3
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
 3 0 2 5   0
  1 0 0 

 2 = A
1 3 0   1 0 0 0 
2 1 1 3 0 0 0 1
R2 → R2 − 3R1 , R3 → R3 − 2R1 , R4 − 1R4 − 2R1

   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
 0 −3 −1 2   0 1 −3 0 
 0 −1 1 −2  =  1 0 −2 0
   A

0 −1 −1 1 0 0 −2 1
R2 ↔ R3
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
 0
 −1 1 −2 
=
 1 0 −2 0 
A
 0 −3 −1 2   0 1 −3 0 
0 −1 −1 1 0 0 −2 1
R3 → R3 − 3R2 , R4 → R4 − R2
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
 0
 −1 1 −2  =
 1 0 −2 0 
A
 0 0 −4 8   −3 1 3 0 
0 0 −2 3 −1 0 0 1
R3 R3
R4 → R4 − , R3 →
2 −4
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
 0 −1 1 −2   1 0 −2 0 
 = A
 0 0 1 −2   +3/4 −1/4 −3/4 0 
0 0 0 −1 1/2 −1/2 −3/2 1
R4 → −R4 , R2 → −R2
   
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
 0 1 −1 2   −1 0 2 0 
 0 0 1 −2  =  +3/4 −1/4 −3/4 0
   A

0 0 0 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 −1
R3 → R3 + 2R4 , R2 → R2 − 2R4 , R1 → R1 − R4
   
1 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1/2 1
 0 1 −1 0   0 −1 −1 2 
 = 
 0 0 1 0   −1/4 3/4 9/4 −2 
0 0 0 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 −1
R2 → R2 + R3 , R1 → R1 − R3
 
1 1 0 0  
 0 1 3/4 −5/4 11/4 3
0 0  


 0 0 = −1/4 3/4 9/4 −2 
1 0 
−1/2 1/2 3/2 −1
0 0 0 1
R1 → R1 − R2
   
1 0 0 0 1 −1 −4 3
 0 1 0 0   −1/4 −1/4 5/4 0 
 = A
 0 0 1 0   −1/4 3/4 9/4 −2 
0 0 0 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 −1
AX = b
X = A−1 b
  
4 −4 −16 12 2
1 −1 −1 5 0   1 
X=   
4  −1 3 9 −8   0 
−2 2 6 −4 4

   
8 − 4 + 48 13
1 −2 − 1 + 0   −3/4
  
=  = 
4  −2 + 3 − 32   −31/4 
−4 + 2 − 16 −9/2
Question-4(b) Find the centroid of the solid generated by revolving the upper
half of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) bounded by the line θ = 0 about the initial
line. Take the density of the solid as uniform.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
As the solid of revolution is symmetric about initial line (x-axis), the centroid will lie on
it. ie. y-coordinate will be zero. ȳ = 0
x-coordinate R
xdV
x̄ = R
dV
[in polar-coordinates x = r cos θ
dV = 2πr2 sin θdθdr,

θ varies from 0 to π (upper part)]
Z π Z a(1+cosθ)
V = 2πr2 sin θdrdθ
0 0
π a(1+cosθ)
r3
Z
= 2π sin θdθ
0 3 0
Z π
2π
= a3 (1 + cos θ)3 sin θdθ
3 0
π
2πa3 (1 + cosθ)4
= ·
3 −4 0
3
2πa 16 8π 3
= · = a
3 −4 3

Z Z π Z a(1+cosθ)
(rcosθ) 2πr2 sin θ drdθ

xdV =
0 0
Z π Z a(1+cosθ)
= 2π r3 cosθsinθdrdθ
Z0 0
2π π 4
= a (1 + cosθ)4 cos θ sin θdθ
4 0
2π π 4
Z
= a (1 + cosθ)4 (cos θ + 1 − 1) sin θdθ
4 0
π 4 π
Z
(1 + cos θ)5 sin θ − (1 + cosθ)4 sin θ dθ

= a
2
0 π
π 4 (1 + cos θ)6 (1 + cos θ)5
= a −
2 6 5 0
4 4

πa 64 32 πa × 32
= − =
2 6 5 15
32πa4 3 4a
∴ x̄ = × 3
=
15 8πa 5

4a
∴ Centroid is ,0 .
5
x y z
Question-4(c) A variable plane is parallel to the plane + + = 0 and meets
a b c
the axes at the points A, B and C. Prove that the circle ABC lies on the cone

b c c a a b
yz + + zx + + xy + =0
c b a c b a
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let the equation of plane is

x y z
+ + =p . . . (1)
a b c
It meets the axis at points A(ap, 0, 0), B(0, bp, 0), c(0, 0, cp) We find equation of sphere
passing through origin O(0, 0, 0) and A, B, C
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − apx − bpy − cpz = 0 . . . (2)

Equation (1) and (2) together gives the equation of circle ABC. If we homogenize equation
(2) with help of equation (1) , we will get the equation of cone with vertex at origin.

2 2 2 x y z
x + y + z − (apx + bpy + cpz) + + =0
ap bp cp

b c c a a b
∴ yz + + zx + + xy + =0
c b a c b a

2.2 Section-B
d
Question-5(a) Solve the differential equation (D2 + 1) y = x2 sin 2x; D≡ .
dx
[8 Marks]
Solution: Auxiliary Equation:
D2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ±i
C ·F y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
1
P.I. = x2 sin 2x
D2 +1
1
= Img part of 2 x2 · ei2x
D + 1
i2x 1 2
= Im e x
(D + 2i)2 + 1

1 ax ax 1
∵ Ve =e V
f (D) f (D + a)

i2x 1 2
= Im e x
D2 + 4iD − 4 + 1
−1 !
−ei2x
2
D + 4Di
= Im · 1− x2
3 3
i2x
D2 + 4Di 16D2 i2

e
= Im − 1+ + + . . . x2
3 3 9

using Binomial expansion and neglecting, higher powers of D.
i2x
e 2 (−26) 8xi
= Im − x + +
3 9 3

1 2
2 26 8x
= Im − cos x + i sin 2x x − +i
3 9 3

−1 2 26 8x
= (sin 2x) x − + (cos 2x)
3 9 3
∴ complete solution
y = (C · F + P · I)

1 2 26 8x
⇒ y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x − (sin 2x) x − + (cos 2x)
3 9 3

Question-5(b) Solve the differential equation (px − y)(py + x) = h2 p, where

p = y0.
[8 Marks]
Solution:
p2 xy + px2 − py 2 − xy = h2 p
Put,
x2 = u, y 2 = v
dv y
P = = p
du x
(2xdx = du, 2ydy = dv)
i.e. r
x u
p= P = P
y v
∴ The given D · E. transforms to
u 2√ √ √ √
r r
u u
P u v+ Pu − Pv − u v
v r v v
u
= h2 P
v
√ √ √ √ √
uP 2 u + u · uP − uvP − uv = h2 uP
i.e.
uP 2 + uP − vP − v = h2 P
u P 2 + P − v(P + 1) = h2 P

h2 P
uP − v =
P +1
h2 P

v = uP −
P +1
This is in Clairaut’s form
y = px + f (p)
So, replacing P with c, we have general solution
ch2
v = cu −
c+1
ie.
ch2
y 2 = cx2 −
c+1

Question-5(c) A 2 meters rod has a weight of 2N and has its centre of gravity
at 120 cm from one end. At 20 cm, 100 cm and 160 cm from the same end are
hing loads of 3N, 7N and 10N respectively. Find the point at which the rod
must be supported if it is to remain horizontal.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Varignon’s Theorem: Moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum
of the moments of the forces components about the point.
Let us take moments about point A. Resultant of all forces = 3 + 7 + 2 + 10 = 22N
∴ (22 × r) = 3 × 20 + 7 × 100 + 2 × 120 + 10 × 160 = 2600

2600 1300
∴ r= = = 118 · 18cm
22 11
Hence rod must be supported at a point 118.18cm from end A.
d3 r̄
Question-5(d) Let r̄ = r̄(s) represent a space curve. Find in terms of T̄ , N̄
ds3
and B̄ where T̄ , N̄ and B̄ represent
2 tangent, principal normal and binormal
d r̄ d3 r̄

dr̄
respectively. Compute · × in terms of radius of curvature and
ds ds2 ds3
the torsion.
[8 Marks]
Solution:
d~r
T~ =
ds
d ~
T d

d~r d2~r
~ =
kN = = 2
ds ds ds ds
i.e.
d2~r ~
= kN
ds2
d3~r dN ~ dk ~
⇒ 3 =k + N . . . (1)
ds ds ds

!
d3~r ~ − k T~ ) + d dT~ ~ . . . (2)
3
= k(Bτ −N
ds ds ds
(Serret-Frenet)
dN~
⇒ = τB ~ − k T~
ds
d2~r d3~r

~ × k(Bτ~ − k T~ ) + dk ~
× = kN N [ using (1) ]
ds2 ds3 dS
~ × B)
= k 2 τ (N ~ − k 3 (N
~ × T~ )
= k 2 τ T~ − k 3 B
~
2
d ~r d3~r

d~r
~ · k 2 τ T~ − k 3 B
~

∴ · × = T
ds ds2 ds3
= k2τ (∵ T~ · B~ = 0)
R (2,1)
Question-5(e) Evaluate (0,0)
(10x4 − 2xy 3 ) dx−3x2 y 2 dy along the path x4 −6xy 3 =
4y 2 .
[8 Marks]
Solution: The integral is of the form

Z
M dx + N dy
c
where
M = 10x4 − 2xy 3
N = −3x2 y 2
∂M ∂N
= −6xy 2 , = −6xy 2
∂y ∂x
Method-1:As
∂M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x
Hence the given integral is path-independent. It means we can use any path.
Let the path consists of straight line L1 : from (0, 0) to (2, 1) and then L2 : from (2, 0) to
(2, 1)
Along L1 : y = 0 ⇒ dy = 0
Along L2 : x = 2 ⇒ dx = 0

Value of integral
Z 2 Z 1
4 2 1
10x dx + −3(2)2 y 2 dy = 2x5 0 − 4y 3 0
x=0 y=0
= 64 − 4
= 60
Method-2: As
∂M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x
∴ 10x − 2xy dx − 3x2 y 2 dy
4 3

is an exact differential of (2x5 − x2 y 3 ).

Z (2,1) Z (2,1)
4 3 2 2
d 2x5 − x2 y 3

∴ 10x − 2xy dx − 3x y dy =
(0,0) (0,0)
(2,1)
= 2x5 − x2 y 3

(0,0)
= 64 − 4
= 60
Question-6(a) Solve by the method of variation of parameters the differential

equation
2x(t)
x00 (t) − = t, where 0 < t < ∞
t2
[15 Marks]
Solution:
2 2
D − 2 x(t) = t
t
i.e. 2 2
t D − 2 x(t) = t3

Put
t = eu ∴ u = log t
d
D0 = = tD; D0 (D0 − 1) = t2 D2
du
∴ [D0 (D0 − 1) − 2] x = e3u
D02 − D0 − 2 x = e3u − (1)

D0 = 2, −1
C.F = c01 e2u + c02 e−u
Now, we use the variation of parameters to find complete integral of D · F (1) Replacing
c01 , c02 by unknown functions A and B, the complete solution is
y = Ae2u + Be−u
= Ay1 + By2

where,
y1 = e2u , y2 = e−u
y1 y2 e2u e−u
w= =
y10 y20 2e2u
−e−u
= −eu − 2eu = −3eu 6= 0
∴ y1 & y2 are independent.
Z
y2 R
A=− du , R = e3u
w
Z −u 3u
e ·e
=− du
−3eu
eu
Z
1
= eu du = + c1
3 3
Z
y1 R
B= du
w
Z 2u 3u
e ·e
= du
−3eu
−e4u
Z
1 4u
=− e du = + c2
3 12
∴ Complete Solution
y = Ay1 + By2
u 4u
e −e
= + c1 e +2u
+ c2 e−u
3 12
4
t 2 t 1
y= + c1 t + − + c2
3 12 t
Question-6(b) Find the law of force for the orbit r2 = a2 cos 2θ (the pole being
the centre of the force).
[15 Marks]
1
Solution: r2 = a2 cos 2θ or a2 u2 cos 2θ = 1, u= − (1) Taking log,
r
2 log a + 2 log u + log cos 2θ = 0
Differentiating w.r.t. θ
2 du 2 sin 2θ
0+ · − =0
u dθ cos 2θ
du
= u tan 2θ
dθ

d2 u du
2
= 2u sec2 2θ + tan 2θ
dθ dθ
= 2u sec2 2θ + u tan2 2θ
d2 u
∴ + u = 2u sec2 2θ + u tan2 2θ + u
dθ2
2
= 3u sec2 2θ = 3u a2 u2 [from (1)]
= 3a4 u5
WKT DE of the central orbit in polar form is
d2 u F
2
+u= 2 2
dθ hu
F
∴ = 3a4 u5 ⇒ F = 3h2 a4 u7
h2 u2
from (1)
1
=k
r7
i.e.
1
F ∝
r7
Hence the force varies inversely as the 7th power of the distance from the pole.
Question-6(c) Verify Stokes’ theorem for V̄ = (2x − y)î − yz 2 ĵ − y 2 z k̂, where S

is the upper half surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and C is its boundary.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Stokes’ Theorem:

I x
F~ · dr = ~ × F~ ) · n̂dS
(∇
C S
Here, the boundary C of S is a circle in xy plane x2 + y 2 = 1

Let
x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 0
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π be parametric equation of C
I I
~ (2x − y)i − yz 2 j − y 2 zk · [dxi + dyj + dzk]

V · dr =
c c
I
= (2x − y)dx − yz 2 dy − y 2 zdz
= φ(2x − y)dx [∵ z = 0 & dz = 0]

Z 2π
= (2 cos t − sin t)(− sin t)dt
0
2π
1 − cos2t
Z
=− sin 2t − dt
0 2

2π
cos2t t sin2 t

=− − − +
2 2 4 0

1 2π −1
=− − − +0 − −0+0
2 2 2
=π
1 J k
~ × F~ = ∂ ∂ ∂
∇
∂x ∂y ∂z
2x − y −yz 2 −y 2 z
= i(−2yz + 2yz) + j(0 − 0) + k(0 + 1)
= k − (1)
x x
~ × F~ ) · n̂dS =
(∇ ~ × F~ ) · n̂ dxdy
(∇
S D
|n̂ · k̂|
x dxdy
= k · (xi + yj + zk)
z
D
x
= dxdy
D
[D : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 unit circle in xy plane centered at origin] Area of circle D

π(1)2 = π − (2)
From (1) and (2), we see that

I x
V~ · dr = (∇ × V~ ) · n̂dS
C S
Question-7(a) Find the general solution of the differential equation

ẍ + 4x = sin2 2t
Hence find the particular solution satisfying the conditions
π π
x = 0 and ẋ =0
8 8
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let
d ∂2
D= , D2 = 2
dt dt
2 2

D + 4 x = sin 2t
Auxiliary Eqn: D2 + 4 = 0
D = ±2i
C · F = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t

1
P ·I = sin2 2t
D2 + 4
1 1 − cos 4t
= 2
D +4 2
1 1 1 1
= 2
·1− cos 4t
2D +4 2 D2 + 4
1 1 1 cos ut
= 2
e0t − ·
2D +4 2 (−16) + 4
1 1
= + cos 4t
8 24
General solution: x=C ·F +P ·I
1
x = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t + (3 + cos 4t)
24
√
π − 2
x = 0 ⇒ c1 + c2 =
8 8
π √
2
ẋ = 0 ⇒ c2 − c1 =
8 12
√ √
−5 2 − 2
∴ c1 = , c2 =
48 48
Question-7(b) A vessel is in the shape of a hollow hemisphere surmounted

by a cone held with the axis vertical and vertex uppermost. If it is filled with
a liquid so as to submerge half the axis of the cone in the liquid and height
of the cone be double the radius (r) of its base, find the resultant downward
thrust of the liquid on the vessel in terms of the radius of the hemisphere and
density (p) of the liquid.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let r be the radius of the base of the hemisphere or cone so that the height
of the surmounting cone is 2r.

The vessel is filled upto CD so as to submerge half the axis of the cone in the liquid.
From similar triangles OEC and OO0 B, we have
EC OE r 1
0
= 0
= =
OB OO 2r 2
1 1
∴ C = OB 0 = r
2 2
The resultant downward thrust of the liquid on the vessel = weight of the liquid contained
in the vessel = wt. of the liquid in the hemisphere+ wt. of the liquid in the frustum

2 3 1 2 1 r 2
= πr w + πr · 2r − π ·r w
3 3 3 2

2 3 1 3 1 1 3 7 1 15
= πr w + πr w 2 − = πr w 2 + = πr3 w ·
3 3 4 3 4 3 4
15 2
= ( πr3 w)
8 3
Question-7(c) Derive the Frenet-Serret formulae. Verify the same for the
space curve x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t, z = 4t
[10 Marks]
dT
Solution: i) = kN
ds
dB
ii) = −τ N
ds
dN
iii ) = τ B − kT
ds
where T, N, B are unit vectors along tangent principal normal and binormal directions.
|T | = 1 ⇒ T ·T =1

dT
⇒ 2T · =0
ds
dT
⇒ is ⊥ to T.
ds
dT
Also, lies in oscillating plane.
ds
dT
∴ is parallel to N
ds
dT
∴ = kN
ds
ii) since, |B| = 1, unit vector
dB
∴B·B =1 ⇒ 2B · =0
ds
⇒ dB/ds is ⊥ to B . . . (1)
dB
W.K.T lies in oscillating plane. Also, since B and T are ⊥
dS
B·T =0
dT dB
⇒ B· +T · =0
ds ds
dB
B · (kN ) + T =0
ds
dB
(B · N )k + ·T =0
ds
dB
⇒ ·T =0
ds
(∵ B ⊥ N )
dB
i.e. is ⊥ to T . . . (2)
ds
dB
From (1) and (2), is parallel to N
ds
dB
⇒ = −τ N (τ = torsion)
ds
iii) B × T = N
dT dB dN
B× + ×T =
ds ds ds
dN
k(−T ) − τ (−B) =
ds
dN
∴ = τ B − kT
ds
Here, x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t, z = 4t
~ = (3 cos t)i + (3 sin t)j + (4t)k
R
d~r
= (−3 sin t)i + (3 cos t)j + 4k
dt
dr p
= 9 sin2 t + 9cos2 t + 16 = 5
dt

Let S be length of arc from t = 0 to any point t on the curve, then

Z t Z t
d~r
S= dt = 5dt = 5t
0 dt 0

s s 4
∴ ~r = 3 cos i + 3 sin j+ s k
5 5 5

d~r 3 s 3 s 4
T = = − sin i+ · sin j+ k
ds 5 5 5 5 5

dT −3 s 3 s
= cos − sin j + 0
ds 25 5 25 5
Principal Normal, N is parallel to ~r˙ × (~r˙ × ~r¨)
i j k
~r˙ × ~r¨ = −3 sin t 3 cos t 4
−3 cos t −3 sin t 0
= i(0 + 12 sin t) + j(−12 cos t + 0) + k +9 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t

= (12 sin t)i − (12 cos t)j + 9k

i j k
~r˙ × (~r˙ × ~r¨) = −3 sin t 3 cos t 4
12 cos t −12 sin t 9
= i(27 cos t + 48 cos t) + j(48 sin t + 27 sin t) + k (36 sin t cos t − 12 sin t cos t)
= (75 cos t)i + (75 sin t)j

1
∴ N = ± (75 cos ti + 75 sin tj) = −(cos t)i + (− sin t)j
75
s s
N = −(cos )i + (−sin )j
5 5
(taking -ve sign)
dN 1 s 1 s
= − sin + cos j
ds 5 5 5 5
Binormal vector B, is parallel to ~r˙ × ~r¨
1
B=√ [12 sin ti − 12 cos tj + 9k]
144 + 81
12 12 9
B= , sin ti − cos tj + k
15 15 15
4 s 4 s 3
B = sin ; − · cos j + k
5 5 5 5 5
dB 4 s 4 s
= cos i + sin j
ds 25 5 25 5
dT 3 dB 4
k= = , τ= =
ds 25 ds 25
Taking,
s s
N = − cos ; − sin j
5 5

i)
3 s s dT
kN = − cos i − sin j =
25 5 5 ds
ii)
−4 s s dB
−τ N = − cos i − sin j =
25 5 5 ds
iii)

4 4 s 4 s 3 3 −3 s 3 s 4
τ B − kT = sin i − cos j + k − sin i + cos j + k
25 5 5 5 5 5 25 5 5 5 5 5
1 s 1 s
= sin ; − cos j
5 5 5 5
dN
=
ds
Hence, we see that Frenet-Serret formulae are satisfied by the given curve in space.
Question-8(a) Find the general solution of the differential equation
(x − 2)y 00 − (4x − 7)y 0 + (4x − 6)y = 0
[10 Marks]
Solution:
00 4x − 7 0 4x − 6
y − y + y = 0 − (1)
x−2 x−2
Comparing with:
y 00 + P y 0 + Qy = 0
.
−(4x − 7) 4x − 6
P = , Q=
x−2 x−2
Let eax be a solution, then
a2 + aP + Q = 0
a(4x − 7) 4x − 6
a2 − + =0
x−2 x−2
⇒ a2 (x − 2) − 4ax + 7a + 4x − 6 = 04
i.e.
x a2 − 4a + 4 − 2a2 + 7a − 6 = 0

⇒ a2 − 4a + 4 = 0 ⇒ (a − 2)2 = 0 ⇒ a = 2
2a2 − 7a + 6 = 0 ⇒ (2a − 3)(a − 2) = 0
i.e.
3
a = ,2
2

∴ a = 2 is common root ⇒ e2x is one solution.

Consider y = ve2x
dy dv 2x
= e + 2ve2x
dx dx
d2 y d2 v 2x dv
2
= 2 e + 4 e2x + 4ve2x
dx dx dx
Putting these values in (1)
2
d v 2x dv 2x 2x 4x − 7 dv 2x 2 4x − 6 2x
e + 4 e + 4ve − e + 2v x + ve = 0
dx2 dx x−2 dx x−2
d2 v dv

(4x − 7) 2(4x + 7) (4x − 6)
+ 4 − + 4v − + =0
dx2 dx x−2 x−2 x−2
d2 v 1 dv
− =0
dx2 x − 2 dx
Let
dv dp 1
=p⇒ − ·p=0
dx dx x − 2
dp dx
=
p x−2
log p = log(x − 2) + log C1
⇒ p = c1 (x − 2)
i.e.,
dv
= c1 (x − 2)
dx
2
x
v = c1 + 2x + c2
2
2
2x 2x x
∴ y = e · v = e c1 − 2x + c2
2
Question-8(b) A shot projected with a velocity u can just reach a certain

point on the horizontal plane through the point of projection. So in order
to hit a mark h meters above the ground at the same point, if the shot is
projected at the same elevation, find increase in the velocity of projection.
[15 Marks]
Solution: We know that

x = (u cos θ)t
1
y = (u sin θ)t − gt2
2
Equation of trajectory,
g x2
y = x tan θ − · 2
2 u cos2 θ

u2 sin 2θ
When velocity is u, Range, R= With new velocity (say v ), point p(R, h) lies
g
on the equation of trajectory
g R2
h = R tan θ − · 2
2 v cos2 θ
2
u2 sin 2θ g u2 sin 2θ

1
= · tan θ −
g 2 g v cos2 θ
2
2u2 sin2 θ 2u4 sin2 θ

= −
g g · v2
2u2 sin2 θ u2

h= 1− 2
g v
u2 gh
1− 2
= 2 2
v 2u sin θ
1/2
u gh
= 1− 2 2
v 2u sin θ
i.e. −1/2
gh
v =u 1−
2u sin2 θ
2

1 gh
'u 1+ · 2 2
2 2u sin θ
(Binomial Approximation)
gh
∴v−u=
4u sin2 θ
Which is the required increase in the velocity of projection with same elevation θ.
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
Question-8(c) Derive ∇2 = 2
+ + in spherical coordinates and
∂x
! ∂y 2 ∂z 2
x
compute ∇2 in spherical coordinates.
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
[15 Marks]
Solution:

2 1 ∂ h2 h3 ∂F ∂ h3 h1 ∂F ∂ h1 h2 ∂F
∇F = + +
h1 h2 h3 ∂u1 h1 ∂u1 ∂u2 h2 ∂u2 ∂u3 h3 ∂u3
u1 = r, u2 = θ, u3 = φ
h1 = hR = 1 , h2 = hθ = r
h3 = hφ = r sin θ


2 1 ∂ r · r sin θ ∂F ∂ r sin θ · 1 ∂F ∂ 1 · r ∂F
∇F = 2 + + ·
r sin θ ∂r 1 ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ

1 ∂ 2 ∂F ∂ ∂F 1 ∂ ∂F
= 2 sin θ r + sin θ · + ·
r sin θ ∂r ∂r ∂θ ∂θ sin θ ∂φ ∂φ
∂ 2F

1 ∂ 2 ∂F 1 ∂ ∂F 1
= 2 r + 2 sin θ · + 2 2 ·
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ2
x
F =
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
r sin θcosφ
=
r3
sin θ cos φ
=
r2
∂F −2 sin θcosφ
=
∂r r3
∂F cos θcosφ
=
∂θ r2
∂F − sin θ sin φ
=
∂φ r2
∂ 2F − sin θcosφ
2
=
∂φ r2
∂ −2 · r2 sin θ cos φ

∂ 2 ∂F
r =
∂r ∂r ∂r r3
−2 sin θ cos φ
=
r2

1 2 sin θcosφ 1 ∂ sin θ cos θcosφ 1 sinθcosφ
∴ ∇2 F = 2 2
+ 2 2
− 2 2
r r r sin θ ∂θ r r sin θ r2
2 sin θcosφ cos 2θ · cos φ cosφ
= + 4
+ 4
24 r sin θ r sin θ
cos φ cos 2θ − 1
= 2sinθ +
r4 sin θ
" #
cos φ 2 sin2 θ + 1 − 2 sin2 θ − 1

=
r4 sin θ
=0

Chapter 3
2018
3.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Show that the maximum rectangle inscribed in a circle is a

square.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let ABCD be the rectangle inscribed in a circle of radius R.
Let
∠BAC = θ
AB = 2R cos θ
BC = 2R sin θ
Area A = (2R cos θ)(2R sin θ)
= 2R2 · sin 2θ
dA
For max . area, =0⇒ 4R2 cos 2θ = 0
dθ
π 3π
cos 2θ = 0 ⇒ 2θ = , in [0, 2π]
2 2
π 3π
θ= , in [0, π]
4 4
π
But no rectangle is possible for θ = 3 so, we discard it
4
d2 A π
2
= −8R2 sin 2θ < 0 at θ =
dθ 4
66
π
Hence, A is maximum when θ = Then
4
π 1 √
AB = 2R cos = 2R · √ = 2R = BC
4 2
Hence, ABCD becomes square.
 
2 2 0
Question-1(b) Given that Adj A =  2 5 1  and det A = 2. Find the matrix
0 1 1
A.
[8 Marks]
Solution: We know,
adjA
A−1 =
|A|
⇒ A = |A| (adjA)−1
| adj A| = |A|2 = 4(∵ |adj(A)| = |A|n−1 )
we find the adjoint of the given matrix:
 >  
4 −2 2 4 −2 2
adj(adjA) =  −2 2 −2  =  −2 2 −2 
2 −2 6 2 −2 6
∴ A =| A | (adjA)−1
 
4 −2 2
1
= 2 × ·  −2 2 −2 
4 2 −2 6
 
2 −1 1
=  −1 1 −1 
1 −1 3
Question-1(c) If f : [a, b] → R be continuous in [a, b] and derivable in (a, b),

where 0 < a < b, show that for c ∈ (a, b)
f (b) − f (a) = cf 0 (c) log(b/a)
[8 Marks]
Solution: Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem Two functions f and g are i) continuous on
[a, b] ii) derivable in (a, b) iii) g 0 (x) 6= 0 ∀x ∈ (a, b), then there exist atleast one point

C ∈ (a, b) s.t.
f (b) − f (a) f 0 (c)
= 0
g(b) − g(a) g (c)
Here, take
g(x) = log x in[a, b] 0 < a < b
Applying Cauchy’s MVT ∃ some c ∈ (a, b) s.t.
f (b) − f (a) f 0 (c)
=
log b − log a (1/c)
b
⇒ f (b) − f (a) = c · f 0 (c) log
a
Hence,proved.
Question-1(d) Find the equations of the tangent planes to the ellipsoid

2x2 + 6y 2 + 3z 2 = 27
which pass through the line
x − y − z = 0 = x − y + 2z − 9
[8 Marks]
Solution: Any plane through the line

x − y − z = 0 = x − y + 2z − 9
is
(x − y − z) + λ(x − y + 2z − 9) = 0
x(1 + λ) − (1 + λ)y − (1 − 2λ) = 9λ − (1)
If it touches the conicoid
2x2 + 6y 2 + 3z 2 = 27
i.e.
2 2 2 2 1 2
x + y + z =1
27 9 9
then
l 2 m 2 n2
+ + = p2
a b c
2 2 2
ax + by + cz − 1, (x + my + nz = p)
27 9
(1 + λ)2 + (1 + λ)2 + 9(1 − 2λ)2 = (9λ)2
2 2
3 λ + 2λ + 1 + λ + 2λ + 1 + 2(4)2 − 4λ + 1 = 2 × 9λ2
2 2

12λ2 + 6 = 18λ2
6λ2 = 6 ⇒ λ = 1, −1

Hence, from (1) required tangent planes are

2x − 2y + z = 9
;
z=3
Question-1(e) Prove that the eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix are all real.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let A be a Hermitian matrix

∴ Aθ = A − (1).Here, Aθ = conjugate transpose
Let λ be an eigenvalue of A and x be corresponding eigenvector of λ.
∴ Ax = λx
⇒ (Ax)θ = (λx)θ
⇒ xθ · Aθ = λ̄ · xθ
Using eq. (1),
⇒ xθ A = λ̄xθ
Post mutiplying x both sides,
xθ A x = λ̄xθ x

xθ (Ax) = λ̄ xθ x

xθ (λx) = λ̄ xθ x

λ xθ x = λ̄ xθ x

[λ is a scalar]
(λ − λ̄) xθ x = 0

∴ λ − λ̄ = 0 [∵ x 6= 0 ∴ xθ x 6= 0]
∴ λ = λ̄
⇒ λ is real.
Question-2(a) Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel
x y z
to the line = = and whose guiding curve is x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 2.
1 −2 3
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) be any point on the cylinder then the eqn. of the generator
through P are
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
1 −2 3

This generator meets the plane z = 2 in the point

x − x1 y − y1 2 − z1
= =
1 −2 3
i.e.
3x1 − z1 + 2 3y1 + 2z1 − 4
, ,2
3 3
∴ The generator intersect the given curve if
1 1
(3x1 − z1 + 2)2 + (3y1 + 2z1 − 4)2 = 4
9 9
∴ The locus of P P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) or the required eqn of cylinder is
(3x − z + 2)2 + (3y + 2z − 4)2 = 36
9x2 + z 2 + 4 + 6xz − 4z + 12x + 9y 2 + 4z 2 + 16 + 12yz − 16z − 24y = 36

9x2 + 9y 2 + 5z 2 − 6xz + 12yz − 20z − 24y − 12x

= 16
 
1 1 −1
Question-2(b) Show that the matrices A =  1 2 1  and
−1 1 3
 
1 0 3
B =  0 2 2  are congruent.
3 2 0
[10 Marks]
Solution: Sylvestor’s Law of Inertia

Two symmetric n × n matrices are congruent if and only if their diagonal representations
have same rank, index and signature.
Rank = no of non-zero eigen-values

index = no of of positive eigen-values
signature = no of of positive eigen-values- = no of of negative eigen-values
Also, two symmetric matrices (as well as skew-symmetric) are congruent if they have the
same rank.
|A| =1(6 − 1) − 1(3 + 1) − (1 + 2)
= 5 − 4 − 3 = −2 6= 0
∴P (A) = 3
(B) = 1(0 − 4) + 3(0 − 6) = −4 − 18 = −22 6= 0
∴ P (B) = 3
Hence A and B are congruent.

Question-2(c) If φ and ψ be two functions derivable in [a, b] and φ(x)ψ 0 (x) −

ψ(x)φ0 (x) > 0 for any x in this interval, then show that between two consecutive
roots of φ(x) = 0 in [a, b], there lies exactly one root of ψ(x) = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let α and β be two consecutive roots of φ(x) = 0 in [a, b] and α < β.
We are required to prove that only one root of ψ(x) = 0 lies between α and β.
If possible, let ψ(x) = 0 has no root in (α, β).
φ(x)
Consider the function F (x) =
ψ(x)
φ(α) φ(β)
F (α) = = 0 & F (β) = =0
ψ(α) ψ(β)
(∵ φ(α) = 0 = φ(β)
and
ψ(α) 6= 0, ψ(β) 6= 0
ψ(x) 6= 0, in[α, β]
∴ F (x) is continuous in [α, β]
φ0 (x)ψ(x) − ψ 0 (x)φ(x)
F 0 (x) =
[ψ(x)]2
exist in(α, β].
∴ F (x) satisfies all condition of Rolle’s Theorem in [α, β] ∴ F 0 (r) = 0 where α < r < β
but by given condition
φ0 (x)ψxj − ψ 0 (x)φ(x) > 0
∴ F 0 (x) 6= 0 in (α, β) and we get contradiction.
Hence, ψ(x) has atleast one root in (α, β).
By similar argument, it can be shown that between two roots of ψ(x) = 0, there is a root
of φ(x) = 0.
Now, we prove that there is exactly one root of ψ(x) = 0 between α, β.
If possible, let r and δ two roots of ψ(x) = 0 in (α, β), i.e.,
α<r<δ<β
.
Between r and δ, there would exist a root of φ(x) = 0. This contradicts that roots of α
and β are consecutive roots of φ(x) = 0.
Hence, there is only one root of ϕ(x) = 0 between α and β.

Question-2(d) Show that the vectors α1 = (1, 0, −1), α2 = (1, 2, 1), α3 = (0, −3, 2)
form a basis for R3 . Express each of the standard basis vectors as a linear
combination of α1 , α2 , α3
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let
x1 (1, 0, −1) + x2 (1, 2, 1) + x3 (0, −3, 2) = (0, 0, 0)
(x, +x2 , 2x2 − 3x3 , −x1 + x2 + 2x3 ) = (0, 0, 0)

where;
x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R
solving these, we get x1 = x2 = x3 = 0
⇒ α1 , α2 , α3 are L.I.
Again, let β = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 and

β = a(1, 0, −1) + b(1, 2, 1) + c(0, −3, 2)
(x, y, z) = (a + b, 2b − 3c, −a + b + 2c)
a+b=x
2b − 3c = y
−a + b + 2c = z
1
⇒ a = (7x − 2y − 3z)
10
1
⇒ b = (3x + 2y + 3z)
10
1
⇒ c = (x − y + z)
5
(elimentary row operations)
1 1 1
∴ (x, y, z) = (7x − 2y − 3z)(1, 0, −1) + (3x + 2y + 3z)(1, 2, 1) + (x − y + z)(0, −3, 2)
10 10 5
∀β ∈ R3 Using this, we write
7 3 1
(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0, −1) + (1, 2, 1) + (0, −3, 2)
10 10 5
similarly (0,1,0) and (0,0,1)

Question-3(a) Find the equation of the tangent plane that can be drawn to
the sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x + 6y + 2z + 8 = 0
through the straight line
3x − 4y − 8 = 0 = y − 3z + 2
[10 Marks]
Solution: The eqn of any plane through given line
3x − 4y − 8 + λ(y − 3z + 2) = 0
3x − (y − λ)y − 3λz = 8 − 2λ − (1)
If this plane touches the sphere then. length of prependicular
p from centre
√ of sphere to
plane= Radius of sphere Centre (1, −3, −1) radius = (1 + 9 + 1 − 8) = 3
3(1) − (4 − λ)(−3) − 3λ(−1) − 8 + 2λ √
p =± 3
9 + (4 − λ)2 + 9λ2
√ √
−5 + 12 − 3λ + 3λ + 2λ = ± 3 · 9 + 16 + λ2 − 8λ + 9λ2
(2λ + 7)2 = 3 10λ2 − 8λ + 25

4λ2 + 28λ + 49 = 30λ2 − 24λ + 75

26λ2 − 52λ + 26 = 0
λ2 − 2λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 1)2 = 0
⇒λ=1
Hence, Required Eqn of plane from (1)
3x − 3y − 3z = 6
i.e.,
x−y−z =2
Question-3(b) If f = f (u, v), where u = ex cos y and v = ex sin y, show that

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f

2 2
+ 2 = u +v + 2
∂x2 ∂y ∂u2 ∂v
[10 Marks]
Solution: Chain Rule

∂f (u, v) ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v
= · + ·
∂(x) ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x

" 2 # " 2 #
∂ 2 f (u, v) ∂f ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 f ∂u ∂f ∂ 2 ν ∂ 2 f ∂v
2
= · 2+ 2· + · 2+ 2 ·
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂x
Similarly,
" 2 # " 2 #
∂ 2 f (u, v) ∂f ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 f ∂u ∂f ∂ 2 ν ∂ 2 f ∂v
2
= · 2+ 2· + · 2+ 2 ·
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂y
u = ex · cosy
∂u
= ex · cos y = u
∂x
∂ 2u ∂u
2
= =u
∂x ∂x
∂u
= −ex · sin y = −v
∂y
∂ 2u ∂u
2
=− = −ex cos y = −u
∂y ∂y
v = ex · sin y
∂v
= ex · sin y = v
∂x
∂ 2v ∂v
2
= =v
∂x ∂x
∂v
= ex · cos y = u
∂y
∂ 2v ∂u
2
=− = −ex sin y = −v
∂y ∂y
Using these values
" 2 2 #
∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2f

∂f ∂u ∂u
2
+ 2
= + + 2· +
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂u ∂x ∂y
" 2 2 #
∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2f

∂f ∂v ∂v
+ + + 2 +
∂v ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂v ∂x ∂y
∂f ∂ 2f ∂f ∂ 2f
(u − u) + 2 u2 + v 2 + (v − v) + 2 u2 + v 2

=
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
2 2

∂ f ∂ f
= u2 + v 2 +
∂u2 ∂v 2
Question-3(c) Let T : V2 (R) → V2 (R) be a linear transformation defined by

T(a, b) = (a, a + b). Find the matrix of T, taking {e1 , e2 } as a basis for the
domain and {(1,1),(1,-1)} as a basis for the range.
[10 Marks]

Solution:
Let (x, y) = x1 (1, 1) + x2 (1, −1)
(x, y) = (x1 + x2 , x1 − x2 )
x1 + x2 = x
x1 − x2 = y
x+y
⇒x=
2
x−y
⇒ x2 =
2

(x + y) x−y
∴ (x, y) = (1, 1) + (1, −1)
2 2
T (e1 ) = T (1, 0) = (1, 1 + 0) = (1, 1)
1+1 1−1
= (1, 1) + (1, −1),
2 2
= 1 · (1, 1) + 0 · (1, −1)
T (e2 ) = T (0, 1) = (0, 0 + 1) = (0, 1)
0+1 (0 − 1)
= (1, 1) + (1, −1)
2 2
1 1
= (1, 1) − (1, −1)
2 2
Matrix of L.T. is represented by writing coordinatis of T (e1 ) and T (e2 ) as columns of
matrix.
1 1/2
[T ] =
0 −1/2
s
Question-3(d) Evaluate R
(x2 + xy) dx dy over the region R bounded by xy = 1,
y = 0 y = x and x = 2
[10 Marks]
Solution: The shaded region is shown in the region of integration.

Hence,
x x x
x2 + xy · dx · dy = x2 + xy · dx · dy + x2 + xy · dxdy

R OAB ABCDEA
Z 1 Z x Z 2 Z 1/x
x2 + xy · dy + x2 + xy · dy

= dx dx ·
0 0 1 0
" 2 1/x #
1 2 x 2
Z Z
2 y 1/x y
= x · [y]x0 + x · dx + x2 · [y]0 + x · · dx
0 2 0 1 2 0
Z 1 Z 2
x3

3 1
= x + dx + x+ dx
0 2 1 2x
2 2
3 4 1 x 1
= x 0+ + ln(x)
8 2 2 1

3 1 1
= + 2− + ln 2
8 2 2
15
= + 0.34657 = 2.22157
8
Question-4(a) Find the equations of the straight lines in which the plane
2x + y − z = 0 cuts the cone 4x2 − y2 + 3z2 = 0. Find the angle between the two
straight lines.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Equation of plane : 2x + y − z = 0

Equation of cone : 4x2 − y 2 + 3z 2 = 0
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of any one line of section
x y z
= =
l m n
Since, it lies in the plane and on the cone,
We have, 2l+m−n = 0−(1) and 4l2 −m2 +3n2 = 0−(2) From equation (1), n = 2l+m
Putting in equation (2), we have
4l2 − m2 + 3(2l + m)2 = 0

4l2 − m2 + 12l2 + 3m2 + 12lm = 0
8l2 + m2 + 6lm = 0
(4l + m)(2l + m) = 0
m = −4l or − 2l
On solving, we get
l = 1, m = −2, n = 0
and, l = −1, m = 4, n = 2
Hence, equation of lines:

x y z
= =
1 −2 0
Or
x y z
= =
−1 4 2
and angle between two lines:
l1 · l2 + m1 · m2 + n1 · n2
cos θ = p 2 p
l1 + m21 + n21 · l22 + m22 + n22
1(−1) + 4(−2) + 0
∴ cos θ = p p
(1)2 + (−2)2 + 0 · (−1)2 + (4)2 + (2)2
−1 − 8
cos θ = √ √
5 · 21

−1 −9
θ = cos √ = 151.74◦
105
Question-4(b) Show that the functions u = x + y + z, v = xy + yz + zx and

w = x3 + y3 + z3 − 3xyz are dependent and find the relation between them.
[10 Marks]
Solution: From question, we have and

u=x+y+z
v = xy + yz + zx
w = x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz
Now,
∂u ∂u ∂u
= 1, = 1, =1
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂v
= (y + z)
∂x
∂v
= (x + z)
∂y
∂v
= (y + x)
∂z
∂w
= 3x2 − 3yz
∂x
∂w
= 3y 2 − 3xz
∂y
∂w
= 3z 2 − 3xy
∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂(u, v, w) ∂v ∂v ∂v
∴ =
∂(x, y, z) ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂w ∂w
∂x ∂y ∂z

1 1 1
= (y + z) (z + x) (x + y)
2 2 2
3 (x − yz) 3 (y − zx) 3 (z − xy)
= (z + x) 3 z 2 − xy − 3 y 2 − zx (x + y)

−3 z 2 − xy (y + z) + 3 x2 − yz (x + y)

+3 y 2 − zx (y + z) − 3 x2 − yz (z + x)

= 3 z 2 − xy (x − y) + y 2 − zx (z − x)

+ x2 − yz (y − z)

= 3 z 2 x − x2 y − z 2 y + x2 y + y 2 z − z 2 x − xy 2

+zx2 + x2 y − y 2 z − x2 z + yz 2
=0
Hence, u, v and w are functionally dependent.
We know that:
x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = (x + y + z) x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx

= (x + y + z) (x + y + z)2 − 3(xy + yz + zx)

∴ w = u(u2 − 3v)
= u3 − 3uv
Hence, relation between u, v and w is given by:
w = u3 − 3u.v
Question-4(c) Find the locus of the point of intersection of the perpendicular

x2 y 2
generators of the hyperbolic paraboloid 2 − 2 = 2z.
a b
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the equation of the hyperbolic paraboloid be

x2 y 2
− 2 = 2z ... (1)
a2 b
The equations of the generator which belong to λ -system are
x y x y 2
− = λz and + =
a b a b λ
x y x y 2
or, − − λz = 0 and + + 0, z − = 0
a b a b λ
Let (l1 , m1 , n1 ) be the direction ratios of the generator, then we have
l1 m1 l1 m1
− − λn1 = 0 and + + 0.n1 = 0
a b a b

Solving for l1 , m1 , n1 , we have

l1 m1 n1
λ
= −λ
= 2
b a ab
or
l1 m1 n1
= = . . . (2)
aλ −bλ 2
Similarly, if l2 , m2 , n2 , be the direction-ratios of any generator
x y 2 x y
− = and + = µz
a b µ a b
of µ -system, then proceeding as above, we have
l2 m2 n2
= = ... (3)
aµ bµ 2
Since the two generators (2) and (3) are perpendicular
∴ l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
i.e.,
a2 λµ − b2 λµ + 4 = 0 ⇒ a2 − b2 λµ + 4 = 0

2 2
2
⇒ a −b +4=0
z
i
[∵ Point of intersection of two generators are x = a λ+µ
λµ
, y = b µ−λ
λµ
,z = 2
λµ
⇒ a2 − b2 + 2z = 0
Hence, the required locus is the curve of intersection of the hyperbolic paraboloid and the
plane a2 − b2 + 2z = 0.
Question-4(d) If (n + 1) vectors α1 , α2 , . . . , αn , α form a linearly dependent set,

then show that the vector α is a linear combination of α1 , α2 , . . . , αn ; provided
α1 , α2 , . . . , αn form a linearly independent set.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Consider
a1 α1 + a2 α2 + a3 α3 + . . . + an αn + an+1 α = 0
Where a1 , a2 , . . . , an+1 ∈ R.
Claim : an+1 6= 0 Let, if possible, an+1 = 0
∴ a1 α1 + a2 α2 + a3 α3 + . . . + an αn = 0
But, it is given that α1 , α2 , α3 , . . . , αn , α are linearly independent.
a1 = 0, a2 = 0, a3 = 0, . . . , an = 0 .

which implies that α1 , α2 , . . . , αn , α are linearly independent, which is a contradiction.

(Given α1 , α2 , . . . αn , α are linearly dependent.)
Hence, an+1 6= 0.
∴ an+1 α = − (a1 α1 + a2 α2 + · · · an αn )
a1 a2 an
⇒α=− α1 − α2 + . . . − αn
an+1 an+1 an+1
3.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Find the complementary function and particular integral for

the equation
d2 y
− y = xex + cos2 x
dx2
and hence the general solution of the equation.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given ODE is
D2 − 1 y = xex + cos2 x

Auxiliary Equation :
m2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, −1
∴ C · I = c1 ex + c2 e−x
1
xex + cos2 x

P.I. = 2
D −1
1 1
= 2 xex + 2 cos2 x
D −1 D −1
x 1 1 1 + cos 2x
=e x+ 2
(D + 1)2 − 1 D −1 2
1 1 1 1 cos 2x
= ex 2 x+ 2
· + 2
D + 2D (D − 1) 2 D − 1 2
1 1 1 0x cos 2x
= ex · D
x + 2 e +
2D 1 + 2 D −12 2(−4 − 1)
−1
1 D 1 cos 2x
= ex · 1+ x+ +
2D 2 2(0 − 1) −10
2

1 D D 1 cos 2x
= ex 1− + − ... x − −
2D 2 4 2 10
x

e 1 1 D 1 1
= − + x− − cos 2x
2 D 2 4 2 10
ex x 2 x 1

1 1
= − + − − cos 2x
2 2 2 4 2 10

Hence, General Solution is given by

y = C.I. + P.I.
ex 1 1
y = C1 ex + C2 e−x + (2x2 − 2x + 1) − cos 2x −
8 10 2
d2 y dy
Question-5(b) Solve 2 −2 + y = xex log x(x > 0) by the method of variation
dx dx
of parameters.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given
(D2 − 2D + 1)y = xex log x
Auxiliary Equation:
m2 − 2m + 1 = 0
(m − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = 1, 1
yc = (C1 + C2 x)ex
Let u = ex , v = xex
u v ex xex
W = =
u0 v 0 e 1 · ex + xex
x
= e2x [1 + x − x] = e2x 6= 0
Hence Solutions are Independent.
P.I. = Au + Bv
Z
vR
A=− dx
W
xex · xex log x
Z
A=− dx
e2x
Z Z
= − x log xdx = − (log x)x2 dx
2
x3 1 x3
Z
= − (log x) − · dx (by parts)
3 x 3
−x3 x3 −1 3
= log x + = x (3 log x − 1)
3 9 9

Z
uR
B= dx
W
Z x
e · xex log x
= dx
e2x
Z Z
= x log xdx = (log x)xdx
x2 1 x2
Z
= (log x) − · dx (by parts)
2 x 2
x2 x2 1
= log x − = x2 (2 log x − 1)
2 4 4
−ex .x3 x3 .ex
∴ yp = (3 log x − 1) + (2 log x − 1)
9 4
3 x 1 5
= x .e log x −
6 36
General Solution:
y = yc + yp
2x x3 .ex
y = (C1 + C2 x)e + (6 log x − 5)
36
Question-5(c) If the velocities in a simple harmonic motion at distances a, b

and c from a fixed point on the straight line which is not the centre of force,
are u, v and w respectively, show that the periodic time T is given by
u2 v2 w2
4π 2
(b − c)(c − a)(a − b) = a b c
T2 1 1 1
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let O be the centre of the force and A be the fixed point such that
AB = a, AC = b, AD = c
and let OA = s and amplitude be A.
∴ OB = s + a
OC = s + b
and OD = s + c
Velocities at B, C and D are u, v, w respectively
∴ u2 = µ A2 − (s + a)2 − (1)

v 2 = µ A2 − (s + b)2 − (2)

w2 = µ A2 − (s + c)2 − (3)


or
u2
= A2 − s2 − 2as − a2

µ
v2
= A2 − s2 − 2bs − b2

µ
w2
= A2 − s2 − 2cs − c2

µ
or 2
u
+ a + 2as + s2 − A2 = 0 − (4)
2
µ
2
v
+ b + 2bs + s2 − A2 = 0 − (5)
2
µ
2
w
+ b + 2cs + s2 − A2 = 0 − (6)
2
µ
From (4),(5) and (6) eliminating s and s2 − A2 using determinants, we get
u2
+ a2 a 1
µ
v2
+ b2 b 1 =0
µ
w2
+ c2 c 1
µ
or
u2
a 1
µ a2 a 1
v2
b 1 + b2 b 1 =0
µ c2 c 1
w2
c 1
µ
Property of determinant
a2 a 1 u2 a 1
1
b2 b 1 =− v2 b 1
c2 c 1 µ w2 c 1
1 a a2 u2 v 2 w2
⇒ −µ 1 b b2 =− a b c
1 c c2 1 1 1
Solving the determinant, we get
u2 v 2 w 2
µ(a − b)(b − c)(c − a) = a b c − (7)
1 1 1
But,
2π 4π 2
T = √ ⇒µ= 2
µ T
Putting µ in (7), we get
u2 v 2 w 2
4π 2
(a − b)(b − c)(c − a) = a b c
T2 1 1 1

Question-5(d) From a semi-circle whose diameter is in the surface of a liquid,

a circle is cut out, whose diameter is the vertical radius of the semi-circle.
Find the depth of the centre of pressure of the remainder part.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let OC be the axis of x
By symmetry, it is evident that the C.P. lies on OX. Consider an elementary strip P QQ0 P 0
of width dx at a depth x below O. Then dS = area of the strip = 2ydx, p = intensity of
pressure at any point of the strip = ρgx If x̄ be the depth of the C.P. of the semicircular
lamina below O, we have
R Ra Ra 2
xpdS xρgx · 2ydx x ydx
x̄ = R = R0 a = R0 a
pdS 0
ρgx · 2ydx 0
xydx
The parametric equations of the circle are
x = a cos t
y = a sin t
∴ dx = −a sin tdt
Ra
π/2
a2 cos2 t · a sin t(−a sin tdt)
∴ x̄ = R a
π/2
a cos t · a sin t(−a sin tdt)

1.1 π
R π/2 a
a 0 cos2 t sin2 tdt 4.2 2 3
= R π/2 = = πa
cos t sin2 tdt 1 16
0
3.1
Again, x1 = depth of the C.P. of the semi-circle below
3π
O= a
16

P1 = Pressure on the semi-circle

1 4a 2
= w · πa2 · = a3 w
2 3π 3
1 A2
Again depth of the C.P. of the circle of radius a below the centre O0 is , where A is
2 4H
a
its radius = and H is the depth of the centre of the circle below the free surface
2
a
= OO0 =
2
A2 (a/2)2 a
∴ = = ∴ x2 = depth of the C.P. of circle below
4H 4(a/2) 8
a a 5a
O= + =
2 8 8
P2 = pressure on the circle
a 2 a 1
=w·π · = wπa3
2 2 8
If x̄ be the depth of the C.P. of the remainder below O, then
P 1 x 1 − P2 x 2 3aπ 24 9πa
x̄ = = · =
P1 − P2 64 (16 − 3π) 8(16 − 3π)
Question-5(e) f →
−r = xî + yĵ + zk̂ and f(r) is differentiable, show that
div[f(r)→
−r ] = rf 0 (r) + 3f(r)

~r
Hence or otherwise show that div 3 = 0
r
[8 Marks]
div(φA) = (grad φ) · A + φ div(A)

∴ ∇ · (f (r)~r) = [∇f (r)] · ~r + f (r)∇ · ~r

= [f 0 (r)∇r] · ~r + f (r)[1 + 1 + 1]

0 ~r
= f (r) · ~r + 3f (r)
r
0
∵ ~r · ~r = r2

= rf (r) + 3f (r)
1
Now, taking f (r) = ,
r3

~r −3 1
∇· =r +3·
r3 r4 r3
−3 3
= 3
+ 3 = 0.
r r
Question-6(a) Solve the differential equation (y 2 + 2x2 y) dx + (2x3 − xy) dy = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: We have (y 2 + 2x2 y) dx + (2x3 − xy) dy = 0 − (1) Here,

M = y 2 + 2x2 y
and N = 2x3 − xy
∂M
∴ = 2y + 2x2
∂y
and
∂N
= 6x2 − y
∂x
∂M ∂N
∴ 6=
∂y ∂x
∴ The given equation is not exact. (1)
⇒ y 2 dx − xydy + 2x2 ydx + 2x3 dy = 0

⇒ y(ydx − xdy) + x2 (2ydx + 2xdy) = 0

⇒ x0 y 1 (1.ydx − 1xdy) + x2 y 0 (2ydx + 2xdy) = 0
Comparing it with
xa y b (mydx + nxdy) + xc y d (pydx + qxdy) = 0

we have a = 0, b = 1, m = 1, n = −1, c = 2 d = 0, p = 2, q = 2
m 1
Also = = −1
n −1
p 2
and = =1
q 2
m p
∴ 6=
n q

Let I.F. = xα y β
a+α+1 b+β+1
∴ =
m n
c+α+1 d+β+1
and =
p q
⇒
0+α+1 1+β+1
=
1 −1
and
2+α+1 0+β+1
=
2 2
⇒
α + 1 = −β − 2
and
α+3=β+1
⇒
α + β = −3
and
α − β = −2
Solving, we get,
5 1
α = − ,β = −
2 2
∴ I.F = xα y β = x−5/2 y −1/2

Multiplying (1) by x−5/2 y −1/2 , we get
x−5/2 y −1/2 y 2 + 2x2 y dx + x−5/2 y −1/2 2x3 − xy dy = 0

⇒
x−5/2 y 3/2 + 2x−1/2 y 1/2 dx + 2x1/2 y −1/2 − x−3/2 y 1/2 dy = 0

This equation is exact. ∴ The general solution

Z x
x−5/2 y 3/2 + 2x−1/2 y 1/2 dx = c

⇒
x−3/2 x1/2
y 3/2 · + 2y 1/2 · =c
−3/2 1/2
2
⇒ − x−3/2 y 3/2 + 4x1/2 y 1/2 = c
3
⇒
−x−3/2 y 3/2 + 6x1/2 y 1/2 = c0

0 3
( Putting c = c
2

Question-6(b) Let T1 and T2 be the periods of vertical oscillations of two

different weights suspended by an elastic string, and C1 and C2 are the statical
extensions due to these weights and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Show
4π 2 (C1 − C2 )
that g = .
T12 − T22
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let one end of an elastic string of natural length a and modulus of elasticity
λ be attached to the fixed point O and with the other end A, a mass m be attached .(Refer
figure (i))
Due to weight mg of the particle the string OA is stretched and if B is the position of
equilibrium of the particle such that AB = e then tension T0 in the string will balance
the weight of the particle.(Refer figure (ii)) Thus, at B, we get or
mg = T0
mg = λ(e/a) − (1)
Let the particle be now pulled down a further distance BC(= b, say ) and released. Let
P be the position of the particle at any subsequent time t. Let BP = x and let T be
tension in the string. Then equation of motion of the particle is or
m d2 x/dt2 = mg − T = mg − λ(e + x)/a

= mg − λ(e/a) − λ(x/a)
2 2

or m d x/dt = −λ(x/a), using (1)
or d2 x/dt2 = −(λ/am)x − (2)
which is of standard form d2 x/dt2 = −µx of S.H.M., where µ = λ/am . Here centre of
oscillation is B, from which x is measured and amplitude = BC = b. The periodic time
T of S.H.M. represented by (2) is given by
T = 2π/µ1/2 = 2π/(λ/am)1/2
= 2π(am/λ)1/2
= 2π(e/g)1/2 , by (1) − (3)
Equation (3) by taking c(= AB) as statical extension corresponding to mass m. Then,
time period T is given by
T = 2π(e/g)1/2 − (i)
Here when m = m1 , e = c1 , T = t1 and when
m = m 2 , e = c2 , T = t 2

So by (i),
t1 = 2π (c1 /g)2
and
t2 = 2π (c2 /g)1/2
Thus,
t21 − t22 = 4π 2 (c1 /g − c2 /g)
or
g t21 − t22 = 4π 2 (c1 − c2 )

Hence,
4π 2 (C1 − C2 )
g=
T12 − T22
→
−
Question-6(c) Show that F = (2xy + z3 ) î + x2 ĵ + 3xz2 k̂ is a conservative force.
Hence, find the scalar potential. Also find the work done in moving a particle
of unit mass in the force field from (1, −2, 1) to (3, 1, 4).
[15 Marks]
Solution: Here,
î ĵ k̂
~ ×→
∇
−
F =
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
2xy + z 3 x2 3xz 2

∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 3
∂ 2
= î 3xz − x + ĵ 2xy + z − 3xz
∂y ∂z ∂t ∂x

∂ 2 ∂ 3

+k̂ x − 2xy + z
∂x ∂y
= 0 + ĵ 3z 2 − 3z 2 + k̂(2x − 2x) = 0

~ ×→
For a conservative force field, ∇
−
F = 0. Work done
Z B Z B
W = ~
F · d~r = (Fx · dx + Fy · dy + Fz dz)
A A
Z B
2xy + z 3 dx + x2 dy + 3xz 2 dz

=
A
Z (3,1,4)
2xydx + x2 dy + z 3 dx + 3xz 2 dz

(1,−2,1)
Z (3,1,4) Z (3,1,4)
2 3
d x2 y + xz 3

= d x y + d xz =
(1,−2,1) (1,−2,1)
3 3,1,4
= x2 y + xz

1,−2,1
= 9 + 3 · (4) − 1(−2) − 1(1)3

3
= 201 + 2 − 1 = 202

Question-7(a) The end links of a uniform chain slide along a fixed rough
horizontal rod. Prove that the ratio of the maximum span to the length of
the chain is
1
2 2
1 + (1 + µ )
µ log
µ
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let AB be the maximum span. Hence the end links A and B are in limiting
equilibrium each under three forces namely the normal reaction R ⊥ to AB (upwards)
the force of friction µR along the fixed horizontal rod outwards and the tension T along
the tangent at A(orB)
If S is the resultant of R and µR at A( say ) inclined at λ (the angle of friction) to R, then

the tension at A must balance S and therefore it is inclined at (90◦ − λ) to the horizon.
That is ψ at
A = (90◦ − λ)
, and
µR
tan λ = =µ
R
∴ Maximum span AB = 2x
= 2c log(sec ψ + tan ψ)
= 2c log{sec(90 − λ) + tan(90 − λ)}
= 2c log{cosec λ + cot λ}
(s )
1 1
= 2c log 1+ 2 +
µ µ
(p )
(µ2 + 1) + 1
= 2c log
µ
And the length of chain ACB = 2s = 2c tan ψ = 2c tan (90 − λ)
2c
= 2c cot λ = − (2)
µ

⇒
Maximum span AB
Length of the chain ACB
( p )
1 + (1 + µ2 )
= µ log
µ
[from ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) by division]
Question-7(b) Solve:
dy 4x + 6y + 5
=
dx 3y + 2x + 4
[10 Marks]
Solution:
dy 2(2x + 3y) + 5
=
dx 3y + 2x + 4
let 2x + 3y = t
dy dt
2+3 =
dx dx
dy 1 dt
= −2
dx 3 dx
1 dy 2 2t + 5
− =
3 dx 3 t+4
1 dt 2t + 5 2
= +
3 dx t+4 3
6t + 15 + 2t + 8
⇒=
3(t + 4)
1 dt 8t + 23
=
3 dx 3(t + 4)
Z Z
t+4
dt = dx
8t + 23
Z
1 8t + 32
dt = x + c
8 8t + 32
Z
1 8t + 23 + 9
= dt
8 8t + 23
=x+c
Z Z
1 9
= dt + dt
8 8t + 23
=x+c
Z
1 9 du
= |t| +
8 8 u

1 9
= 2x + 3y + ln(8t + 23) = x + c
8 8

Question-7(c) A frame ABC consists of three light rods, of which AB, AC are
3
each of length a, BC of length a, freely jointed together. It rests with BC
2
horizontal, A below BC and the rods AB, AC over two smooth pegs E and F,
in the same horizontal line, at a distance 2b apart. A weight W is suspended
from A. Find the thrust in the rod BC.
[10 Marks]
Solution: ABC is framework consisting of three light rods AB, AC and BC. The rods
AB and AC rest on two smooth pegs E and F which are in the same horizontal line and
EF = 2b. Each of the rods AB and AC is of length a.
3
Let T be the thrust in the rod BC which is given to be of length a. A weight W is
2
suspended from A. The line AD joining A to the middle point D of BC is vertical. Let,
∠BAD = θ = ∠CAD. Replace the rod BC by two equal and opposite forces T as shown
in the figure. Now give the system a small symmetrical displacement in which θ changes
to θ + δθ. The line EF joining the pegs remains fixed, the lengths of the rods AB and AC
do not change and the length BC changes. The forces contributing to the sum of virtual
works are: (i) the thrust T in the rod BC, and (ii) the weight W acting at A.
We have, BC = 2BD = 2AB sin θ
= 2a sin θ
Also the depth of the point of application A of the weight W below the fixed line EF
= M A = M E cot θ = b cot θ
The equation of virtual work is
T δ(2a sin θ) + W δ(b cot θ) = 0
or
2aT cos θδθ − bW cosec2 θδθ = 0
or
2aT cos θ − bW cosec2 θ δθ = 0

or
2aT cos θ − bW cosec2 θ = 0
[∵ δθ 6= 0]

or
2aT cos θ = bW cosec2 θ
or
Wb
T = cosec2 θ sec θ
2a
But in the position of equilibrium,
3 3
BC = a and so BD = a
2 4
3
BD a 3
Therefore, sin θ = = 4 =
AB
q 4 4
1 − sin2 θ

and cos θ =
s
1√

9
= 1− = 7
16 4
W b 16 4 32 b
∴ = · ·√ = √ W
2a 9 7 9 7a
Question-7(d) Let α be a unit-speed curve in R3 with constant curvature and

zero torsion. Show that α is (part of a circle).
[10 Marks]
Solution: Consider ~r + k1 N̂ , where ~r(s) is a unit-speed curve with s as arc length

parameter.

d 1 d~r 1 dN̂
~r + N̂ = +
ds k ds k ds
1
= T̂ + (τ B̂ − k T̂ )
k
τ Serret-Frenet
= B̂ dN̂
k ds
= τ B̂ − k T̂
=0 (∵ Torsion = 0)

It implies that vector ~r + k1 N̂ is a constant rector, say, ~a.
∴ ~r + k1 N̂ = ~a
−1 1
⇒ |~r − ~a| = k
N̂ = k
1
Since curvature is constant, let κ
= c ⇒ |~r − ~a| = c
It is the equation of a sphere. Since, torsion is 0, hence curvature α lies in a plane, i.e.,
α is a part of circle.

Question-8(a) A solid hemisphere floating in a liquid is completely immersed

with a point of the rim joined to a fixed point by means of a string. Find the
inclination of the base to the vertical and tension of the string.
[15 Marks]
Solution: ACB is the hemisphere of radius a and density ρ. Density of liquid is σ.

Since the hemisphere is completely immersed in the liquid, the weight of the body and
force of buoyancy act at the same point G. Here all the forces W, W 0 and T act along the
same vertical line BG.
3a
OG = ; OB = a
8
(i) In
3a
OG 3
∆BOG, tan θ = = 8 =
OB a 8
3
∴ θ = tan−1
8
(ii) Further T = W − W 0
2 2 2
= πa3 ρg − πa3 σg = πa3 (ρ − σ)g
3 3 3
Question-8(b) A snowball of radius r(t) melts at a uniform rate. If half of the

mass of the snowball melts in one hour, how much time will it take for the
entire mass of the snowball to melt, correct to two decimal places? Conditions
remain unchanged for the entire process.
[15 Marks]
dr
Solution: Let dt
= k (uniform) , density = ρ, fixed.


4 3
⇒M = πr ρ
3
dM dr
⇒ = (4πρ)r2
dt dt
2/3
3M
= 4πρ k
4πp
= k1 M 2/3 ,
4πρ · 32/3 · k
where k1 =
(4πρ)1/3
⇒ M −2/3 dM = k1 dt
Integrating, we get:
3M 1/3 = k1 t + k2
M0
Let M0 be initial mass of snow ball. ∴ M (0) = M0 and M (1) = 2
1/3 M0 1/3 1/3

⇒ k2 = 3M0 and k1 = 3 2
− 3M0
We want to calculate time t when M = 0

ie. " 1/3 !
M0 1/3 1/3
0= 3 − 3M0 t + 3M0
2
−3 −1
⇒t= = = 4.85
3/21/3 −3 2−1/3−1
Therefore, the it will take 4.85 hours for the entire mass of the snowball to melt.
Question-8(c) For a curve lying on a sphere of radius a and such that the
torsion is never 0, show that
2 0 2
1 κ
+ = a2
κ κ2 τ
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let vector point r(s) lies on a sphere with centre r0 and radius a.
∴ |(r − r0 )| = a
|r − r0 |2 = a2 ⇒ (r − r0 ) · (r − r0 ) = a2 . . . (∗)
Differentiating w.r.t s
dr dr
(x − r0 ) + (r − r0 ) · =0
ds ds
dr
2 · (r − r0 ) = 0
ds
⇒ (r − r0 ) · t = 0 . . . (1)

Again differentiating w.r.t s

dr dt
· t + (r − r0 ) · =0
ds ds
t · t + (r − r0 ) · (kn) = 0
1 + (r − r0 ) · (kn) = 0 (serret-frenet)
−1
(r − r0 ) · n = . . . (2)
k
Again differentiating w.r.t s
dr dn 1
· n + (r − r0 ) · = 2 · k0
ds ds k
k0
t · n + (r − r0 ) · (τ b − kt) = 2 (serret-frenet)
k
k0
0 + (r − r0 ) · (τ b) − (r − r0 ) · (kt) = 2
k
k0
(r − r0 ) · b = 2 [using(1)] . . . (3)
k τ
From (1), (2), (3) we see that The components of (r − r0 ) with respect to t, n, b are 0, − k1
0
and kk2 τ Hence, 0
−1 k
r − r0 = n+ b
k k2τ
From (∗) we get,
k0 k0

2 −1 −1
a = (r − r0 ) · (r − r0 ) = n+ 2 b · n+ 2 b
k k τ k k τ
2
k0 k0 k0

1
= 2n · n − 3 b · n − 3 n · b + b·b
k k τ k τ k2τ
0 2
1 k
= 2+ [∵ n · n = 1 = b · b ⇒ n · b = 0]
k k2T

Chapter 4
2017
4.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Let A be a square matrix of order 3 such that each of its

diagonal elements is ’a’ and each of its off-diagonal elements is 1. If B = bA is
orthogonal, determine the values of a and b.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given,
   
a 1 1 ba b b
A= 1 a 1  ∴ B = bA =  b ba b 
1 1 a b b ba
B is orthogonal i.e., BB T = I
    
ba b b ba b b 1 0 0
∴  b ba b   b ba b  =  0 1 0 
b b ba b b ba 0 0 1
∴ b2 a2 + 2b2 = 1
and
2b2 a + b2 = 0
b 2 a2 + 2 = 1

and
b2 (2a + 1) = 0
∴ b2 = 0
or
2a2 + 1 = 0

But b = 0 is not possible, as first equation will not be satisfied

−1 2 1 2
∴ a= ⇒ b +2 =1⇒b=±
2 4 3
.
97
Question-1(b) Let V be the vector space of all 2 × 2 matrices over the field R.
Show that W is not a subspace of V, where (i) W contains all 2 × 2 matrices
with zero determinant. (ii) W consists of all 2×2 matrices A such that A2 = A.
[8 Marks]
Solution: (i)
a b
V = : a, b, c, d ∈ R = M2 (R)
c d
It is a vector space over field R. W= Set of all 2 × 2 matrices with determinant zero. Let

1 0
w1 =
0 0
and
0 0
w2 =
0 1
det
(w1 ) = 0 = det (ω2 ) ∴ ω1 , w2 ∈ W
But
1 0
w1 + w2 =
0 1
det (ω1 + ω2 ) = 1 6= 0
∴w1 + w2 ∈ /W
(ii) W consists of all 2 × 2 matrices A such that A2 = A. Let,

1 0 1 1
A= , B=
0 1 0 0

2 1 0 2 1 1
A = ,B =
0 1 0 0
∴ A, B ∈ W
But
2 1
A+B =
0 1

2 2 1 2 1
(A + B) =
0 1 0 1

4 3
= 6= (A + B)
0 1
∴ (A + B) ∈
/W
Hence, W is not a subspace of V

Question-1(c) Using the Mean Value Theorem, show that (i) f (x) is constant
in [a, b], if f 0 (x) = 0 in [a, b]
(ii) f (x) is a decreasing function in (a, b), if f 0 (x) exists and is < 0 everywhere
in (a, b)
[8 Marks]
Solution: (i) Let x1 and x2 be two distinct points in interval [a, b], and let
x1 < x2
.
∴ [x1 , x2 ] ⊆ [a, b]
Then f is continuous on [x1 , x2 ] and f is differential on [x1 , x2 ] Using LMVT, there exist
some,
c ∈ [x1 , x2 ]
such that
f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
= f 0 (c)
x2 − x1
ie.
f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
=0 [∵ f 0 (x) = 0 ∀x ∈ [a, b]]
x2 − x1
⇒
f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = 0
ie
f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
Hence, f (x) is constant function. as x1 and x2 were arbitrary in [a, b] .
(ii) Let x1 and x2 be any two distinct points in [a, b] and x1 < x2
∴ [x1 , x2 ] ⊆ [a, b]
f is differentiable on (a, b), hence it is differentiable on
(x1 , x2 ) ⊆ (a, b)
and continuous also. Using LMVT, there exist some c ∈ (x1 , x2 ) such that
f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
= f 0 (c)
x2 − x1
f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = f 0 (c) · (x2 − x1 )
Now, since
x2 > x1 ∴ (x2 − x1 ) > 0
0
and f (x) < 0 on (a, b)
∴ f 0 (c) < 0
as
c ∈ (x, x2 ) ⊆ (a, b)
∴ f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) < 0
x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 )
∴ f (x) is decreasing function on (a, b)

∂(u, v)
Question-1(d) Jacobian J = , and hence show that u, v. are independent
∂(x, y)
unless
a b h
= =
A B H
[8 Marks]
Solution:
∂u ∂u
∂(u, v) ∂x ∂y
J= = ∂v ∂v
∂(x, y)
∂x ∂y
2ax + 2hy 2hx + 2by
=
2Ax + 2Hy 2Hx + 2By
= 4(ax + 2hy)(Hx + By) − 4(Ax + Hy)(hx + by)
aHx + xy(hH + aB) + hBy 2 − Ahx2 + xy(Hh + Ab) + bHy 2
2

=4
= −4 (aH − Ah)x2 + (aB − Ab)xy + (Bh − bH)y 2

u and v are independent, if J = 0 ie

aH − Ah = 0; aB − Ab = 0, Bh − bH = 0
a h a b h b
∴ = ; = , =
A H A B H B
ie
a b h
= =
A B H
Question-1(e) Find the equations of the planes parallel to the plane 3x − 2y +

6z + 8 = 0 and at a distance 2 from it.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Equation of any plane parallel to given plane is
3x − 2y + 6z + k = 0
Distance between two planes
|k − 8|
√ =2
9 + 4 + 36
ie
|k − 8| = 14
∴ k − 8 = 14 or k − 8 = −14

k = 22 or k = −6
Hence, required equations of planes are
3x − 2y + 6z + 22 = 0
or
3x − 2y + 6z − 6 = 0
Question-2(a) State the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Verify this theorem for

the matrix  
1 0 2
A =  0 −1 1  . Hence find A−1
0 1 0
[10 Marks]
Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation, given by, |A−λI| =
0 from the given matrix
1−λ 0 2
0 −1 − λ 1 = 0
0 1 −λ
(1 − λ) λ2 + λ − 1 = 0

⇒
λ3 − 2λ + 1 = 0 − (1)
Now,     
1 0 2 1 0 2 1 2 2
A2 =  0 −1 1   0 −1 1  =  0 2 −1 
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 +1
    
1 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 4
A3 =  0 2 −1   0 −1 1  =  0 −3 2 
0 −1 1 0 1 0 0 2 −1
     
1 0 4 1 0 2 1 0 0
A3 − 2A + I =  0 −3 2  − 2  0 −1 1  +  0 1 0 
0 2 −1 0 1 0 0 0 1
=0
Hence, A satisfies its characteristic equation, given by (1).
Now, To find A−1 ,

A3 − 2A + I = 0
A−1 A3 − 2A−1 A + A−1 = 0
A−1 = −A2 + 2I

   
1 2 2 1 0 0
A−1 = −  0 2 −1  + 2  0 1 0 
0 −1 1 0 0 1
 
0 −2 −2
=  0 0 1 
0 1 1
Question-2(b) Show that

p+1 q+1
Z π/2 Γ Γ
p q 1 2 2
sin θ cos θdθ = , p, q > −1
0 2 p+q+2
Γ
2
Hence, evaluate the following integrals:
R π/2
(i) 0 sin4 x cos5 xdx
R1 5/2
(ii) 0 x3 (1 − x2 ) dx
R1
(iii) 0 x4 (1 − x)3 dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: We define,
Z ∞
T (m) = xm−1 · e−x dx, m > 0
0
Z 1
β(m, n) = xm−1 (1 − x)n−1 dx, m, n > 0
0
We put,
sin2 θ = x ∴ 2 sin θ cos θdθ = dx
Z π/2 Z π/2 p−1 q−1
2 2 2 2

sin θ cos θdθ = sin θ 2 · cos θ 2 · sin θ cos θdθ
0 0
Z p−1
1
q−1
dx
= x 2 (1 − x) 2 ·
0 2

1 p+1 q+1
= β ,
2 2 2

p+1 q+1
Γ Γ
1 2 2
= ·
2 p+q+2
Γ
2

Γ(m)Γ(n)
∵ β(m, n) =
Γ(m + n)

(i)
4+1 5+1
Z π/2 Γ Γ
4 5 1 2 2
sin x cos xdx = ·
0 2 4+5+2
Γ
2

5
Γ · Γ(3)
1 2
= ·
2 1
Γ( )
2
√

1
∵ Γ(m) = (m − 1)!, Γ( ) = π, Γ(m) = (m − 1)Γ(m − 1)
2

1 3 1 1
× × ×Γ · 2!
2 2 2 2
=
9 7 5 3 1 1
× × × × × Γ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
8
=
315
(ii) Put,
x2 = y ⇒ 2xdx = dy
or
1
dx = dy
2x
Z 1 Z 1
3 2 5/2 dy
y(1 − y)5/2

x 1−x dx =
0 0 2

1 5 1 7
= β 1 + 1, + 1 = β 2,
2 2 2 2
7 7
1 Γ(2) · Γ( 2 ) 1 Γ(2)Γ( 2 )
= = ·
11

2 7 2
Γ 2+ Γ( )
2 2
7
1 (1)!Γ( ) 2
= · 2 =
2 9 7 7 63
· · Γ( )
2 2 2
(iii) Z 1
x4 (1 − x)3 dx = β(4 + 1, 3 + 1) = β(5, 4)
0
Γ(5)Γ(4) Γ(5) · 3!
= =
Γ(5 + 4) 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 · Γ(5)
1
=
280

Question-2(c) Find the maxima and minima for the function

f (x, y) = x3 + y 3 − 3x − 12y + 20
Also find the saddle points (if any) for the function.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
fx = 3x2 − 3, fy = 3y 2 − 12
for critical points, fx = 0 and fy = 0
∴ x = ±1, y = ±2
The function has four stationary points
(1, 2), (−1, 2), (1, −2), (−1, −2)
Now,
fxx = 6x , fyy = 6y , fxy = 0
At
(1, 2), fxx = +6 > 0, fyy = 12 > 0, fxy = 0
fxx · fyy − fxy = 6 · 12 − 0 = 72 > 0
∴ (1, 2)is point of minima
. At (−1, 2)
fxx = −6 < 0, fyy = 12 > 0, fxy = 0
2
fxx · fyy − fxy = −6 × 12 = −72 < 0
function is neither maximum, nor minimum at (−1, 2) At (1,-2)
fxx = 6 > 0, f yy = −12 < 0, fxy = 0
2
Fxx · fyy − fxy = −72 < 0
function is neither maximum, nor minimum at (1, −2) At(−1, −2)
fxx = −6 < 0, fyy = −12 < 0, fxy = 0
2
fxx · fyy − fxy = 72 > 0
(-1,-2) is print of maxima. Point of Maxima is (-1,-2) Point of Minima is (1,2) Stationary
points like (-1,2) and (1,-2) which are not extreme points are saddle points. Result Used:
f (a, b) is an extreme value of f (x, y),
if
fx (a, b) = 0 = fy (a, b),
and
2
fxx · fyy − fxy > 0 at (a, b)
and this extreme value is maximum if
fxx (a, b) < 0
or minimum if
fxx (a, b) > 0

Question-2(d) Show that the angles between √ the planes given by the equation
50
2x2 − y 2 + 3z 2 − xy + 7zx + 2yz = 0 is tan−1 .
4
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the equations of two planes be

a1 x + b 1 y + z = 0
and
a2 x + b2 y + 3z = 0
(∵ planes passes through origin).
Now the combined equation is
(a1 x + b1 y + z)(a2 x + b2 y + 3z) = 0
a1 a2 x2 + b1 b2 y 2 + 3z 2 + xy (a1 b2 + a2 b1 ) + xz (3a1 + a2 ) + yz (b2 + 3b1 ) = 0
Comparing the coefficients in the given eqn
a1 a2 = 2, b1 b2 = −1, a1 b2 + a2 b1 = −1
3a1 + a2 = 7, 3b1 + b2 = 2
⇒
a1 = 2, a2 = 1 ; b1 = 1, b2 = −1
Equations of planes are
2x + y + z = 0; x − y + 3z = 0
Angle between the planes
2 · 1 + 1(−1) + 1(3) 4 4
cos θ = √ √ =√ √ =√
4+1+1 1+1+9 6 · 11 66
√ √
50 50
∴ tan θ = ∴ θ = tan−1
4 4
Alternate solution: Let θ be the angle between pair of planes given by the general
homogeneous equation of second degree
ax2 + by 2 + √
cz 2 + 2f yz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0
2 (f 2 +g 2 +h2 −ab−bc−ca)
⇒ tan θ = a+b+c
Here, equation of pair of planes is,
2x2 − y 2 + 3z 2 − xy + 7zx + 2yz = 0
7 −1
a = 2, b = −1, c = 3,f = 1, g = , h =
q 2 2
49 1

2 1+ 4 + 4 +2+3−6
∴ tan θ =
s 2 − √ 1+3
2 50 50
= =
4 4 4
√
50
∴ θ = tan−1
4

Question-3(a) Reduce the following matrix to a row-reduced echelon form

and hence find its rank:
 
−1 2 −1 0
 2 4 4 2 
A=  0

0 1 5 
1 6 3 2
[10 Marks]
Solution:  
−1 2 −1 0
 2 4 4 2 
A=
 0

0 1 5 
1 6 3 2
R2 → R2 + 2R1 ; R4 → R4 + R1
 
−1 2 −1 0
 0 8 2 2 
A∼  0

0 1 5 
0 8 2 2
R4 → R4 − R2
 
−1 2 −1 0
 0 8 2 2 
∼
 0 0 1 5


0 0 0 0
Above form is row echelon form of A. we have 3 non-zero rows
∴ R ank(A) = 3
Question-3(b) Given that the set {u, v, w} is linearly independent, examine

the sets
(i){u + v, v + w, w + u}
(ii){u + v, u − v, u − 2v + 2wm} for linear independence.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Set of vectors {v1 , v2 , . . . vn } is L.I. if

c1 v1 + c2 v2 + . . . + cn vn = 0
implies that
c1 = c2 .... = cn = 0
(i) Let a, b, c ∈ R.

Consider,
a(u + v) + b(v + w) + c(ω + u) = 0
i.e.
(a + c)u + (a + b)v + (b + c)w = 0
Since {u, v, ω} are L.I.
∴ a + c = 0, a+b=0 , b+c=0
Adding these three,

2(a + b + c) = 0
. Hence,
a = 0, b = 0, c = 0
∴ Given set is L.I.
(ii) Again let a, b, c ∈ R and consider
a(u + v) + b(u − v) + c(u − 2v + 2w) = 0

(a + b + c)u + (a − b − 2c)v + 2cw = 0
⇒a+b+c=0 [∵ {u, v, ω} are L.I]
a − b − 2c = 0
∴ 2c = 0 ∴ c = 0 ⇒ a = 0; b = 0
Hence, given set is L.I.
Question-3(c) Evaluate the integral 0 0 e−(x +y ) dxdy, by changing to polar

R∞R∞ 2 2
√
R∞ 2 π
coordinates. Hence show that 0 e−x dx = .
2
[10 Marks]
Solution: The region of integration is first quadrant of xy-plane.

0 0 π
Hence r varies from 0 to ∞ and θ varies from 0 to .
2
Z ∞Z ∞
e−(x +y ) dxdy
2 2
I=
0 0
Z π/2 Z ∞
1 π/2 h −r2 i∞
Z
−r2
= e · rdrdθ = − e dθ
0 0 2 0 0
−1 π/2
Z
1 π π
= (0 − 1)dθ = × =
2 0 2 2 4
Also, Z ∞ Z ∞
−x2 2
I= dx ×
e e−y dy
0 0
Z ∞ 2
2 π
= e−x dx =
4
Z ∞ 0 √
2 π
∴ e−x dx =
0 2

Question-3(d) Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are
given by the relations l + m + n = 0 and 2lm + 2 ln −mn = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Eliminating n between the given relations

n = −(l + m)
2lm − 2l(l + m) + m(l + m) = 0
2lm − 2l2 − 2lm + ml + m2 = 0
or2`2 − lm − m2 = 0
2l2 − 2lm + 1m − m2 = 0
2l(l − m) + m(l − m) = 0
(l − m)(2l + m) = 0
If 2l + m = 0, then from l + m + n = 0, n=l
l m n
∴ = = . . . (1)
1 −2 1
If l − m = 0, then l + m + n = 0, n = −2m
l m n
= = . . . (2)
1 1 −2
Hence, angle between the lines with direction ratios given by (1) and (2) is
1 · 1 + (−2) · 1 + 1 · (−2) −3 −1
cos θ = √ √ = =
1+4+1· 1+1+4 6 2
−1
cos θ = ∴ θ = 120◦
2
Question-4(a) Find
the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors for
0 −2
the matrix A = . Examine whether the matrix A is diagonalizable.
1 3
Obtain a matrix D (if it is diagonalizable) such that D = P−1 AP .
[10 Marks]
Solution: Characteristic eqn,

−λ −2 λ2 − 3λ + 2 = 0
c =0 ⇒
1 3−λ (λ − 1)(λ − 2) = 0
Eigen values, λ = 1, λ=2


x
For λ = 1, Let eigenvector be, v
y
∴ Av = λv
i.e, (A − λ)v = 0
−1 −2 x 0
∴ =
1 2 y 0
ie.
−2
x + 2y = 0 ∴ Eigen-vector is
1
For
−2 −2 x 0
λ = 2, =
1 1 y 0
ie
1
x+y =0 ∴ Eigen vector is
−1
Here, algebraic multiplicity of each eigenvalue is equal to geometric multiplicity. ∴ A is
diagonizable.

−2 1 −1 −1 −1
P = ,P =
1 −1 −1 −2

−1 −1 −1 0 −2 −2 1 1 0
∴D = P AP = =
−1 2 1 3 1 −1 0 2
Question-4(b) A function f (x, y) is defined as follows:


 x2 y 2
, if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0, if (x, y) = (0, 0)

Show that fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0)
[10 Marks]
Solution:
fy (0 + h, 0) − fy (0, 0)
fxy (0, 0) = lim − (1)
h→0 h
f (0, k) − f (0, 0) 0
fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
k→0 k k→0 k
f (h, k) − f (h, 0) 1 h2 k 2
f y(h, 0) = lim = lim · 2
k→0 k k→0 k (h + k 2 )
=0
0−0
Hence, from (1), fxy (0, 0) = limh→0 = 0 Now,
h
fx (0, k) − fx (0, 0)
fyx (0, 0) = lim − (2)
k→0 k

f (h, k) − f (0, k) 1 h2 k 2
fx (0, k) = lim = lim · 2
h→0 h h→0 h h + k 2
=0
f (h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0−0
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim =0
h→0 h h→0 h
0−0
Hence, from(2), fyx = limk→0 =0
k
∴ fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0)
Question-4(c) Find the equation of the right circular cone with vertex at the
origin and whose axis makes equal angles with the coordinate axes and the
generator is the line passing through the origin with direction ratios (1, −2, 2).
[10 Marks]
Solution: The vertex of the cone is O(0,0,0) and since its axis makes equal angles
with the coordinate axes, so the equations of its axis can be taken as
x y z
= = (∵ l = m = n)
1 1 1
Also, d.r.’s of its generator are (1,-2,2) If θ is the semi-vertical angle of the cone, then
1 · 1 + 1 · (−2) + 1 · 2 1
cos θ = √ √ = √ − (1)
1+1+1· 1+4+4 3 3
If P (x, y, z) is any general point on the cone, then OP is a generator and d.r.’s of OP are
(x − 0, y − 0, z − 0) ie, (x, y, z) Also OP makes an angle θ with the axis
x·1+y·1+z·1
∴ cos θ = √ p − (2)
1 + 1 + 1 · x2 + y 2 + 2 2
From (1) and (2) ,
x+y+z 1
l√ p = √ or 9(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
2 2
3· x +y +z 2 3 3
or 4 x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 9(xy + yz + zx) = 0


Question-4(d) Find the shortest distance and the equation of the line of the
shortest distance between the lines
x−3 y−8 z−3
= =
3 −1 1
and
x+3 y+7 z−6
= =
−3 2 4
[10 Marks]
Solution: Any point on first line P (3r + 3, −r + 8, r + 3) Any point on second line
Q(−3t − 3, 2t − 7, 4t + 6) D.r.’s of P Q are
(3r + 3t + 6, r − 2t + 15, r − 4t − 3) − (1)

If P Q is the shortest distance (SD) between the given lines, then P Q is perpendicular
both lines.
∴ 3(3r + 3t + 6) − 1(−r − 2t + 15) + 1(r − 4t − 3) = 0
and
−3(3r + 3t + 6) + 2(−r − 2t + 5) + 4(r − 4t − 3) = 0
or
11r + 7t = 0and7r + 29t = 0
Solving, we get r = 0, t = 0
∴ P oints, P (3, +8, 3)andQ(−3, −7, 6)
D.r’s of P Q are (6, 15, −3) or (2, 5, −1)
p
SD = P Q = (3 + 3)2 + (8 + 7)2 + (3 − 6)2
√ √
= 36 + 225 + 9 = 3 30
Also, P Q is line through P (3, 8, 3) and with d.r.’s (2, 5, −1) , so it equation is
x−3 y−8 z−3
= =
2 5 −1
4.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Solve
d
2D3 − 7D2 + 7D − 2 y = e−8x .where, D =

dx
[8 Marks]

Solution: Let
2D3 − 7D2 + 7D − 2 = f (D) − (1)
∴ f (D)y = e−8x − (2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is, f (D) = 0 or
2D3 − 7D2 + 7D − 2 = 0
1
roots are ,
D = 1, 2, .
2
Complementary function (CF ) of (2) is
y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 ex/2 − (3)
For finding particular integral (P I)−
f (D)y = Q(x)
where,
Q(x) = e−8x
1
PI = Q(x)
f (D)
1
· e−8x

=
1
(D − 1)(D − 2) D − 2
2
1
= · e−8x
(−8 − 1)(−8 − 2)(−16 − 1)
1
= e−8x − (4)
−1530
General solution, y = yc + yp
e−8x
y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 ex/2 −
1530

d2 y dy
x2 2
− 2x − 4y = x4
dx dx
[8 Marks]
Solution:
d2 y dy
x2 2
− 2x − 4y = x4
dx dx
Using the substitution,
x = ez , i.e, z = log x

The equation becomes

d
(D1 (D1 − 1) − 2D1 − 4)y = e4z , D1 =
dz
∴ D12 − 3D1 − 4 y = e4z − (2)

Auxiliary equation of (2) is
D12 − 3D1 − 4 = 0 ∴ D1 = 4, −1
∴ C · F = yc = c1 e−z + c2 e4z − (3)
1 4z

PI = e
D12 − 3D1 − 4
1
e4z

=
(D1 − 4) (D1 + 1)
1 e42
= ·
(D1 − 4) (4 + 1)
z 4z
= · e − (4)
5
∴ y = yc + yp
ze4z
= c1 e−z + c2 e4z +
5
e4 log x
= c1 e− log x + c2 e4 log x + log x ·
5
c1 1
= + c2 x4 + x4 · log x
x 5
Question-5(c) A particle is undergoing simple harmonic motion of period T

about a centre O and it passes through the position P (OP = b) with velocity
v in the direction
OP . Prove that the time that elapses before it returns to P
T vT
is tan−1 .
π 2πb
[8 Marks]
Solution:
2π
x = a sin ωt, v = aω cos ωt, ω=
T
At
x=b
b = a sin ωtb
1 b
⇒ tb = sin−1
ω a
T b
= sin−1
2π a
T 2π 1
ta = = ·
4 ω 4

v = aω cos ωtb
1/2
∴ v = aω 1 − sin2 ωtb
1/2
b2

= aω 1 − 2
a
√
= ω a2 − b 2
v2
⇒ a2 = 2 + b 2
ω
2
vT
= + b2
2π
Time required,

T T b
t = 2 (ta − tb ) = 2 − sin−1
4 2π a

T π b T b
= − sin−1 = cos−1
π 2 a π a
√
T 2
a −b 2
= · tan−1
π b
T Tv
= tan1
π 2πb
" 2 #
vT
∵ a2 − b 2 =
2π
Question-5(d) A heavy uniform cube balances on the highest point of a sphere

whose radius is r. If the sphere is rough enough to prevent sliding and if the
πr
side of the cube be , then prove that the total angle through which the cube
2
can swing without falling is 90◦ .
[8 Marks]
Solution: If G is the centre of gravity of the cube, then for equilibrium the line OCG
must be vertical. First we show that the equilibrium of the cube is stable.
Here, P1 = the radius of curvature of the upper body at the point of contact = ∞ and,
P2 = the radius of curvature of the lower body at the point of contact = r h = height

of the centre of gravity, G of the upper body above the point C = half of the edge of cube
πr
=
4
The equilibrium will be stable if
1 1 1 1 1 1
> + i.e, > +
h P1 P2 πr/4 ∞ r
ie.
4 1
> i.e, 4>π
πr r
which is true.
Hence, the equilibrium is stable. So, if the cube is slightly displaced, it will tend to come
back to its original position of equilibrium.
During a swing to the right, the cube will not fall down till the right hand corner A of
the lowest edge comes in contact with the sphere.
If θ is the angle through which the cube twins when the right hand corner A of the lowest
edge comes in contact within sphere,
πr
∴ rθ = half the edge of the cube =
4
∴ θ = π/4
Similarly, the cube can turn through an angle of π/4 to the left side on the sphere.
π
Hence the total angle through which the cube can swing (or rock) without falling is 2
4
π
ie, .
2
Question-5(e) Prove that

∇2 rn = n(n + 1)rn−2
and that rn →
−r -is irrotational, where r = |→−r | = px2 + y2 + z2 .
[8 Marks]

Solution:
∇2 rn = ∇ · (∇rn ) = div (gradrn )
= div nrn−1 gradr

n−1 ~r
= div nrn−2~r

= div nr
r
n−2
div ~r + ~r · g rad nrn−2

= nr
= 3nrn−2 + ~r · n(n − 2)rn−3 gradr

n−2 n−3 ~ r
= 3nr + ~r · n(n − 2)r ·
r
n−2 n−4

= 3nr + ~r · n(n − 2)r ~r
= nrn−2 (3 + n − 2)
= n(n + 1)rn−2
Now, p
|~r| = x2 + y 2 + z 2
rn~r = rn {xi + yj + zk}
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl(~r) =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x y z
= i(0) + j(0) + k(0) = 0
[∵ curl(φA) = (gradφ) × A + φ curl A)]
Hence, rn~r is irrotational.
Question-6(a) Solve the differential equation

2
dy dy
+2· · y cot x = y 2
dx dx
[15 Marks]
Solution: 2
dy dy
+2· · y cot x = y 2 − (1)
dx dx
Put
dy
=p
dx
p2 + 2py cot x = y 2
⇒
p2 + 2py cot x + y 2 cot2 x = y 2 + y 2 cot2 x
⇒
(p + y cot x)2 = y 2 cosec2 x
∴ p + y cot x = ±y cosec x

i.e., 
dy
+ y(cot x − cosec x) = 0  components

dx
dy of eqn .
+ y(cot x + cosec x) = 0 

dx
dy
+ (cot x − cosec x)dx = 0
y
Integrating x
log y + log sin x − log tan = log C
2
x
∴ log y = log C + log tan − log sin x
2
x
c × tan x/2 c · sin
y= = 2
sin x x x x
cos · 2 sin cos
2 2 2
c c
y= x = 1 + cos x
2 cos2
2
ie y(1 + cos x) = C is one solution. Similarly, solving the second equation, we get,
y(1 − cosx) = C
∴ General solution of (1)is, [y(1 + cos x) − c][y(1 − cosx) − C] = 0
Question-6(b) A string of length a, forms the shorter diagonal of a rhombus

formed of four uniform rods, each of length b and weight W, which are hinged
together. If one of the rods is supported in a horizontal position, then prove
2W (2b2 − a2 )
that the tension of the string is √ .
b 4b2 − a2
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let T be the tension in the string BD. The total weight out of the rods
AB, BC, CD and DA can be taken as acting of the point of intersection O of the diagonals
AC and BD. We have, ∠AOB = 90◦
Let ∠ABO = θ, Draw OM ⊥ toAB Give the system a small symmetrical displacement
in which θ change from to θ + δθ. The line AB remains fixed. The points O, C and D
change. The angle AOB will remain 90◦ . BD = 2BO = 2ABcosθ = 2bcosθ (∵ length
BD = a at equilibrinm. It changes during displacement, and depends on angle θ ) The
depth of O below the fixed line
AB = M O = (BO) sin θ = (ABcosθ) sin θ

ie
M O = b sin θ cos θ
By the principle of virtual work,
−T δ(2bcosθ) + 4W δ(b sin θ cos θ) = 0

or
2bT sin θδθ + 4bW cos2 θ − sin2 θ δθ = 0

or
2b T sin θ − 2W sin2 θ − cos2 θ δθ = 0

or
T sin θ − 2W sin2 θ − cos2 θ = 0 (∵ δθ 6= 0)

or
2W sin2 θ − cos2 θ

2W (1 − 2 cos2 θ)
T = = √
sin θ 1 − cos2 θ
In the position of equilibrium,
a
l ∴ BD = a or BO =
2
BO a
∴ cos θ = =
AB 2 2b
a
2W 1 − 2 · 2
4b
∴T = r
a2
1− 2
4b
2W (2b2 − a2 )
∴T = √
b 4b2 − a2
Question-6(c) Using Stokes’ theorem, evaluate

Z
[(x + y)dx + (2x − z)dy + (y + z)dz]
C
where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices at (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and
(0, 0, 6).
[10 Marks]
H
Solution: The given integral is of the form c
F · dr, where
F = (x + y)i + (2x − z)j + (y + z)k
dx = idx + jdy + kdz

C: Boundary of Triangle ABC S: Area of Triangle ABC

i j k
2 ∂ ∂
curl(F ) = = 2i + k − (1)
2x ∂y ∂z
x + y 2x − z y + z
Using Stokes’ theorem, I x
F~ · d~r = (curl F~ · n̂)dS
C S
Here x y z
n̂, is unit normal vector to + + = 1
2 3 6

6 i j k 1
n̂ = √ + + = √ (3i + 2j + k) − (2)
14 2 3 6 14
1 7
curl(F~ ) · n̂ = √ (6 + 1) = √ [from(1)&(2)]
14 14
7 x
I
7
∴ F~ · d~r = √ dS = √ ( Area of 4ABC)
C 14 S 14
7 √
= √ × 3 14 = 21
14
[Area(4ABC) ⇒ ∆2 = ∆2x + ∆2y + ∆2z
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
∆ = ×3·6 + ·2·6 + · 2 · 3 = 126]
2 2 2

3
3x dy dy
e −1 + e2y = 0
dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let ex = X, ey = Y
∴ ex dx = dx, ey dy = dy
dY ey dy
⇒ = x
dX e dx

Y
⇒P = p
X
X
⇒p= P
Y
The given ODE becomes
3
3x dy dy
e −1 + e2y = 0
dx dx
3
3 X X
X P −1 + P Y2 =0
Y Y
XP − Y + P 3 = 0
⇒ Y = XP + P 3
, which is in Clairaut’s form y = xp + f (p)
Hence, the general solution is
Y = Xc + c3
⇒ ey = cex + c3
Question-7(b) A planet is describing an ellipse about the Sun as a focus. Show

that its velocity away from the Sun is the greatest when the radius vector to
the planet is at a right angle to the major axis of path and that-the velocity
2π ae
then is √ , where 2a is the major axis, e is the eccentricity and T is the
T 1 − e2
periodic time.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The polar equation of the elliptic orbit B

l
= 1 + e cos θ d lu = 1 + e cos θ − (1)
a
We know,
2 2 2 1
h = r θ̇ d θ̇ = hu u= − (2)
r
Also,
dr dr dθ 1 du du
hu2 = −h

= =− 2
dt dθ dt u dθ dθ
dr
for maximum value of , we have
dt
d2 u

d dr d ∂u
=0 d −h =0 d =0
dθ dt dθ dθ dθ2
(∵ h is constant)
From (1) ,
du −e d2 u e
= sin θ & = − cos θ
dθ l dθ2 l

d2 u −e π
∴ 2
=0⇒ cos θ = 0 ⇒ cos θ = 0, i.e, θ =
dθ l 2
dr
This proves the first part. For maximum value of ,
dt
du e π e
= − sin = − − (3)
dθ l 2 l
From Z
dr he p e µ
(2)&(3), = = µl · = e − (4)
dt max l l l
As,
b2
= a 1 − e2

l=
a
and
2πa3/2
√ T =
µ
√ p
∴ l = a (1 − e2 )
and
√ 2πa3/2
µ=
T
Substituting in (4)
2πa3/2 e

dr 2πae
= p = √
dt max
2
T a (1 − e ) T 1 − e2
[l = semi-latus rectum]
Question-7(c) A semi-ellipse bounded by its minor axis is just immersed in a

liquid, the density of which varies as the depth. If the minor axis lies on the
surfare, then find the eccentricity in order that the focus may be the centre
of pressure.
[10 Marks]
Solution: BAB 0 is the semi-ellipse immersed in a liquid with minor axis BB 0 in the
surface. Consider the elementary strip of width dx at a distance x from c.

∴ P = ρgx = kx · gx = kgx2
ds = 2ydx
But,
x2 y 2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
ie.
b√ 2
y= a − x2
a
2b √ 2
∴ ds = a − x2 dx
a
Ra 2b √ 2
Ra
xpds 0
x · kg x2 · a − x2 dx
0
∴ x̄ = R a = R a
pds a 2b √ 2
0
0
kg x2 a − x2 dx
a
R a 3√
x a2 − x2 dx
= R0a √
0
x2 a2 − x2 dx
Put,
x =a sin θ, dx = acosθdθ
R π/2 3 3
a sin θ · a2 cos2 θdθ
∴ x̄ = R0π/2
a2 sin2 θ · a2 cos2 θdθ
0
2·1 1·1 π
= a / ·
5·3 4·2 2
32
= a
15π
CS = Distance of focus from C
32a
= ae =
15π
32
∴ e=
15π
Question-7(d) Evaluate x →
−
(∇ × f ) · n̂dS
S
−3
y=3= (3 · 0)
2
p
where S is the surface of the cone, z = 2 − x2 + y 2 above xy-plane and
f~ = (x − z)î + x3 + yz ĵ − 3xy 2 k̂

[10 Marks]

Solution: The xy-plane cuts the surface S of cone in the circle, C whose equation is
x2 + y 2 = 4; z = 0. parametric eqn: x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t By Stokes’ theorem,
x I
~
(∇ × f ) · n̂dS = F~ · d~r
S C
Z
(x − 2)dx + x3 + yz dy + −3xy 2 dz

=
c
Z
= xdx + x3 dy (∵ z = dz = 0)
c
Z 2π
dx 3 dy
= x +x dt
t=0 dt dt
Z 2π
2 cos t(−2 sin t) + 8 cos3 t · 2 cos t dt

=
t=0
Z 2π
−2(sin 2t) + 16 cos4 t dt

=
t=0
Z 2π Z 2π 2
1 + cos2t
= −2 sin 2tdt + 16 dt
0 0 2

1 1 2π 1 2π 1
= [cos 2t]2π
0 + 16 2π 2π
sin 4x]0 − [n]0 + [x]0 + [sin 2x]0
32 8 2 4

2π 2π
= 0 + 16 0 − + +0
8 2
= 12π
d2 y
Question-8(a) Solve + 4y = tan 2x by using the method of variation of
dx2
parameter.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Comparing with,

y2 + P y1 + Qy = R
P = 0, Q = 4, R = tan 2x
Auxiliary
eqn D2 + 4 = 0

∴ D = ±2i
yc = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x − (1)
Using method of variation of parameters, let the complete solution be given by
y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x
, where A and B are functions of x.
Then,
u(x) = cos 2x, v(x) = sin 2x, R(x) = tan 2x

.
u v cos 2x sin 2x
W = = =2
u0 v 0 −2 sin 2x 2 cos 2x
−vR − sin 2x · tan 2x
Z Z
A= dx = dx
w 2
− sin2 2x −1 1 − cos2 2x
Z Z
= dx = dx
2 cos 2x 2 cos 2x
−1
Z
= (sec 2x − cos 2x)dx
2
1
= − (log | sec 2x + tan 2x| − sin 2x)
4
cos 2x · tan 2x
Z Z
uR
and, B = dx = dx
w 2
Z
1 1
= sin 2xdx = − cos 2x
2 4
−1 1
∴y= (log | sec 2x + tan 2x | − sin 2x) cos 2x − cos 2x · sin 2x − (2),
4 4
where y is the general solution of the given DE.
Question-8(b) A particle moves in a straight line, its acceleration directed

5 1
a 3
towards a fixed point O in the line and is always equal to µ when it
x2
is at a distance x from O. If it starts from rest at a distance a from
r O, then
√ 8 6
prove that it will arrive at O with a velocity a 6µ -after time .
15 µ
[10 Marks]
Solution: Acceleration,
d2 x a5/3
= −µ ·
dt2 x2/3
2
dx dx a5/3 dx
2 · = −2µ ·
dt2 dt x2/3 dt

dx
Integrating both sides w.r.t from rest to final point (0).
dt
v0
1/3 0
2
dx 5/3 x
= − 2µa
dt 1/3 a
0
v02 = 6µa5/3 · a1/3 = 6µa2

p
v0 = a 6µ
2 dx/dt
dx x
= − 6µa5/3 · x1/3 a
dt
0

2
dx
= 6µa5/3 a1/3 − x1/3

dt
Z t0
dx p
√ =− 6µa5/3 dt
a1/3 − x1/3 0
Put,
x1/3 = a1/3 sin2 θ ⇒ x = a sin6 θ ⇒ dx = 6a sin5 θ cos θ
x = 0 → θ = π/2
x=0→θ=0
Z 0 5 Z t0 p
6a sin θ cos θ
1/2 dθ = − 6µa5/3 dt
1/6 2
π/2 a 1 − sin θ 0
p Z π/2
5/3
6µa t0 = 6a5/6 sin5 θdθ
0
p 4·2 16
6µa5/6 t0 = 6a5/6 · = a5/6
1·3·5 5
16 1
∴ t0 = ·√
5 6µ
r
8 6
t0 = ·
15 µ
Question-8(c) Find the curvature and torsion of the circular helix

→
−r = a(cos θ, sin θ, θ cot β),
β is the constant angle at which it cuts its generators.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Curvature,
d~r d2~r
×
dθ dθ2
κ= 3 − (1)
d~r
dθ
Torsion,
d~r d2~r d3~r

dθ dθ2 dθ3
τ= 2 − (2)
d~r d2~r
×
dθ dθ2
~r = a(cos θi + sin θj + θ cot βk)
d~r
= a(− sin θi + cos θj + cot βk)
dθ
d2~r
= a(− cos θi − sin θj)
dθ2

d3~r
= a(sin θi − cosθj)
dθ3
i j k
d~r d2~r
× = −a sin θ a cos θ acotβ
dθ dθ2 −a cos θ −a sin θ 0
= i a2 sin θ cot β − j a2 cos θ cot β

+k a2 sin2 θ + a2 cos2 θ

= a2 [(sin θ cot β)i − (cos θ cot β)j + k]

d~r d2~r p
× 2 = a2 (sin θ cot β)2 + (cos θcotβ)2 + 12
dθ dθ
p
= a2 1 + cot2 β = a2 cosec β
∂~r
q
= a sin2 θ + cos2 θ + cot2 β = a cosec β
dθ
a2 · cosec β 1
∴ κ= 3
= sin2 β
(a cosec β) a
For torsion, scalar triple product is
−a sin θ acosθ a cot β
d~r d2~r d3~r

=−a cos θ −a sin θ 0
dθ dθ2 dθ3 a sin θ −a cos θ 0
= a cot β a2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ

= a3 cot β
a3 cot β
τ=
(a2 cosec β)2
1 cos β
= · × sin2 β
a sin β
1
= sin β cos β
a
Question-8(d) If the tangent to a curve makes a constant angle α, with a fixed

K
line, then prove that κ cos α ± τ sin α = 0 Conversely, if is constant, then show
t
that the tangent makes a constant angle with a fixed direction.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let e, be the unit vector parallel to the given fixed line so that as given
t · e = cos α . . . (1)

Differentiating. we get
dt
·e=0 κn · e = 0 ( frenet’s first )
ds
∴ n·e=0 . . . (2)
Hence, n is ⊥ to e. Thus, the vectors b, t, e are coplanar.
∴ b · e = ± sin α . . . (3)
Differentiating (2) and applying Frenet-Serret formula,

dn
·e=0
ds
ie
−(κt + τ b) · e = 0
∴ κ cos α ± τ sin α = 0
from (1)&(3) Conversely: het
κ 1
= ,
τ a
a is some scalar constant. or
1 a
=
κ τ
ie,
σ = ap
As
dt 1 db 1
= nand = n
ds p ds σ
dt db
∴p =n=σ
ds ds
or
dt σ db db
= · =a
ds p ds ds
Integrating, we get
t = ab + c ,
where c is a constant vector.
Multiplying scalarly with t, we get
t · t = ab · t + c · t
1 = 0 + ct, i.e t · c = 1
Hence, the tangent makes a constant angle with a fixed direction.

Chapter 5
2016
5.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Let T : B3 → B4 be given by T (x, y, z) = (2x − y, 2x + z, (z) + 2z, x +

y + z). Find the matrix of T with respect to standard basis of EB3 and R4 (i.e.,
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), etc. Examine if T is a linear map.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given T : R3 → R4 ,
T (x, y, z) = (2x − y, 2x + z, x + 2z, x + y + z)
T (1, 0, 0) = (2, 2, 1, 1)
= 2(1, 0, 0, 0) + 2(0, 1, 0, 0) + 1(0, 0, 1, 0) + 1(0, 0, 0, 1)
T (0, 1, 0) = (−1, 0, 0, 1)
= −1(1, 0, 0, 0) + 0(0, 1, 0, 0) + 0(0, 0, 1, 0) + 1(0, 0, 0, 1)
T (0, 0, 1) = (0, 1, 2, 1)
= 0(1, 0, 0, 0) + 1(0, 1, 0, 0) + 2(0, 0, 1, 0) + 1(0, 0, 0, 1)
]
 
 2 −1 0 >
2 2 1 1  2 0 1 
β
∴ [T ]α = −1 0 0 1  = 

 1 0 2 

0 1 2 1
1 1 1
Let a = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) , b = (x2 , y2 , z2 ) & k is constant.
T (a + b) =T (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 )

2 (x1 + x2 ) − (y1 + y2 ) , 2 (x1 + x2 ) + (z1 + z2 ) ,
=
(x1 + x2 ) + 2 (z1 + z2 ) , (x1 + x2 ) + (y1 + y2 ) + (z1 + z2 )

(2x1 − y1 ) + (2x2 − y2 ) , (2x1 + z1 ) + (2x2 + z2 )
=
(x1 + 2z1 ) + (x2 + 2z2 ) + (x1 + y1 + z1 ) + (x2 + y2 + z2 )
= T (x1 , y1 , z1 ) + T (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = T (a) + T (b)
Similary,
T (kx1 ) = k · T (x1 ) .
Hence T is linear.
128
x
Question-1(b) Show that < log(1 + x) < x for x > 0.
(1 + x)
[8 Marks]
Solution: Consider the function,

x
f (x) = log(1 + x) −
1+x
1 (1 + x) − x 1
f 0 (x) = − 2
= >0
1+x (1 + x) 1 + x2
∴ f (x) is increasing function,
∴ If x > 0 ⇒ f (x) > f (0)
ie
x 0
log(1 + x) − > log(1 + 0) −
1+x 1+0
ie x
log(1 + x) > − (1)
1+x
Again, let
g(x) = x − log(1 + x)
1 x
g 0 (x) = 1 − = > 0 ∀x > 0
1+x 1+x
∴ g(x) is increasing function ∴
f or, x > 0 ⇒ f (x) > f (0)
ie
x − log(1 + x) > 0 − log(1 + 0)
x > log(1 + x) − (2)
Combining (1) and (2),
x
< log(1 + x) < x
1+x
xy
Question-1(c) Examine if the function f (x, y) = , (x, y) 6= (0, 0) and
x2 + y2
∂f ∂f
f (0, 0) = 0 is continuous at (0, 0). Find and at points other than origin.
∂x ∂y
[8 Marks]

Solution: ( xy
, (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x) = x2 + y 2
0 , (x, y) = (0, 0)
We show that limit does not exist at (0, 0).
Along the curve y = mx,
x(mx) m
lim =
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + (mx) 2 1 + m2
Which is different for different values of x. Hence, limit does not exist and to f(x) is not
continuous at (0,0).
For the points, other than origin
y (x2 + y 2 ) − 2x(xy)

∂F ∂ xy
= =
∂x ∂x x2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
y 3 − x2 y y (y 2 − x2 )
= =
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
Similarly,
∂F x (x2 − y 2 )
=
∂y (x2 + y 2 )2
Question-1(d) If the point (2,3) is the mid-point of a chord of the parabola

y 2 = 4x, then obtain the equation of the chord.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let two points on the parabola be A (x1 , y1 ) & B (x2 , y2 ) where chord
cut the parabola and P (2, 3) be the mid-point.
∴ y12 = 4x1 − (1) & y22 = 4x2 − (2)

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
=2 , =3
2 2
As
y22 − y12 = 4x2 − 4x1
(y1 + y2 ) (y2 − y1 ) = 4 (x2 − x1 )

y2 − y1 4
=
x2 − x1 y1 + y2
4 2
= =
6 3
Slope of
y2 − y1
AB =
x 2 − x1
2
=
3
∴ Eqn of Chord:
y − 3 = 2/3(x − 2)
3y − 9 = 2x − 4
2x − 3y + 5 = 0
 
−1 2 2
Question-1(e) For the matrix A =  2 −1 2  , obtain the eigenvalue and
2 2 −1
4 3 2
get the value of A + 3A − 9A .
[8 Marks]
Solution: Here, |A − λI| = 0 gives
−1 − λ 2 2
2 −1 − λ 2 =0
2 2 −1 − λ
⇒ λ3 + 3λ2 − 9λ − 27 = 0
⇒ (λ + 3) λ2 − 9 = 0

∴ λ = −3, 3, 3 are the eigenvalues. By Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.

A3 + 3A2 − 9A − 27I = 0
⇒ A4 + 3A3 − 9A2 − 27A = 0
 
−27 54 54
∴ A4 + 3A3 − 9A2 = 27A =  54 −27 54 
54 54 −27
R∞R∞
Question-2(a) After changing the order of integration of 0 0
e−xy sin nxdxdy
R ∞ sin nx π
show that 0 dx = .
x 2
[10 Marks]

Solution: Z ∞ Z ∞
I= sin nx · e−xy · dydx
Z0 ∞ 0 −xy ∞
e
= sin nx · dx
0 −x y=0
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 sin nx
= sin nx 0 + dx = dx − (1)
0 x 0 x
Now, first integrating w.r.t x,
Z ∞ ∞ Z ∞
1 −xy 1 −xy
I= − e · sin nx + e · ncosnxdx dy
0 y x=0 0 y
Z ∞ ∞ Z ∞ −xy
n 1 −xy e
= − e cos nx − n sin nx dy
0 y y x=0 0 y
Z ∞
n 1 n 0
= 0 + − I dy
0 y y y
Z ∞
n2

n
= − I dy
0 y2 y2
n2 n2

n n
∴ − I = I ⇒ I 1 + =
y2 y2 y2 y2
n
I= 2
n + y2
Z ∞ ∞
n 1 −1 y π π
∴ 2 2
dy = · n tan = −0=
0 n +y n n 0 2 2
Z ∞
sin nx
∴I= = π/2
0 x
Question-2(b) A perpendicular is drawn from the centre of ellipse Q

x2 y 2
+ = 1 to any tangent. Prove that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular
a2 b 2
2
is given-by (x2 + y 2 ) = a2 x2 + b2 y 2 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: The tangent to the ellipse

x2 y 2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
is √
y = mx ± a2 m2 + b2 − (1)
for any value of m.

k−0 k h
Slope of line OP = = , Slope of tangent line = − (OP ⊥ L)
h−0 h k
∴ Eqn of tangent line
h
y − k = − (x − h)
k 2
h h
y =− x+ +k
k k 2
h + k2

h
y =− x+ − (2)
k k
Comparing Eqn (1) with (2)
√ h2 + k 2
± a2 m2 + b2 =
k
2 ! 2 2
h + k2

2 −h 2 −h
a +b = ∵m=
k k k
2
∴ a2 h2 + b2 k 2 = h2 + k 2
Hence required locus: 2
x2 + y 2 = a2 x 2 + b 2 y 2
√
Question-2(c) Using mean value theorem, find a point on the curve y = x − 2,
defined on [2, 3], where the tangent (is, parallel to the chord joining the end
points of the curve.
[10 Marks]
Solution: √
y= x − 2, x ∈ [2, 3]
y2 = x − 2

End points are A(2, 0) and B(3, 1)

√
y = x − 2, is continuous on[2, 3]
√
y = x − 2, is differentiable on(2, 3)
Hence, by Lagrange’s mean value theorem (LMVT), there exists some c ∈ (2, 3) s.t.
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) =
b−a
1 f (3) − f (2) 1−0
√ = =
2 c−1 3−2 1
√
⇒2 c−1=1
1 9
ie. c − 2 = ⇒ c =
4 4
Hence, at r
9 1
x = 9/4, y = −2= ,
4 2
tangent to the curve is parallel to the chord joining the end points as slopes are equal
there.
Question-2(d) Let T be a linear map such that T : v3 → v2 defined by

T (e1 ) = 2f1 − f2 ,
T (e2 ) = f1 + 2f2 ,
T (e3 ) = 0f1 + 0f2 ,
where e1 , e2 , e3 and f1 , f2 are standard basis in V3 and V2 .
Find the matrix of T relative to these basis.
Further take two other basis B1 [(1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)] and B2 [(1, 1), (1, −1)]. Ob-
tain the matrix T1 relative to B1 and B2 .
[10 Marks]
Solution:
T (e1 ) = 2f1 − f2

T (e2 ) = f1 + 2f2
T (e3 ) = 0f1 + 0f2
 >
2 −1
2 1 0
T = 1 2
  =
−1 2 0
0 0
 
a
2 1 0   2a + b
T (a, b, c) = b =
−1 2 0 −a + 2b
c
T (1, 1, 0) = (3, 1) = x1 (1, 1) + y1 (1, −1)
T (1, 0, 1) = (2, −1) = x2 (1, 1) + y2 (1, −1)
T (0, 1, 1) = (1, 2) = x3 (1, 1) + y3 (1, −1)
1 3 3 −1
∴ x1 = 2, y1 = 1, x2 = , y2 = , x3 = , y3 =
2 2 2 2
 >
2 1
B2 2 1/2 3/2
∴ [T ]B1 = 1/2 3/2
  =
1 3/2 −1/2
3/2 −1/2
 
3 −3 4
Question-3(a) For the matrix A =  2 −3 4 , find two non-singular matrices
0 −1 1
P and Q such that PAQ = I. Hence find A−1 .
[10 Marks]
Solution:
IAI =A
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 3 −3 4
 0 1 0 A 0 1 0  =  2 −3 4 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −1 1
2
R2 → R2 − R1
3
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 3 −3 4
 −2/3 1 0  A  0 1 0  =  0 −1 4/3 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −1 1
R3 → R3 − R2
    
1 0 0 1 0 0 3 −3 4
 −2/3 1 0  A  0 1 0  =  0 −1 4/3 
2/3 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1/3
C2 → C2 + C1 , C3 → C3 − 4/3C1
     
1 0 0 1 1 −4/3 3 0 0
 −2/3 1 0  A  0 1 0  =  0 −1 4/3 
2/3 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1/3

4
C3 → C3 + C2
3
     
1 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0
 −2/3 1 0  A  0 1 4/3  =  0 −1 0 
2/3 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1/3
R1 → R1 /3, R2 → −R2 , R3 → −3R3
     
1/3 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
 2/3 −1 0  A  0 1 4/3  =  0 +1 0 
−2 3 −3 0 0 1 0 0 1
P AQ = I
A = P −1 Q−1
A−1 = QP
    
1 1 0 1/3 0 0 1 −1 0
⇒ A−1 =  0 1 4/3   2/3 −1 0  =  −2 3 −4 
0 0 1 −2 3 −3 −2 3 −3
Question-3(b) Using Lagrange’s method of multipliers, find the point on the

plane 2x + 3y + 4z = 5 which is closest to the point (1, 0, 0).
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the required point be (x, y, z). Now we have to maximize
f (x, y, z) = (x − 1)2 + y 2 + z 2 − (1)
subject to
2x + 3y + 4z = 5 − (2)
Let
g(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y + 4z − 5
Let λ be the Lagrange’s multiplier,
f + λg = F (x, y, z)
For critical points, ∂F = 0
dx = 2(x − 1) + 2λ = 0 ⇒ x = −λ + 1
3λ
dy = 2y + 3λ = 0 ⇒ y=−
2
dz = 2z + 4λ = 0 ⇒ z = −2λ
Using Eqn (2)
3λ
2(−λ + 1) + 3 − + 4(−2λ) = 5
2
−29 6
λ=3⇒λ=−
2 29

6 35 9 12
∴x= +1= , y= ,z =
29 29 29 29
Hence, the required point is
35 9 12
, ,
29 29 29
(which is the foot of the ⊥ also).
Question-3(c) Obtain the area between the curve x = 3(sec θ + cos θ) and its
asymptote x = 3.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The curve is symmetrical about the initial line and has an asymptote
r = 3 sec θ
In the upper half of the curve θ varies from 0 to π/2.
∴The required area

Z π/2 Z 3(secθ+cosθ)
=2 rdrdθ
0 3secθ
3(sec θ+cosθ)
π/2
r2
Z
=2 dθ
0 2
3 sec θ
Z π/2
9
=2· (sec θ + cosθ)2 − sec2 θdθ
2 0
Z π/2
2 + cos2 θ dθ

=9
0

π/2 1 π π 1
= 9 (2θ)0 + · =9· 2+
2 2 2 2
45
= π sq. unit.
4

Question-3(d) Obtain the equation of the sphere on which the intersection of

the plane 5x − 2y + 4z + 7 = 0 with the sphere which has (0, 1, 0) and (3, −5, 2) as
the end points of its diameter is a great circle.
[10 Marks]
Solution: r
9 7
r= +9+1=
4 2
Equation of S1 2
3 49
x− + (y + 2)2 + (z − 1)2 =
2 4
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 4y − 2z − 5 = 0
Equation of S2 is :S1 + λP = 0
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 4y − 2z − 5 + λ(5x − 2y + 4z + 7) = 0

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (−3 + 5λ)x + (4 − 2λ)y

+(−2 + 4λ)z − 5 + 7λ = 0
Centre
3 − 5λ
, −2 + λ, 1 − 2λ
2
lies on P
3 − 5λ
5 − 2(−2 + λ) + 4(1 − 2λ) + 7 = 0
2
λ=1
∴ Eqn of S2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 2y + 2z + 2 = 0
with centre (-1,-1,-1) and radius 1 .

Question-4(a) Examine whether the real quadratic form 4x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 + 2xy −

2yz − 4xz is a positive definite or not. Reduce it to its diagonal form and
determine its signature.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given quadratic form can be written is:

4x2 + xy − 2xz + yx − y 2 − yz + −2zx − zy + 2z 2

The matrix of this quadratic form is:

 
4 1 −2 Which is a symmetric
A =  1 −1 −1  square matrix of order
−2 −1 2 3×3
First we reduce it to its diagonal (canonical) form by writing A = IAI
     
4 1 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0
 1 −1 −1  =  0 1 0  A  0 1 0 
−2 −1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1
To avoid fraction,
R2 → 4R2 , R3 → 2R3
     
4 1 −2 1 0 0 1 0 0
 4 −4 −4  =  0 4 0  A  0 1 0 
−4 −2 4 0 0 2 0 0 1
Perform corresponding column operations,
C2 → 4C2 , C3 → 2C3
     
4 4 −4 1 0 0 1 0 0
 4 −16 −8  =  0 4 0  A  0 4 0 
−4 −8 8 0 0 2 0 0 2
Apply,
R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 + R1 4 C2 → C2 − C1 , C3 → C3 + C1
     
4 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 1
 0 −20 −4  =  −1 4 0  A  0 4 0 
0 −4 4 −1 0 2 0 0 2
1
R3 → R3 − R2 , C3 → C3 − C2 /5
   5   
4 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 6/5
 0 −20 0  =  −1 4 0  A  0 4 −4/5 
0 0 24/5 6/5 −4/5 2 0 0 2
Diagonal form,
24 2
4x2 − 20y 2 + z
5
Rank (r) of given quadratic form= No. of non zero terms in diagonal
form(canonical/normal form)=3.
Signature (S) of given quadratic form = No. of positive terms − No. of negative terms=2-
1=1
The index of the given quadratic form= No. of positive terms in normal form=2
Since, r = S here, the given quadratic form is not positive definite.

R∞
Question-4(b) Show that the integral 0 e−x xα−1 dx, α > 0 exists, by separately
taking the cases for α ≥ 1 and 0 < α < 1.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
Z ∞ Z 1 Z ∞
−x −x α−1
I= e ·x α−1
dx = e x dx(Let I1 ) + e−x · xα−1 dx(Let I2 )
0 0 1
For α ≥ 1,I1 is a proper integral

while I2 is improper
Z ∞
I2 = e−x · αα−1 dx,
1
let
f (x) = xα−1 · e−x
and take
1
g(x) =
x2
f (x) xα−1 · e−x
∴ lim = lim = lim xα+1 · e−x
x→∞ g(x) x→∞ 1/x2 x→∞
α+1
x ∞
= lim x f orm
x→∞ e ∞
(α + 1)!
= = 0, ⇒ convergent
ex
pence I exists for α ≥ 1. For 0 < α < 1 I1 is an improper integral & I2 is an improper
integral & point of non-convergence, x = 0
Z 1
I1 = e−x · xα−1 dx,
0
let
e−x
f (x) =
x1−α
1 R1 1
& g(x) = where 0
du is congt for 0 < u < 1
x1/2 xu
f (x) e−x e−x
lim = lim 1−α xu = lim 1−α−4
x→∞ g(x) n→∞ x x→∞ x
=0
∴ The integral is convergent
Z ∞
I2 = e−x · xα−1 dx, 0 < α < 1
0
take
1
g(x) =
x2

e−x 2 e−x
lim x = = x1+α · e−x
x→∞ x1−α x 1−α−2
x1+α (1 + α)xα

0
= x = =0 f orm
e ex 0
Hence we get it convergent by Comparision Test hence integral exist for 0 < α < 1
22z−1

1
Question-4(c) Prove that Γ(2z) = √ Γ(z)Γ z +
π 2
[10 Marks]

Γ(m)Γ(n)
β(m, n) = , m > 0, n > 0
Γ(m + n)
Take m = n
Z π/2
(Γ(n))2
β(n, n) = =2 sin2n−1 θ cos2n−1 θdθ
Γ(2n) 0
Z 1
x = sin2 θ

n−1 n−1
= x (1 − x) dx
0 dx = sin 2θdθ
Z π/2 Z π/2
2n−1 2
B(n, n) = 2 (sin θ · cos θ) dθ = 2n−1 (sin 2θ)2n−1 dθ
0 2 0
Z π
1 2n−1 let 2θ = α
= 2n−1 (sin α) dα
2 0
2dθ = dα
Z π/2 R 2a Ra
2 2n−1 f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx
= 2n−1 · sin α · dα 0 0
2 0 if f (2a − x) = f (x)
Z π/2
1
= 2n−2 sin2n−1 α · cos0 αdα
2 0
1 Γ(n) · Γ(1/2)
= 2n−2 · 2n − 1 = 0 ⇒ n = 1/2
2 2Γ(n + 1/2)
√
Γ(n) · Γ(n) 1 π · Γ(n)
∴ = 2n−2 ·
Γ(2n) 2 · 2 Γ(n + 1/2)
1 22n−1

∴ Γ(2n) = Γ(n) · Γ n + √
2 π

x y z
Question-4(d) A plane + + = a2 cuts the coordinate plane at A, B, C.
a b c
Find the equation of the cone with vertex at origin and guiding curve as the
circle passing through A, B, C.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let A(a, 0, 0) B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c) Let Eqn of sphere passing through
O, A, B, C be
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0

a b c
∴ d = 0; u = − , v = − , w = −
2 2 2
2 2 2
∴ x + y + 2 − ax − by − cz = 0 . . . (1)
x y z
plane + + . . . (2).
a b c
The equation of the required cone is obtained by making eqn (1) homogeneous with the
help of eqn (2). x y z
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − (ax + by + cz) + + =0
a b c

a a b b
x + y + z − x2 + xy + zx + xy + y 2 + yz
2 2 2
b c a c
c c
+ zx + zy + z 2 = 0
a b

a b b c a c
⇒ xy + + yz + + zx + =0
b a c b c a
which is the required eqn of cone.
5.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Obtain the curve which passes through (1,2) and has a slope
−2xy
= 2 . Obtain one asymptote to the curve.
x +1
[8 Marks]

dy 2xy
Solution: Given, =− 2 and curve passes through (1,2) separate variables
dx x +1
dy 2x
=− 2 dx
y x +1
Integrate on both sides Z Z
dy 2x
=− dx + c
y x2 + 1
Put, x2 + 1 = t
2xdx = dt
Z
dt
∴ log y = − +c
t
log y = − log t + c
log y = − log x2 + 1 + c

Put,
x = 1, y = 2
log 2 = − log(2) + c
⇒ c = 2 log 2 = log 4
∴ log y = − log (x2 + 1) + log 4
4
⇒ y= 2
x +1
Question-5(b) Solve the ode to get the particular integral of

d4 y d2 y 2
4 + 2 2 + y = x cos x
dx dx
[8 Marks]
Solution: Sol. The auxiliary equation is m4 + 2m2 + 1 = 0, or

2
m2 + 1 = 0
giving
m = ±i, ±i
∴ C.F. = (c1 + c2 x) cos x + (c3 + c4 x) sin x, ∵ e0x = 1
And
1
P.I. = x2 cos x
D4 2
+ 2D + 1
1 2 ix
ix
= Real part of 2x e , ∵ e = cos x + i sin x
(D2 + 1)
1
= R.P. of eix x2
{(D + i)2 + 1}2
1
= R.P. of eix x2
2
2 ∵ i = −1
(D2 + 2iD)

1
= R.P. of eix x2
4i2 D2 [1
+ (D/2i)] 2
−2
1 ix 1 D 2
2
= R.P. of − e 1 + x ∵ i = −1
4 D2 2i
−2
1 ix 1 1 2 1
= R.P. of − e 1 − iD x, ∵ = −i
4 D2 2 i

1 ix 1 1 1 2 2
= R.P. of − e 2
1 + 2 · iD + 3 · i D + . . . x2
4 D 2 4
(Expanding by binomial theorem)

1 ix 1 3 2
= R.P. of − e 1 + iD − D + . . . x2
4 D2 4

1 ix 1 i 3
= R.P. of − e + − + terms in D, D and so on x2
2
4 D2 D 4
1 ix 1 x4

1 3 3 2 1 0
= RP of − e + i x − x + terms in x , x
4 3 4 3 4
(∵ 1/D stands for integration w.r.t )x

1 4 1 3 3 2 1 0
= R.P. of − (cos x + i sin x) (1/12)x + ix − x + terms in x , x
4 3 4

1 1 1 3
= − (1/12)x4 − (3/4)x2 cos x + x sin x + terms already included in the C. F.
4 4 3
= (−1/48) x4 − 9x2 cos x + (1/12)x3 sin x

(neglecting the terms already included in the C.F.)

Hence the complete solution is
y = (C.F.) + (P.I.)
y = (c1 + c2 x) cos x + (c3 + c4 x) sin x
−(1/48) x4 − 9x2 cos x + (1/12)x3 sin x

Question-5(c) A weight W is hanging with the help of two strings of length

l and 2l in such a way that the other ends A and B of those strings lie on a
horizontal line at a distance 2l. Obtain the tension in the two strings.
[8 Marks]

Solution:
Lami’s theorem,
w TA TB
= ·
sin 2 + β sin π2 + α
π

sin(π − (α + β))
W TA TB
⇒ = = . . . (1)
sin(α + β) cos β cos α
Using the Sine rule,
sin α sin β sin(α + β)
= = . . . (2)
2l ` 2l
Also, √
(2l)2 + l2 − (2l)2 1 15
cos α = = ⇒ sin α =
2(2l)(l) 4 4
√
(2l)2 + (2l)2 − l2 3 55
cos β = = ⇒ sin β =
2(2l)(2l) 8 8
∴ From (2), √
15
sin(α + β) = sin α =
4
Putting above values in (1), we get
3
r
8
W 1 3
⇒ TA = p = W
15/4 2 5
1
W W
TB = p4 =√
15/4 15
Question-5(d) From a point in a smooth horizontal plane, a particle is pro-

jected with velocity u at angle α to the horizontal from the foot of a plane,
inclined at an angle β with respect to the horizon. Show that it will strike the
plane at right angles, if cot β = 2 tan(α − β).
[8 Marks]
Solution: Suppose the particle strike the inclined plane at A. Let OA = R. Let
T be the time of flight from O to A. As shown in the figure, the components of initial

velocity of the particle along and perpendicular to the inclined plane are u cos(α − β) and
u sin(α − β) respectively. Again, the component of g along the inclined is g sin β (down
the plane)
and the component of g perpendicular to the inclined plane is g sin β (along the downward
normal to the plane OA). Let time taken from O to A be T . While moving from O to A,
the displacement of the particle perpendicular to OA is zero. So, considering motion of
the particle from O to A perpendicular to OA and using the formula
s = ut + (1/2)f t2
We have
1
s = u.t + a.t2
2
0 = u sin(α − β) · T − (1/2)g cos β · T 2 or T {g
cos β · T − 2u sin(α − β)} = 0
Since T = 0 gives time from O to O, hence time from O to A is given by ∴ T = time of
flight up the inclined plane
2u sin(α − β)
= − (1)
g cos θ
Since the particle strikes the plane OA at right angles at A, hence the direction of velocity
of the particle at A is perpendicular to OA and so the component of velocity of the particle
at A along OA is zero. So, considering the motion of the particle from O to A along OA
and using the formula.
V = u + a.t
O = u cos(α − β) − g sin β.T
u cos(α − β)
T = · − (ii)
g sin β
From (i) and (ii), we have
2u sin(α − β) u cos(α − β)
· = ·
g cos β g sin β
2 tan(α − β) = cot β

2 2
s bounded by the xy plane and the paraboloid
Question-5(e) If E be the solid
z = 4 − x − y , then evaluate S F · d S, where
S is the surface
bounding the
2 +y 2
volume E and F̄ =(zx sin yz + x3 ) î + cos yz ĵ + 3zy 2 − eλ k̂.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given that →

−
F = zx sin yz + x3 î

2 2

+ cos yz ĵ + 3zy 2 − ex +y k̂
∂ ∂
divF = (xz sin(yz) + x3 ) + (cos(yz))
∂x ∂y
∂
2 2

+ 3zy 2 − ex +y
∂z
= (z sin(yz) + 3x2 ) + (−z sin(yz))
+ (3y 2 ) = 3x2 + 3y 2
Thus, we have from the divergence theorem
x y
F.dS = div F dV
S E
x Z 4−x −y 2 2
3x2 + 3y 2 dzdA

=
D 0
where D is the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 in the xy -plane. Thus, we’ll use polar coordinates for
this double integral, or cylindrical coordinates for the triple integral:
x Z 2π Z 2 Z 4−r2
3r2 rdzdrdθ

F.dS =
S 0 0 0
Z 2π Z 2
12r3 − 3r5 drdθ

=
0 0
Z 2π 2
4 1 6
= 3r − r dθ
0 2 0
Z 2π
= (48 − 32)dθ = 32π
0
Question-6(a) A stone is thrown vertically with the velocity which would just
carry it to a height of 40 m. Two seconds later another stone is projected
vertically from the same place with the same velocity. When and where will
they meet?
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let u be the initial velocity of projection. since the greatest height is 40m,

we have
0 = u2 √
− 2g · 40
∴ u = 2g × 40 = 28m
Let T be the time after the first stone starts before the two stones meet. Then, the
distance traversed by the first stone in time T = distance traversed by the second stone
in time (T − 2)
1 1
∴ 28T − gT 2 = 28(T − 2) − g(T − 2)2
2 2
1
= 28T − 56 − g T 2 − 4T + 4

2
1
∴ 56 = g(4T − 4) = 4.9(4T − 4)
2
6
∴ T = 3 seconds.
7
Also, the height at which they meet
2
27 1 27
= 28 × − × 9.8 ×
7 2 7
= 108 − 72.9 = 35.1m
The first stone will be coming down and the second stone going upwards.
Question-6(b) Using the method of variation of parameters, solve

2
2dy dy
x 2
+ x − y = x2 e x
dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let, y = xm
dy
= mxm−1
dx
d2 y
and 2 = m(m − 1)xm−2
dx
Now,
d2 y dy
x2 · 2
+x −y =0
dx dx
2 m−2
x · m(m − 1) · x + x · mxm−1 − xm = 0
xm {m(m − 1) + m − 1} = 0
xm m2 − 1 = 0

m2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ m = ±1
The general solution is then
y = c1 e−x + c2 · ex

Question-6(c) Water is flowing through a pipe of 80 mm diameter under a

gauge pressure of 60kPa, with a mean velocity of 2 m/s. Find the total head,
if the pipe is 7 m above the datum line.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Given Data: Diameter of pipe:

d = 80mm = 0.08m
Gauge pressure of water:

p = 60kP a = 60 × 103 pa or N/m2
Mean velocity of water:
V = 2m/s
Datum head:
z = 7m
According to Bernoulli’s equation: Total head of water:
p V2
H= + +z
ρg 2g
60 × 103 (2)2
= + +7
1000 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
= 6.11 + 0.20 + 7
= 13.31m of water
s
Question-6(d) Evaluate S (∇ × f¯), n̂dS for f = (2x − y)î − yz2 ĵ − y2 zk̂ where S is
the upper half surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 bounded by its projection
on the xy plane.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Z I
F · dr = (Fx dx + Fy dy + Ez dz)
C IC
(2x − y)dx − yz 2 dy − y 2 zdz

=
C
But the boundary C of S is a circle in the xy -plane of radius unity and centre at (0,0,0)
Hence the parametric equations of C are x = cos θ, y = sin θ, z = 0 where θ varies from 0

to 2π. Thus, Z Z 2π
F · dr = {(2 cos θ − sin θ)(− sin θdθ) − 0 − 0}
C
Zθ=0
2π
= (2 cos θ − sin θ) sin θdθ
0
Z 2π
sin 2θ − sin2 θ dθ

=
Z0 2π
1 − cos 2θ
= sin 2θ − dθ
0 2
2π
cos 2θ θ sin 2θ
=− − + =π
2 2 2 0
Further
î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×A= =k
∂x ∂y ∂z
(2x − y) −yz −y 2 z
2
Hence, x x x
(∇ × A) · ds = k.ds = dxdy
S S R
where R is the projection of S on xy − plane and k · ds = dxdy = projection of ds on xy

-plane. Thus, R is x2 + y 2 = 1
x Z 1Z 1p
∴ dxdy = 4 (1 − x2 ) dxdy
R 0 0
Z 1 p
=4 (1 − x2 )dx
0
1
xp 1
=4 (1 − x2 ) + sin−1 x
2 2 0
hπ i
=4 =π
4
R s
Thus, from above, we have C
A.dr = S
(∇ × A) · ds and hence Stokes’ Theorem is
verified.
Question-7(a) State Stokes’ theorem. Verify the Stokes’ theorem for the
function f = xî + z ĵ + 2y k̂, where c is the curve obtained by the intersection
of the plane z = x and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 and S is the surface inside the
intersected cone.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Stokes’ Theorem: Let S be a closed surface, bounded by curve C, then

I x
~
F · dr = (∇ × F~ ) · n̂ds
c S

n̂ is outward unit normal the surface.
Here,
F~ = xi + zj + 2yk
~r = xi + yj + zk
d~r = dxi + dyj + dzk
F~ · d~r = xdx + zdy + 2ydz
Surface S is intersection of cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 and plane x = 2 (passing through y -axis)
Boundary curve
C :x2 + y 2 = 1 &z = x
parameterizing
C : x = cos θ, y = sin θ
0 ≤ θ < 2π
I I
F · dx = xdx + zdy + 2ydz
C
Z 2π
= (cos θ)(− sin θ)dθ + cos θ · cos θdθ + 2 sin θ(− sin θ)dθ
1
2π
−1 −
Z Z
1 + cos 2θ 1 cos 2θ
F~ · d~r = sin 2θ + −2 dθ
0 2 2 2
Z 2π
−1 3 1
= sin 2θ + cos 2θ − dθ
0 2 2 2
2π
1 3 θ
= cos 2θ + sin 2θ −
4 4 2 0
= −π
Now,
1 j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × F~ =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x z 2y
= i(2 − 1) + j(0 − 0) + k(0 − 0)
=i

S: x − z = 0
∇S
|∇S|
n̂ =
1
= √ (i − k)
x 2
(∇ × F ) · n̂dS
S
x
i−k

dxdy
= i· √
2 (n̂ · k)
D
( Taking Projection on xy -plane)
D : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1
Z Z
1 dxdy x
= √ · √ =− dxdy
D 2 −1/ 2 D
=-Area of unit circle D

= −π(1)2 = −π
Question-7(b) A uniform rod of weight W is resting against an equally rough

horizon and a wall, at an angle α with the wall. At this condition, a horizontal
force P is stopping them from sliding, implemented at the mid-point of the
rod. Prove that P = W tan(α − 2λ), where λ is the angle of friction. Is there
any condition on λ and α?
[15 Marks]
Solution: µ = tan λ Let length (say) F1 = µR1 − (1) F2 = µR2 − (2)

Force:
R1 + F2 = W − (3)
F1 + P = R2 − (4)
Moments about O:
→ R1 (a sin α) = R2 (a cos α) + F1 (a cos α) + F2 (sin α)
⇒ R1 (sin α − µ cos α) = R2 (cos α + µ sin α)

From Eqn (3) and (4)
(tan α − µ)
⇒ R2 = R1 ×
(1 + µ tan α)
⇒ R2 = R1 tan(α − λ) − (5)(∵ µ = tan λ)
(3) ≡ R1 + µR2 = W
and
(4) ≡ µR1 + P = R2
Using (5),
⇒R1 + µ tan(α − λ)R1 = W − (6)
& µR1 + P = R1 tan(α − λ)
⇒ P = R1 (tan(α − λ) − µ) − (7)
(7) P (tan(α − λ) − µ)
⇒ =
(6) W 1 + µ tan(α − λ)
⇒ P = W tan(α − 2λ) (∵ µ = tan λ)
condition is that P should be the +ve
⇒ α > 2λ
Question-7(c) Obtain the singular solution of the differential equation

dy
y 2 − 2pxy + p2 x2 − 1 = m2 , p =

dx
[10 Marks]

Solution:
y 2 − 2pxy + p2 x2 = m2 + p2
(y − px)2 = p2 + m2
p
y = px ± p2 + m2
It is in Clairaut’s form: y = px + f (p) To get the solution, we replace p by arbitrary
constant c. √
y = cx ± c2 + m2
or
y 2 − 2cxy + c2 x2 = c2 + m2
c2 x2 − 1 − 2cxy + y 2 − m2 = 0

C-Discriminant:
B 2 − 4AC
A = x2 − 1, B = −2xy, C = y 2 − m2
∴ B 2 − 4AC = (−2xy)2 − 4 x2 − 1 y 2 − m2

= 4x2 y 2 − 4x2 y 2 + 4y 2 + 4x2 m2 − 4m2

= 4 y 2 + m2 x2 − 1

B 2 − 4AC = 0 i.e. y 2 + m2 (x2 − 1) is the required singular solution of the given D · E.
Question-8(a) A body immersed in a liquid is balanced by a weight P to which

it is attached by a thread passing over a fixed pulley and when half immersed,
is balanced in the same manner by weight 2P. Prove that the density of the
body and the liquid are in the ratio 3 : 2?
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let ρs = density of body, V = volume of body. ρl = density of liquid. W =

Weigh of body = ρs V g & FB = Buyount force Body immersed in liquid
W = ρs V g
FB = ρl V g
Balancing Forces
ρl V g + P = ρs V g − (1)

Body half immersed in liquid
W = ρs V g
V
FB = ρl g
2
Balancing Forces
V
ρl g + 2P = ρs V g − (2)
2
Subtract(1) by (2)
V
P = ρl g − (3)
2
Putting (3)in (1)
V
3ρl g = ρs V g − (2)
2
ρs 3
∴ =
ρl 2
Hence, Proved.

dy
− y = y 2 (sin x + cos x)
dx
[10 Marks]
Solution:
−1 dy 1
⇒ + = sin x + cos x
y 2 dx y
It is Bernoulli’s equation. Let
1 −1 dy dz
=z , 2
· =
y y dx dx
dz
∴ + z = sin x + cos x
R
dx
1dx
I.F.= e = ex solution:
Z
x
z·e = ex (sin x + cos x)dx

Z Z
x
ze = e sin xdx + ex cos xdx
x
Z Z
= (sin x)e − (cos x)e dx + ex cos xdx
x x
(integrating by parts)
= ex sin x + c
z = sin x + ce−x
i.e.
y sin x + ce−x − 1 = 0

is the required general solution of ODE.
Question-8(c) Prove that ā × (b̄ × c̄) = (ā × ~b) × ~c, if and only if either b̄ = 0 or
c̄ is collinear with ā or b̄ is perpendicular to both ā and c̄.
[10
Marks]
Solution:
(A × B) × C = (A · C)B − (B · C)A
A × (B × C) = (A · C)B − (A · B)C
First, If b = 0, then a × (b × c) = 0 and (a × b) × c = 0, hence true. If c is collinear with
a i.e. c = λa
a × (b × c) = a × [b × (λa)]
= [a · (λa)]b − [a · b](λa)
= λ |a|2 b − (a · b)a

(a × b) × c = (a × b) × (λa)
= (a · (λa))b − (b · (λa))a
= λ |a|2 b − (a · b)a

∴ a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c. If b is ⊥ to a and c both
b · a = 0, b·c=0
a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c
= (a · c)b
(a × b) × c = (a · c)b − (b · c)a
= (a · c)b
∴ (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
Conversely, Let
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
ie.
(a · c)b − (a · b)c = (a · c)b − (b · c)a
(b.c)a − (a · b)c = 0

b × (a × c) = 0
This is possible, when either of the condition is met.
i) b = 0
ii) c is collinear with a, then a × c = 0
iii) b · a = 0 & b · c = 0 i.e. b is perpendicular to both a and c.
Question-8(d) A particle is acted on a force parallel √ to the axis of y whose

acceleration is λy, initially projected with a velocity a λ parallel to x-axis at
the point where y = a. Prove that it will describe a catenary.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Given,
d2 y
= λy
dt2
dy d2 y dy
⇒ 2 · 2 = 2λ · y
dt dt dt
dy
[multiplying by 2 and integrating]
dt
2
dy
= λy 2 + C1
dt
dy
When t = 0, = 0 and y = a (initial velocity is 0 in y-direction)
dt
∴ C1 = −λa2
2
dy
= λ y 2 − a2

dt
dy √ p 2
= λ y − a2 − (1)
dt
d2 x
Also, In x -direction, 2 = 0 [No acceleration in x -direction]
dt
dx dx √ √
= C2 ; t = 0, = a λ ⇒ C2 = a λ
dt dt
dx √
∴ = a λ − (2)
dt
Dinding (1) by (2), p
dy y 2 − a2
=
dx a
ie
dy dx y x
p = ⇒ cosh−1 = + C3
2
y −a 2 a a a
Initially, x = 0 and
y = a ⇒ c3 = cosh−1 (1) = 0
∴ y = a cosh(x/a)
Eqn of catenary.

Chapter 6
2015
6.1 Section-A

3 8 −57
Question-1(a) Find an upper triangular matrix A such that A =
0 27
[8 Marks]
Solution:
Let upper triangular matrix,

x y
A=
0 z

2 x y x y
=⇒ A =
0 z 0 z

x2 xy + yz
=
0 z2
=⇒ A3 = A2 · A
2
x xy + yz x y
=
0 z2 0 z
3 2
x x y + xyz + yz 2
=
0 z3
It is given that

3 8 −57
A =
0 27

x3 x2 y + xyz + yz 2 8 −57
=⇒ =
0 z3 0 27
∴ x3 = 8 ⇒ x = 2,
z 3 = 27 ⇒ z = 3,
x2 y + xyz + yz 2 = −57 ⇒ 4y + 6y + 9y = −57 ⇒ y = 3

2 −3
∴A=
0 3
158
Question-1(b) Let G be the linear operator on R3 defined by
G(x, y, z) = (2y + z, x − 4y, 3x)

Find the matrix representation of G relative to the basis
S = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}
[8 Marks]
Solution:
Given, G(x, y, z) = (2y + z, x − 4y, 3x)
Basis, S = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}
Let (x, y, z) =a(1, 1, 1) + b(1, 1, 0) + c(1, 0, 0)
=(a + b + c, a + b, a)
∴ x = a + b + c, y = a + b, z = a
i.e. a = z, b = y − z, c = x − y
∴ (x, y, z) = z(1, 1, 1) + (y − z)(1, 1, 0) + (x − y)(1, 0, 0)
G(1, 1, 1) = (3, −3, 3)
= 3(1, 1, 1) + (−6)(1, 1, 0) + 6(1, 0, 0)
G(1, 1, 0) = (2, −3, 3)
= 3(−1, 1, 1) + (−6)(1, 1, 0) + (−1)(1, 0, 0)
G(1, 0, 0) = (0, 1, 3)
= 3(1, 1, 1) + (−2)(1, 1, 0) + (−3)(1, 0, 0)
 >  
3 −6 6 3 3 3
∴ [M ]S =  3 −6 −1  =  −6 −6 −2 
3 −2 −3 6 −1 −3
Question-1(c) Let f (x) Rbe√a real-valued function defined on the interval (-5,5)
x
such that e−x f (x) = 2 + 0 t4 + 1dt for all x ∈ (−5, 5). Let f −1 (x) be the inverse
0
function of f (x). Find (f −1 ) (2).
[8 Marks]
Solution:
d −1 1
f (x) = 0 , where f (t) = x
dx f (t)
.
Here,
−x
Z x √
e f (x) = 2 + x4 + 1dt . . . (1)
0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x,

√
−e−x f (x) + e−x f 0 (x) = 0 + x4 + 1
Put, x = 0
−f (0) + f 0 (0) = 1
Also, ptting x=0 in (1),( f (0) = 2 + 0 ⇒ f (0) = 2
∴ f 0 (0) = 3
d −1 1 1
∴ f (x) = =
dx x=2 f 0 (0) 3

R x ln t 1
Question-1(d) For x > 0, let f (x) = 1 dt. Evaluate f (e) + f
1+t e
[8 Marks]
Solution: Z e
log t
I1 = f (e) = dt
1 1+t
Z 1/e
1 log t
I2 = f = dt
e 1 1+t
Z e
log(1/y) dy Puting
= · − 2
1 1 + y1 y t = y1
Z e Z e
log y dy log t dt
· = ·
1 1+y y 1 (1 + t) t

1
∴ I1 + I2 = f (e) + f
e
Z e
log t log t dt
= +
1+t 1+t t
Z1
log t 1
= 1+ dt
1 1+t t
e
(log t)2
Z
log t 1
= dt = =
t 2 1 2
x2 y2
Question-1(e) The tangent at (a cos θ, b sin θ) on the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 meets
a b
the auxiliary circle in two points. The chord joining them subtends a right
angle at the centre. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse.
[8 Marks]

Solution: Equation of the tangent at (a cos θ, b sin θ) to the ellipse
x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 = 1
is x y
⇒ cos θ + sin θ = 1...(i)
a b
The joint equation of the lines. joining the points of intersection of (i) and the auxiliary
circle x2 + y 2 = a2 to the origin, which is the center of the circle, is
hx y i2
x 2 + y 2 = a2 cos θ + sin θ
a b
Since, these lines are at right angles co-efficient of x2 + co-efficient of y 2 = 0
2 2
2 cos θ 2 sin θ
⇒1−a 2
+1−a =0
a b2
a2

2
⇒ sin θ 1 − 2 + 1 = 0
b
⇒ sin2 θ b2 − a2 + b2 = 0

⇒ sin2 θ a2 1 − e2 − a2 + a2 1 − e2 = 0

⇒ 1 + sin2 θ a2 e2 = a2

1
⇒e= q
1 + sin2 θ

Question-2(a) Suppose U and W are distinct four-dimensional subspaces of a

vector space V , where dim V = 6. Find the possible dimensions of U ∩ W .
[10 Marks]
Solution:
Dim(U + W ) = Dim(U ) + Dim(W ) − Dim(U ∩ W )
= 4 + 4 − Dim(U ∩ W )
∴ Dim(U ∩ W ) = 8 − Dim(U + W )
U + W is a subspace of V ∴ dim(U + W ) ≤ dim(V )
∴ dim(U + W ) ≤ 6
⇒ Dim (∪ ∩ w) ≥ 8 − 6 ie, dim(U ∩ W ) ≥ 2 Also, U ∩ W is a subspace of U
∴ dim(U ∪ W )0 ≤ dim(U )
i.e
dim(U ∩ W ) ≤ 4
Hence, Possible values of dim(U ∪ W ) are 2,3 or 4 . Result: Intersection of two subspaces
is a subspace.

Question-2(b) Find the condition on a, b and c so that the following system

in unknowns x, y and z has a solution:
x + 2y − 3z = a
2x + 6y − 11z = b
x − 2y + 7z = c
[10 Marks]
Solution:
Ax = B
 
1 2 −3 a
[A : B] ∼  2 6 −11 b 
1 −2 7 c
R2 → R2 − 2R1
R3 + R3 − R1
 
1 2 −3 a
∼  0 2 −5 b − 2a 
0 −4 10 c − a
R3 → R3 + 2R2
 
1 2 −3 a
∼  0 2 −5 b − 2a 
0 0 0 −5a + 2b + c
Now this system has solution of
Rank(A; B) = Rank(A) = 2
which is possible only if

−5a + 2b + c = 0
Question-2(c) Considert the three-dimensional region R bounded by x + y + z =

1, y = 0, z = 0. Evaluate R (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dxdydz.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let R be the region bounded by the given tetrahedron.

Z 1 Z 1 Z 1−x
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dzdydx

I=
0 0 0
1 1−x 1−x−y
z3
Z Z
2 2

= 2 x +y z+ dydx
0 0 3 0
1 1−x
y2 y3 y4 (1 − x − y)4
Z
2 2
= x (1 − x)y − x · + (1 − x) − − dx
0 2 3 4 12 0
Z 1
1 1 1 1
= x2 (1 − x)2 − x2 (1 − x)2 + (1 − x)4 − (1 − x)4 + (1 − x)4 dx
2 3 4 12
Z0
1 2 2
x + x4 − 2x3 + (1 − x)4 dx

=
2 12
3 y 4
1
1 x x 2x 1
= + − − (1 − x)5
2 3 5 4 30 0

1 1 1 1 1
= + − − (0 − 1)
2 3 5 2 30
1
=
20
Question-2(d) Find the area enclosed by the curve in which the plane z = 2
cuts the ellipsoid
x2 z2
+ y2 + =1
25 5
[10 Marks]
Solution: The intersection of plane z = 2 with the ellipsoid is given by
x2 (2)2 x2 1
+ y2 + =1 ⇒ + y2 =
25 5 25 5
ie
x2 y2
+ =1
5 1/5

( say S1 ) in space. Z = 2. The area enclosed by this true is an ellipse.

We take projection on xy − plane.
xq
A= zx2 + zy2 + 1dA
D
√ 1
√
Z 5 Z
5
5−x2
= √ √
1.dydx
− 5 − 15 5−x2
Z √5 √
2√ Put x
= √ 5 − x2 dx | √ 5 sin θ
=
− 5 5 dx = 5 cssos θ
2
Z π/2 p √
= ×2 5 − 5 sin2 θ 5 cos θdθ
5 0
Z π/2
=4 cos2 θdθ
0
1 π
=4× ×
2 2
=π
Question-3(a) Find the minimal polynomial of the matrix

 
4 −2 2
A =  6 −3 4 
3 −2 3
[10 Marks]
Solution: Minimal polynomial of a matrix is a monic polynomial of least degree such

that
p(A) = 0
First, let us find the characteristic polynomial
4−λ −2 2
6 −3 − λ 4 =0
3 −2 3−λ
(4 − λ)[(3 + λ)(λ − 3) + 8) + 2(18 − 6λ − 12) + 2(−12 + 9 + 3λ) = 0

⇒ λ3 − 4λ2 + 5λ + 10 = 0
⇒ (λ + 1) λ2 − 5λ + 10 = 0

Hence, we have 3 possibilities for minimal polynomial,

(λ + 1), − λ2 − 5λ + 10

or
λ3 − 4λ2 + 5λ + 10
. Let us check one by one. clearly
A + I 6= 0

 
0 4 −4
A2 − 5A + 10I =  −12 14 −8  =
6 0
−6 4 2
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem,
A3 − 4A2 + 5A + 10I = 0
Here, minimal polynomial is
x3 − 4x2 + 5x + 10
√ √ d2 y
Question-3(b) If x+y+ y − x = c, find 2 .
dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: √ √
( y + x + y − x)2 = c2
p
(y + x) + (y − x) + 2 y 2 − x2 = c2
p
2y − c2 = −2 y 2 − x2
4y 2 − 4c2 y + c4 = 4 y 2 − x2

−4c2 y = −4x2 − c4
1 2 c2
y= x +
c2 4
Differentiating wrt x,
dy 2x
= 2
dx 2 c
dy 2
⇒ 2 = 2
dx c
Question-3(c) A rectangular box, open at the top, is said to have a volume

of 32 cubic meters. Find the dimensions of the box so that the total surface
is a minimum.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
v = xyz = 32 (given)
S = xy + 2yz + 2zx, where x, y z are dimension

32 32
S = xy + 2y · + 2x −
xy xy

1 1
= xy + 64 +
x y
∂S 64 ∂S 64
= y − 2; =x− 2
∂x x ∂y y
∂ 2S 128 ∂ 2S ∂ 2S 128
r= 2
= 3, S= =1 , t= 2
= 3
∂x x ∂x∂y ∂y y
for stationary points,
∂S ∂S
= 0, =0
∂x ∂y
64
y− 2 =0
x
&
64
x− =0
y2
2
64 64
y = 2 ⇒x· = 64 ⇒ x=4
x x2
∴ (4, 4)
is stationary point
⇒ y=4
Also,
rt − s2 = 4 − 1 = 3 > 0
&,
r>0
∴ (4, 4) is a point of minima.
32
∴ x = 4, y = 4, z= =2
4×4
Question-3(d) Find the equation of the plane containing the straight line
y + z = 1, x = 0 and parallel to the straight line x − z = 1, y = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Eqn of plane through the line
y + z − 1 = 0, x = 0
is
λx + y + z − 1 = 0
other line ie.
x − z = 1, y=0

ie.
x z+1 y
= =
1 1 0
Plane is parallel to this line
∴ λ · 1 + 1.1 + 1 · 0 = 0
λ = −1
Hence eqn of plane:
−x + y + z − 1 = 0
.
Question-4(a) Find a 3 × 3 orthogonal matrix whose first two rows are

1 2 2
, ,
3 3 3
and
1 1
0, √ , − √
2 2
.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let given two rows vectors are

~u = 31 23 2

3
−1
~v = 0 √12

√
2
Let w
~ be the third row vector which makes the given matrix orthogonal.
Then w~ is obtained by the cross product of ~u and ~v .
i j k
1 2 2
~u × ~v = 3 3 3
0 √1 − √12
2

−2 2 1 1
=i √ − √ +j 0+ √ +k √ −0
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
−4i j k
= √ + √ + √
3 2 3 2 3 2
1
= √ (−4i + j + k)
3 2
Hence, unit vector, w = 3−4 1 1

√ √ √
2 3 2 3 2
Hence, the orthogonal matrix will be
 1 2 2 
3 3 3
√1 −1
 0 2
√
2

−4
√ 1
√ 1
√
3 2 3 2 3 2

Question-4(b) Find the locus of the variable straight line that always inter-
sects x = 1, y = 0; y = 1, z = 0; z = 1, x = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The plane passes through given lines are respectively, given by
x − 1 + py = 0
y − 1 + qz = 0
z − 1 + rx = 0
These planes will intersect in a lines if the determinant formed the coefficients of x, y and
z is 0, i.e.,
1 p 0
0 1 q =0
r 0 1
1 p 0
0 1 q =0
r 0 1
1 + pqr = 0

1−x 1−y 1−z
1+ =0
y z x
xyz + (1 − x)(1 − y)(1 − z) = 0
Question-4(c) Find the locus of the poles of chords which are normal to the
parabola y 2 = 4ax.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Any normal to the parabola y 2 = 4ax is . . . (i)
y = mx − 2am − am3 . . . (ii)

Let, (x1 , ẏ1 ). be the pole of (2) with respect to (i), then (ii) is the polar of (x1 , y1 ) w.r.t.
(i) i.e.
yy1 = 2a (x + x1 ) ...(iii)
comparing (ii) and (iii), we get
2a y1
=
m 1
(2ax1 )
=
(−2am − am3 )
Hence, we get
x1 = −2a − am2 . . . (iv)

And,
y1 = 2a/m...(v)
Eliminating m between (iv)&(v) we get
y12 (x1 + 2a) + 4a3 = 0

∴ The required locus of (x1 , y1 ) is
(x + 2a)y 2 − 4a3 = 0
Question-4(d) Evaluate
2 + cos x 3
lim 3
− 4
x→0 x sin x x
[10 Marks]
Solution:
2 + cos x 3
L = lim − 4
x→0 x3 sin x x
2x + x cos x − 3 sin x
= lim
x→0 x4 sin x
x(2 + cos x) − 3 sin x x
= lim 5
·
x→0 x sin x
2x + x cos x − 3 sin x
= lim ·1
x→0 x5
2 + cos x − x sin x − 3 css x
= lim
x→0 5x4
2 sin x − sin x − x cos x
= lim
x→0 20x3
cos x − cos x + x sin x
= lim
x→0 60x2

sin x 1 1
= lim · = .
x→0 x 60 60
6.2 Section-B
dy
Question-5(a) Reduce the differential equation x2 p2 +yp(2x+y)+y 2 = 0, p =
dx
to Clairaut’s form. Hence, find the singular solution of the equation.
[8 Marks]

Solution:
x2 p2 + yp(2x + y) + y 2 = 0
Put y = u and xy = v
∴ dy = du and xdy + ydx = dv
dv xdy+ydx
P = du
= dy
= x + y dx
dy

⇒P =x + y p1
y
⇒ p= P −x
The given DE transforms to

2y y
x2 (P −x) 2
2 + y (P −x) (2x + y) + y = 0
x2 + (2x + y)(P − x) + (P − x)2 = 0

x2 + (2xP + yP − 2x2 − xy) + (P 2 + x2 − 2xP ) = 0
P 2 + P y − xy = 0
P2 + Pu − V = 0
V = Pu + P2
Which is in Claiuraut’s form
y = px + f (p)
General solution is given by
v = cu + c2
⇒ xy = cy + c2
⇒ c2 + yc − xy = 0
To obtain the singular solution, we equate the discriminant of above equation to 0
⇒ y 2 − 4(−xy) = 0
⇒ y 2 + 4xy = 0
⇒ y + 4x = 0
Question-5(b) A heavy particle is attached to one end of an elastic string, the

other end of which is fixed. The modulus of elasticity of the string is equal to
the weight of the particle. The string is drawn vertically down till it is four
times its natural length a and then let go. Find the time taken by the particle
to return to the starting point.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let, OA = a be the natural length of the string whose one end O is fixed.
Let B be the position of equilibrium of a particle of mass m attached to the other end A
of the string and let AB = e. Then at B, the weight of the particle = the tension To in
the string.

∴
mg = λ(e/a) = (mg)(e/a) as
λ = mg . . . (i) (given)
Thus, here
e=a . . . (ii)
Now, the particle is pulled down to a point C such that OC = 4a (given) and then let go.
The particle will start to move towards B from rest from C
Let P be its position after time t, where BP = x At P, the forces acting on the particle are
its weight mg acting vertically downwards and tension T = λ(x + e)/a acting vertically
upwards.
Then, the equation of motion of the particle at P is Or,
md2x
= mg − T = mg − λ(e + x)/a
dt2
= mg − λ(e/a) − λ(x/a)
2
mdx
= −λ(x/a)
dt2
i.e.
d2x
= −(λ/am)x,
dt2
using Or,
d2x
= −(mg/am)x
dt2
= −(g/a)x
as
λ = mg . . . (iii)
Or,
dv
v = −(g/a)x
dx
Or,
2vdv = −(2g/a)xdx
Integrating,
v 2 = −(g/a)x2 + K . . . (iv)
Where, K being a constant. At the point C, when
x = BC = OC − OB
= 4a − (a + e)
= 4a − (a + a)

i.e.,
x = 2a, v=0
Hence, (iv) reduces to
0 = −(g/a)(2a)2 + K
So that,
K = 4ag
. From
(iv), v 2 = 4ag − (g/a)x2
Or,
(dx/dt) = (g/a) 4a2 − x2

· · · (v)
When the particle reaches A, let the velocity of the particle be V. Then, putting x = −a
and v = V in (v), we get Or,
V2 = (g/a) 4a2 − a2

V = (3ag)1/2 ...(vi)
From
dx g 1/2
4a2 − x2

(v), =
dt a
Or,
g 1/2 dx
dt = . . . (vii)
(4a2 − x2 )1/2
a
Where we have taken negative sign on R.H.S. due to the fact that in moving from C
towards B, x decreases as t increases. Let, t1 be the time taken from C to A. Then
integrating (vii) between t = 0 to t = t1 and corresponding limits x = −2a to x = −a we
get,
Z 1 1/2 Z a
a dx
dt = 1/2
0 g 2a (4a2 − x2 )
1/2 h
a x i−a
= cos−1
g 2a 2a
t1 = (a/g)1/2 cos−1 (−1/2) − cos−1

Or,
= (a/g)1/2 π − cos−1 (1/2)

Thus, t1 = (a/g)1/2 (π − π/3)

= (a/g)1/2 (2π/3)
Thus, particle has velocity V in upward direction and it moves above A. But thee string
becomes slack in upward motion from A so the S.H.M. ceases at A and the particle moves
vertically upwards freely under gravity till its velocity V is destroyed. Let t2 be the time
taken by the particle from A till its velocity V becomes zero. Then, using formula
v = u − gt, we get
0 = V − gt2
Or,
t2 = V/g
= (3ag)1/2 /g
= (3a/g)1/2

Conditions being the same, the particle will take time t2 in falling freely back to A. Again
from A to C the time taken by the particle will be t1 (which was taken by it to move from
C to A ). So, the required time
= 2 (t1 + t2 ) = 2{a/g)1/2 (2π/3) + (3a/g)1/2

√
= (a/g)1/2 (4π/3 + 2 3)
Question-5(c) Find the curvature and torsion of the curve x = a cos t, y =

a sin t, z = bt.
[8 Marks]
Solution: The position vector (~r) of the curve at any point of the time (t) can be
given as:
~r(t) = a cos tı̂ + a sin t̂ + btk̂
d~r
⇒ = −a sin tî + a cos tĵ + bk̂
dt
d2~r
⇒ = −a cos tî − a sin tĵ
dt2
d3~r
⇒ 3 = a sin tî − a cos t̂
dt
(1) Curvature:
d~
r ∂ 2~
r
dt
× ∂t2
κ= . . . (1)
r 3
d~
dt
î ĵ k̂
d~
r d2 ~
r
dt
× dt2
= −a sin t −a cos t 0 = ab sin tî + ab cos tĵ + a2 k̂
−acost −asint 0
d~r d2~r p
× 2 = a2 b2 sin2 t + a2 b2 cos2 t + a4
dt dt
q
= a2 b2 sin2 t + cos2 t + a4

p
= a2 (a2 + b2 )
1/2
= a a2 + b 2
dr p
⇒ = a2 sin2 t + a2 cos2 t + b2
dt
1/2
= a2 + b 2
d~
r d2 ~
r
dt
× dt2 a (a2 + b2 )
1/2
∴ From (1), κ= =
r 3
d~
dt
(a2 + b2 )3/2
a
⇒κ=
a2 + b2

(2) Torsion: h i
dr d2 r d3 r
dt ∂t2 dt3
τ=
dr d2 r 2
dt
× dt2
î ĵ k̂
dr d2 r d3 r

-asint acost b
=
dt dt2 dt3 -acost -asint 0
asint -acost 0
= b a2 cos2 t + a2 sin2 t

= a2 b
a2 b
⇒τ = 2 2
(a (a + b2 ))
b
⇒τ =
a2 + b2
Question-5(d) A cylindrical vessel on a horizontal circular base of radius a

is filled with a liquid of density w with a height h. If a sphere of radius c
and density greater than w is suspended by a thread so that it is completely
immersed, determine the increase of the whole pressure on the curved surface.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let the level of the liquid in the vessel be AB before the immersion of
the sphere. After the sphere is immersed, let the level of the liquid be CD. If x be the
increased height when the level is raised the AC = BD = x.
Since the volume of the liquid displaced by the sphere must be equal to the volume of the
sphere, so we have ⇒
4
πa2 x = πc3
3
4 c3
x=
3 a2

Now, the whole pressure on the curved surface before immersion

= P1 = 2πah · 12 h · wg
= πah2 wg
Whole pressure on the curved surface after
immersion = P2
1
= 2πa(h + x) · (h + x)wg
2
2
= πa(h + x) wg
∴ Increase of whole pressure on the curved surface = P2 − P1
= πawg [(h + x)2 − h2 ]
= πawg (x2 + 2hx)
= πawgx(x + 2h)
3
4 c3

4 c
= πawg · · + 2h
3 a2 3 a2
2c3

8π 3
= wgc h + 2 · · ·
3a 3a
Question-5(e) Solve the differential equation

d2 y dy 1
x2 2
+ 3x + y =
dx dx (1 − x)2
[8 Marks]
Solution: The given equation is

d2 y dy 1
x2 + 3x + y =
dx2 dx (1 − x)2
d d
Put x = ez so that z = log x and let D = x dx = dz
. Then the given equation reduces to
1
[D(D − 1) + 3D + 1]y =
(1 − ex )2
1
D2 + 2D + 1 y =

(1 − ex )2
Auxiliary equation is D2 + 2D + 1 = 0.
⇒ (D + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ D = −1, −1 ∴ C.F. = (c1 + c2 z) e−z = (c1 + c2 log x) x1
Now,
1 1 1 1
P.I. = 2 · 2 = ·
D + 2D + 1 (1 − ez ) (D + 1) (1 − ez )2
2

1 1 1 1 z 2
= · == (1 − e )
(D + 1)(D + 1) (1 − ez )2 (D + 1) (D + 1)

Z Z
1 1 1
= e−z z
· e dz ∵ X=eax −ax
Xe dx
D+1 (1 − ez )2 D−a
Z
1 −z
= ·e (1 − t)−2 dt, where ex = t
D+1
Z
1 −z −2
= .e − (1 − t) (−dt)
D+1
−1
[f (x)]n+1
Z
1 −z −(1 − t) n 0
= .e ∵ [f (x)] · f (x)dx =
D+1 −1 n+1
1 1 1 1
· e−z · · e−z ∵ t = et

= = z
D+1 1−t D+1 1−e
1 e−z
= ·
D + 1 1 − ez
e−z
Z
−z
=e · ez dz
1 − ez
Z
−z dz
=e
1 − ez
e−z
Z
−z
=e dz (Mult. num and den by e−z )
e−z − 1
−e−z
Z
−z
= −e dz
e−z − 1
= −e−z log e−z − 1

1 1
= − log −1
x x
−1
1 1−x 1 1−x
= − log = log
x x x x
1 x
= log
x 1−x
Hence the complete solution is
1 1 x
x x 1−x
Question-6(a) Solve
d2 y dy
− x− 4x3 y = 8x3 sin x2
dx2 dx
by changing the independent variable.
[10
Marks]

Solution:
d2 y 1 dy 2
y = 8x2 sin x2

2
− − 4x
dx x dx
Comparing it with
d2 y dy
2
+ p + ϕy = R
dx dx
1
p=− , Q = −4x2 , R = −8x2 sin x2
x
Let 2
dz
= ±a2 Q = −4x2
dx
( for a = 1)
dz
= 2x ∴ z = x2
dx
R
(Note that dz
dx
= e− P dx
is not working here)
d2 z dz −1

dx2
+ P dx 2+ x
2x
Now, P1 = 2 =
dz 4x2

dx
Q −4x2
Q1 = = = −1
(dz)2 4x2
R 8x2 sin x2
R1 = = = 2 sin x2
(d2/dx)2 4x2
Transformed Eqn is:
d2 y dy
2
+ p1 + ϕ1 y = R1
dz dz
d2 y
dz 2
− 1(y) = 2 sin z
ie. (D02 − 1) y = 2 sin 2
Auxiliary Eqn: D02 − 1 = 0
D0 = 1, −1
c · F · = c1 e2 + c2 e−2
2 2
= c1 ex + c2 e−x
1
p · I1 = 02 2 sin z
D −1
2
= 2
sin z = − sin z
(−1 ) − 1
= − sin x2
Hence, complete solution is:
y = CF + P I
2 2
y = c1 ex + c2 e−x − sin x2

Question-6(b) The forces P , Q and R act along three straight lines y = b,

z = −c, z = c, x = −a and x = a, y = −b respectively. Find the condition for
these forces to have a single resultant force. Also, determine the equations to
its line of action.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The forces X, Y, Z act along the lines
y = b, z = −c; z = c, x = −a; x = a, y = −b
The equations of these lines are
x−0 y−b z+c x+a y−0 z−c x−a y+b z−0
= = , = = , = =
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
The forces acting on the body are as follows : (i) A force X acting at the point (0, b, −c)
along the line whose d.c’s a < 1, 0, 0 > (ii) A force Y acting at the point (−a, 0, c) along
the line whose de ’c < 0, 1, 0 > < 0.0, 1 > ∴ The components of the forces parallel to the
axes are
X1 = X.1 = X, X2 = Y.0 = 0, X3 = Z.0 = 0
Y1 = X.0 = 0, Y2 = Y.1 = Y, Y3 = Z.0 = 0
Z1 = X.0 = 0, Z2 = Y.0 = 0, Z3 = Z.1 = Z
If the system reduces to a single force R = (X.Y.Z ) arting at Ω. couple G = (L, M, N ),
then
X = ΣX1 = X1 + X2 + X3 = X + 0 + 0 = X
Y = ΣY1 = 0 + Y + 0 = Y
and
Z = ΣZ1 = 0 + 0 + Z = Z
To find L, M, N (i) Consider
î ĵ k̂ î ĵ k̂
ˆ 1 + k̂N1 =
îL1 + jM x1 y1 z1 = 0 b −c
X1 Y1 Z1 X 0 0
= î(0) − ĵ(cX) + k̂(−bX)
∴ L1 = 0, M1 = −cX, N1 = −bX
î ĵ k̂ î ĵ ĥ
∴ îL2 + jM2 + k̂N2 = x2 y2 z2 = −a 0 c
X2 Y2 Z2 0 Y 0
= î(−cY ) − ĵ(0) + k̂(−aY )
∴ L2 = −cY, M2 = 0; N2 = −aY
î ĵ k̂
(iii) îL3 + ĵM3 + k̂N3 = x3 y3 z3
X3 Y3 Z3
î ĵ k̂
= a −b 0
0 0 Z
= î(−bZ) − ĵ(aZ) + k̂(0)

∴ L3 = −bZ, M3 = −aZ, N3 = 0
Here X
L = ΣL1 = −(bZ + cY ), M = M1 = −(cX + aZ)
and
N = ΣN1 = −(bX + aV
The system is equivalent to a single form if
LX + M Y + N Z = 0
Substituting the values of L, M in
− | (bZ + cY )X + (cX + aZ)Y + (bX + aY )Z1 − n

or
2|aY Z + bZX + cXY | = 0
or
a b c
+ + =0
X Y Z
which is the required condition. The equations of the line of action of the single force is
of the central axis are
L − yZ + zY M − zX + xZ N − xY + yX LX + M Y + N Z
= = = =0
X Y Z X2 + Y 2 + Z2
∴ The equations of the line of action of the single resultant force are any two of the
following three:
L − yZ + zY = 0, M − zX + xZ = 0, N − xY + yX = 0
or
−(bZ + cY ) − yZ + zY = 0
−(cX + aZ) − zX + xZ = 0
−(bX + aY ) − xY + yX = 0
Dividing these equations by Y Z, ZX and XY respectively, we get
− Yb + Zc − Yy + Zz = 0, − Zc + Xa − Zz + Xx = 0

− Yb + Xa − Xx + Yy = 0
Using (2), we have

a y z b z x c x y
− + = 0; − + = 0, − + =0
X Y Z Y Z X Z X Y
or
y z a z x b x y c
− − = 0, − − = 0, − − = 0
Y Z X Z X Y X Y Z
Hence, the equations to its line of action are any two of the three
y z a z x b x y c
− − = 0, − − = 0, − − =0
Y Z X Z X Y X Y Z

Question-6(c) Solve
√ !
x 3
D4 + D2 + 1 y = e−x/2 cos

,
2
d
where D ≡ .
dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: Solve the differential equation

√ !
3
D4 + D2 + 1 y = e−x/2 cos x

2
Sol. Here the auxiliary equation is m4 + m2 + 1 = 0 or

2
m2 + 1 − m2 = 0
m2 + m + 1 m2 − m + 1 = 0

p p
−1 ± (1 − 4) 1 ± (1 − 4)
m= ,
2 2
1 1√ 1 1√
=− ± 3i, ± 3i
2 2 2 2
1√ 1√

−x/2 x/2
∴ C.F. = c1 e cos 3x + c2 + c3 e cos 3x + c4
2 2
∴ 1√

1 −x/2
Also P.I. = 4 e cos 3x
D + D2 + 1 2
1√

−x/2 1
=e 4 2 cos 3x
D − 12 + D − 21 + 1 2
1√

−x/2 1
=e cos 3x
D4 − 2D3 + 52 D2 − 32 D + 21 16
2
We observe that D4 − 2D3 + 25 D2 − 32 D + 21 16
becomes zero on putting D2 = −3/4.
So D2 + 34 must be one of its factors.
By actual division, we get the other factor.
1√

−x/2 1
So the P.I. = e cos 3x
D2 + 43 D2 − 2D + 47

2
1√

−x/2 1
=e cos 3x
− 34 − 2D + 74 D2 + 34

2
1√

−x/2 1 + 2D
=e cos 3x
(1 − 4D2 ) D2 + 34 2
1√

−x/2 1 + 2D
=e cos 3x
[1 − 4(−3/4)] D2 + 34 2
1√

1 −x/2 1
= e (1 + 2D) cos 3x
4 D2 + 34 2

1√ √ 1√

1 1
= e−x/2 2 3 cos 3x − 3 sin 3x
4 D + 4
2 2
1√ 1 √ −x/2 1 1√

1 −x/2 1
= e cos 3x − 3e sin 3x
4 D2 + 34 2 4 D2 + 4 2
" #
1√ 1 √ −x/2 1√

1 −x/2 x x
= e · √ sin 3x − 3e − √ cos 3x
4 2 · 21 3 2 4 2. 12 3 2
1√ 1√

x −x/2 x −x/2
= √ e sin 3x + e cos 3x
4 3 2 4 2
1 √ −x/2 1√ 1√

x −x/2
= 3xe sin 3x + e cos 3x
12 2 4 2
Hence the general solution is y = ( C.F. ) + ( P.I. )
1√ 1√

−x/2 x/2
y = c1 e cos 3x + c2 + c3 e cos 3x + c4
2 2
1 √ −x/2 1√ 1√

1 −x/2
+ 3xe sin 3x + xe cos 3x
12 2 4 2
1√ 1√ 1√

−x/2 x/2
y=e c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x + c3 e cos 3x + c4
2 2 2
1 √ −x/2 1√ 1√

1 −x/2
+ 3xe sin 3x + xe cos 3x
12 2 4 2
1√ 1√ 1√

−x/2 1
y=e x + c1 cos 3x + 3x + c2 sin 3x
4 2 12 2
1√

x/2
+c3 e cos 3x + c4
2
Question-6(d) Examine if the vector field defined by F~ = 2xyz 3 î+x2 z 3 ĵ+3x2 yz 2 k̂

is irrotational. If so, find the scalar potential φ such that F~ = grad φ.
[10 Marks]
Solution: F~ is irrotational if Curl | F = ∇ × F~ = 0

i j k
∇ × F~ = ∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
2xyz 3 x z 3x yz 2
2 3 2
= i 3x2 z 2 − 3x2 z 2 + j 6xyz 2 − 6xyz 2

+ k 2xz 3 − 2xz 3 = 0

∴F~ is irrotational.
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
F~ = gradφ = ∇φ = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂φ
= 2xyz 3 

∴ ∂x
∂φ
∂y
= x2 z 3 ⇒ φ = x2 yz 3 + c
∂φ
= 3x2 yz 2

∂z
∴ Scalar potential,
φ = x2 yz 3 + C
Question-7(a) Determine the length of an endless chain which will hang over
a circular pulley of radius a so as to be in contact with two-thirds of the
circumference of the pulley.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let, AN BM A be the circular pulley of radius a and AN BCA the endless
chain hanging over it.
Since the chain is in contact with the two-thirds of the circumference of the pulley, hence
the length of this portion AN B of the chain.
2
= (circumference of the pulley)
3
2 4
= (2πa) = πa
3 3
Let, the remaining portion of the chain hang in the form of the catenary ACB, with AB
horizontal. C is the lowest point i.e., the vertex, CO’N the axis and OX the directrix of
this catenary.
Let, OC = c = the parameter of the catenary. The tangent at A will be perpendicular to
the radius O0 A ∴ If the tangent at A is inclined at an angle ψA to the horizontal, then
1
ψA = ∠AO0 D = (∠AO0 B)
2
1 1 π
= · 2π =
2 3 3
From the triangle AO0 D, we have
1 p
DA = O0 A sin π = a 3/2
3

∴ From x = c log(tan ψ + sec ψ); for the point A, we have
x = DA = c log · (tan ψA + sec ψA )

√
a 3 π π
Or, = c log tan + sec
2 √ 3 3
= c log( 3 + 2)
√
a 3
∴ c= √
2 log(2 + 3)
From s = c tan ψ applied for the point A, we have
1 √
arc CA = c tan ψA = c tan π = c 3
3
3a
= √
2 log(2 + 3)
Hence, the total length of the chain = arc ABC+ length of the chain in contact with the
pulley
4
= 2 · (arc CA) + πa
3
3a 4
=2 √ + πa
2 log(2 + 3) 3

3 4π
=a √ +
log(2 + 3) 3
Question-7(b) Using divergence theorem, evaluate

x
x3 dydz + x2 ydzdx + x2 zdydx

where S is the surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Divergence Theorem states that

x y
(F~ · n̂)dS = (∇ · F~ )dV
S V
Here, x

I=
S
x
x3 i + x2 yj + x2 zk · n̂dS

=
S
∴ F~ = x i + x2 yj + x2 z k̂
3

∂F ∂F ∂F
⇒ ∇ · F~ = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3x + x + x = 5x2
2 2 2
Hence,
y
I= 5x2 dV
V
2 2 2
where V is volume of sphere x + y + z = 1.
Converting to spherical corrdinates
x = r sin θ cos φ
dV = r2 sin θdrdθdφ
Limits:
r varies from 0 to 1
θ varies from 0 to π
φ varies from 0 to 2π
y 2
Z 1 Z π Z 2π
∴ 5x dV = 5 (r sin θ cos φ)2 r2 sin θdrdθdφ
V r=0 θ=0 φ=0
Z 1 Z π Z 2π
=5 r4 sin3 θ cos2 φdrdθdφ
Z0 1 Z0 π Z0 2π
4 3 1 + cos 2φ
=5 r sin θ drdθdφ,
0 0 0 2
2π
5 1 π 4 3
Z Z
sin 2φ
= r sin θ φ + drdθ
2 0 0 2 0
5 1 Z π
5 r
= × [2π + 0] sin3 θdθ
2 5 0 0
Z π/2
1
= × 2π × 2 × sin3 θdθ
2 0
Z 2a Z a
∵ f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx, if f (2a − x) = f (x)
0 0
2 4π
= 2π × = ( Using Walli’s formula for definite integral)
3 3
Walli’s Formula: Z π/2 Z π/2
n
I= sin xdx = cosn xdx
0 0
If n is even,
(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) . . . 3 · 1 π
I= ×
n(n − 2)(n − 4) · · · 4 · 2 2
If n is odd,
(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) · · · · 4 · 2
I=
n(n − 2)(n − 4) · · · · · 1

Question-7(c) A particle of mass m is falling under the influence of gravity

through a medium whose resistance equals µ times the velocity. If the particle
were released from rest, determine the distance fallen through in time t.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let, the particle start from rest from a fixed point O. Let, P be the
position of the particle at any time t such that OP = x.
Let, v be its velocity at P . Here, the force of resistance is µv (given) which acts in
vertical upward direction.
The weight mg of the particle acts in vertically downward direction.
Then, the equation of motion of the particle at any time t is

mẍ = mg − µv
dv µ
dt
=g− m v
Or,
1
( )
(g−µv)
dt = dv
m
On Integration, we have,

m µv
t=− log g − +A
µ m
where A is a constant.
Initially, at Point O, when t = 0, v = 0. Hence,

m
A= log g
µ

m µv m
∴ t=− log g − + log g
µ m µ

m µv
=− log 1 −
µ gm
Or,
µv µt
log 1 − =−
gm m

µ
Or, l2 − v = e−µt/m
gm
Or, n
dx gm µt
o
v= = 1 − e− m
dt µ
Or,
gm − µt

dx = 1−e m dt
µ
On integration, we have

gm m −µt/m
x= t+ e +B
µ µ

where B is a constant.
Initially, at Point O, when t = 0, x = 0
gm2
⇒B=−
µ2
Then,
gm2

gm m −µt/m
x= t+ e − 2
µ µ µ
2
gm µt
or x= 2
e−(µ/m)t − 1 +
µ m
Question-8(a) An ellipse is just immersed in water with its major axis vertical.
If the centre of pressure coincides with the focus, determine the eccentricity
of the ellipse.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Take the major axis and minor axis respectively as the axes of x and y
Then the equation of the ellipse is
x2 y 2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
By symmetry it is clear that the C.P. (x̄, ȳ) will lie on the line AOA0 i.e., x -axis. ∴
ȳ = 0
0
Take an elementary strip PQQ P0 at a depth x below O, the centre of the ellipse, and of
width dx. Then d S = area of the elementary strip = 2ydx p = intensity of pressure at
any point of the strip = ρg(a + x), where ρ is the density of the liquid. ∴ x̄ = depth of
the C.P. of the ellipse below Point,
R
xpd S
O= R ,
pd S
between suitable limits
Ra Ra
xρg(a + x)2ydx xy(a + x)dx
R−aa = R−aa
−a
ρg(a + x)2ydx −a
y(a + x)dx

The parametric equations of the ellipse ( 1 ) are

x = a cos t, y = b sin t
∴ dx = −a sin tdt
Also when, x = a, cos t = 1 ⇒ t = 0 and when x = −a, cos t = −1 ⇒ t = π
R0
a cos t · b sin t(a + a cos t)(−a sin tdt)
∴ x̄ = π R 0
b sin t(a + a cos t)(−a sin tdt)
Rπ π
a 0 · cos t sin2 t + cos2 t sin2 t dt

= Rπ 2 2

sin t + cos t sin t dt
R π 0 Rπ
a 0 cos t sin tdt + 0 cos t sin2 tdt
2 2

= Rπ 2 Rπ
0
sin tdt + 0
cos t sin2 tdt
h R π/2 i
a 0 + 2 0 cos2 t sin2 tdt
= R π/2
2 0 sin2 tdt + 0
a 1·1 ·π

4·2 2 a
= 1 π =
·
2 2
4
Now, the C.P. of the ellipse will coincide with the focus, if
x̄ = ae
i.e., if
a
= ae
4
1
e=
4
s
Question-8(b) If F~ = y î + (x − 2xz)ĵ − xy k̂, evaluate S (∇ × F~ ) · n̂dS, where S is
the surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 above the xy-plane.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The boundary C of the surface S is the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0.

Suppose, x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = 0 are parametric eqns of C, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π By
Stokes Theorem,
x Z
(∇ × F~ ) · ~ndS = F~ · d~r
S C
Z
= [y î + (x − 2xz)ĵ − xy k̂] · (dxî + dy ĵ + dz k̂)
C
Z
= ydx + (x − 2xz)dy + xydz
C
Z
= ydx + xdy (∵ On C1 , z = 0, dz = 0)
C

Converting to parametric form:

x Z
(∇ × F~ ) · ~ndS = ydx + xdy
s C
Z 2π
= [a sin t(−a sin t) + acos t(a cos t)]dt
0
Z 2π
a2 cos2 t − sin2 t dt

=
0
Z 2π 2π
2 2 sin 2t
=a cos dt = a =0
0 2 0
Question-8(c) A particle moves with a central acceleration which varies in-

versely as the cube of the distance. If it be projected
√ from an apse at a
distance a from the origin with a velocity which is 2 times the velocity for a
circle of radius a, determine the equation to its path.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Here, the central acceleration varies inversely as the cube of the distance
i.e. P = rµ3 = µu3 , where µ is a constant. If V is the velocity of a particle along a circle
of radius a, then Or,
V2 µ
= [P]r=a = 3
a r a
µ
V=
a2
√
∴ The velocity of projection v1 = 2 V
s
2µ
=
a2
The differential equation of the path is

d2 u µu3

2 P
h u + 2 = 2 = 2 = µu
dθ u u
Multiplying both sides by 2 du

dθ
and integrating, we have
" 2 #
2 2 2 du
v =h u +
dθ
= µu2 + A...(i)
Where, A is a constant. But initially when r = a i.e.,
1 du
u= , = 0 (at an apse
a dθ

and s
2µ
v = v1 =
a2
∴ From equation, we have

2µ 2 1 µ
2
=h 2
= 2 +A
a a a
µ
∴ h2 = 2µ and A = 2
a
Substituting the values of h2 and A in (1) we have
" 2 #
du µ
2µ u2 + = µu2 + 2
dθ a
2
du 1
2 = 2 + u2 − 2u2
dθ a
Or,
1 − a2 u 2
=
a2
Or,
√ du p
2a = (1 − a2 u2 )
dθ
Or,
dθ adu
√ =p
2 (1 − a2 u2 )
On integration, we have,
θ
√ + B = sin−1 (au),
2
where B is a constant.
But initially, when
1
u = ,θ = 0
a
1
B = sin−1 1 = π
2

θ 1 1
∴ √ + π = sin−1 (au)
2 2 2
For,
a
au =
r

a 1 θ
= sin π+ √
r 2 2
or,
θ
a = r cos √ ,
2
which is the required equation of the path.

Chapter 7
2014
7.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Show that u1 = (1, −1, 0), u2 = (1, 1, 0) and u3 = (0, 1, 1) form a
basis for R3 . Express (5,3,4) in terms of u1 , u2 and u3 .
[8 Marks]
Solution: Consider
xu1 + yu2 + zu3 = 0, where x, y, z ∈ R
x(1, −1, 0) + y(1, 1, 0) + z(0, 1, 1) = (0, 0, 0)

(x + y, −x + y + z, z) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ x + y = 0, −x + y + z = 0 z = 0
x = 0, y = 0, z=0
Hence, u1 , u2 and u3 are linearly independent. Again, let
(a, b, c) ∈ R3
and
xu1 + yu2 + zu3 = (a, b, c)
⇒ x + y = a, −x + y + z = b, z=c
x + y = a, x − y = c − b
a−b+c a+b−c
∴x= , y= , z=c
2 2

a−b+c a+b−c
∴ (a, b, c) = u1 + u2 + cu3
2 2
Taking (a, b, c) = (5, 3, 4)

5−3+4 5+3−4
(5, 3, 4) = u1 + u2 + 4u3
2 2
= 3u1 + 2u2 + 4u3
= 3(1, −1, 0) + 2(1, 1, 0) + 4(0, 1, 1)
190

1 0 0
Question-1(b) For the matrix A =  1 0 1  . Prove that
0 1 0
An = An−2 + A2 − I, n ≥ 3
[8 Marks]
Solution: Consider |A − λI| = 0
1−λ 0 0
⇒ 1 −λ 1 = 0
0 1 −λ
⇒ (1 − λ) λ2 − 1 = 0

⇒ λ2 − λ3 − 1 + λ = 0
⇒ λ3 − λ2 − λ + 1 = 0
Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation.
∴ A3 − A2 − A + I = 0
⇒ A3 = A2 + A − I
Hence given relation is true for n = 3.
Now, assume that this statement holds true for n.
We have to prove that it also holds true for n + 1.
Let An = An−2 + A2 − I. Multiply both sides by A,
An+1 = An−1 + A3 − A
= An−1 + A2 + A − I − A

using (1)
= A(n+1)−2 + A2 − I
Hence given statement is true for n + 1 also.
Using principle of Mathematical Induction (PMI), we infer that the statement holds true
for all natural numbers greater than or equal to 3.
Question-1(c) Show that the function given by


 x e1/x − 1
f (x) = 1/x + 1)
, x 6= 0
(e
0 ,x = 0

is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0.
[8 Marks]

Solution:
x(e1/x −1)
(
, x 6= 0
f (x) = (e1/x +1)
0 ,x = 0
RHL = Limx→0+

x e1/x − 1
f (x) = lim+
x→0 e1/x + 1
x 1 − e−1/x
= lim+
x→0 1 + e−1/x
0(1 − 0)
= =0
1+0

+ 1 −1/x
∵ as x → 0 , − → −∞ ⇒ e +0
x

x e1/x − 1
LHL = lim− f (x) = lim−
x→0 x→0
e1/x
+1 1
(0 − h) e (0−h) −1
= lim+ 1
h→0
e 0−h +1
(−h) e−1/h − 1

= lim+
h→0 e−1/h + 1
0(0 − 1)
= =0
0+1
Hence, LHL = RHL = f (0) ∴ f is continuous at x = 0. For differentiability,
f (h) − f (0)
f 0 (0) = lim
"h − 0
h→0
#
1 h e1/h − 1
= lim −0
h→0 h e1/h + 1
e1/h − 1
= lim
h→0 e1/h + 1
This limit does not exist as

e1/h − 1 1 − e−1/h
RHL = lim+ = lim
h→0 e1/h + 1 h→0+ 1 + e−1/h
1−0
= =1
1+0
e1/h − 1 0−1
LHL = lim− 1/h = = −1
h→0 e +1 0+1
Hence, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

s sin x
Question-1(d) Evaluate R
y dxdy over R where R = {(x, y) : y ≤ x ≤ π/2, 0≤
x
y ≤ π/2}.
[8 Marks]
Solution: x sin x
I= y dxdy
x
R
Z π/2 Z x
sin x
= ydydx
x=0 y=0 x
π/2 x
sin x y 2
Z
= dx
0 x 2 0
Z π/2
1 sin x
· x2 − 0 dx

=
2 0 x
Z π/2
1
= x · sin xdx
2 0
"Z #
π/2 Z π/2
1
= [x(− cos x)]π/2
0 + 1 · cos xdx
2 0 0
1h π/2
i
= (0 − 0) + [sin x]0
2
1 1
= (1 − 0) =
2 2
Question-1(e) Prove that the locus of a variable line which intersects the
three lines:
y = mx, z = c; y = −mx, z = −c; y = z, mx = −c

is the surface y 2 − m2 x2 = z 2 − c2 .
[8 Marks]
Solution: The given lines are

y − mx = 0, z − c = 0...(i)
y + mx = 0, z + c = 0...(ii)
y − z = 0, mx + c = 0...(iii)
Any line intersecting (i) and (ii) is

y − mx − k1 (z − c) = 0, y + mx − k2 (z + c) = 0...(iv)
If it intersects (iii) also, we have to eliminate x, y, z from (iii) and (iv).

Now putting y = z and mx = −c from (iii) in (iv), we get

z + c − k1 (z − c) = 0
z − c − k2 (z + c) = 0
z (1 − k1 ) + c (1 + k1 ) = 0
z (1 − k2 ) − c (1 + k2 ) = 0
Equating the two values of z, we get
c (1 + k1 ) c (1 + k2 )
= (= z)
k1 − 1 1 − k2
(1 + k1 ) (1 − k2 ) = (1 + k2 ) (k1 − 1)
1 + k1 − k2 − k1 k2 = k1 + k1 k2 − 1 − k2
2k1 k2 − 2 = 0
k1 k2 = 1
To find the locus, we have to eliminate k1 , k2 from (iv) and (v) From (iv)
y − mx
k1 =
z−c
y + mx
k2 =
z+c
Putting these values in (v), we get

y − mx y + mx
=1
z−c z+c
y 2 − m2 x2
=1
z 2 − c2
y 2 − m2 x2 = z 2 − c2
which is the required locus.

1 −1
Question-2(a) Let B = . Find all eigenvalues and corresponding
2 −1
eigenvectors of B viewed as a matrix over:
(i) the real field R

(ii) the complex field C.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
|B − λI| = 0
1−λ −1
=0
2 −1 − λ

(λ − 1)(λ + 1) + 2 = 0
2
λ +1=0 ⇒ λ = i, −i
v is the eigenvector
Bv = λv
⇒ (B − λI)v = 0
λ=i

1−i −1 x 0
⇒ =
2 −1 − i y 0
(1 − i)x − y = 0
⇒ y = (1 − i)x
2x − (1 + i)y = 0

x
v=
y

x
=
(1 − i)x

1
=x
1−i
λ = −i

1+i −1 x 0
=
2 −1 + i y 0
(1 + i)x − y = 0
2x − y(1 − i) = 0
y = (1 + i)x

x
v=
y

x
=
(1 + i)x

1
= x
1+i
When B is viewed as matrix over the complex field, then eigenvectors are

1
and [1 + i]
1−i
When B is viewed as matrix over the real field the eigenvectros

1 0 0 1
v= f or λ = i i.e.
1 −1 −1 0

a b
a + ib →
−b a

1 0 0 −1
v= f or λ = −i i.e.
1 1 −1 0

Question-2(b) If xyz = a3 then show that the minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2 is

3a2 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2
g(x, y, z) = xyz − a3
Let
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2
g(x, y, z) = xyz − a3
To get maximum value of f , we use Lagrange’s multiplier method.
Consider,
F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + λ xyz − a3

For critical points,

dF = 0, i.e. Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0
2x + λ(yz) = 0 ⇒ 2x2 + λxyz = 0

2y + λ(xz) = 0 ⇒ 2y 2 + λxyz = 0
2z + λ(xy) = 0 ⇒ 2z 2 + λxyz = 0
∴ x2 = y 2 = z 2
Also, given xyz = a3 which implies (x · x + x)a = a3 ie. x3 = a3
= x 2 = y 2 = z 2 = a2
Hence, minimum value of x2 + y 2 + z 2 will be
a2 + a2 + a2 = 3a2
Question-2(c) Prove that every sphere passing through the circle
x2 + y 2 + 2ax + r2 = 0, z=0
cut orthogonally every sphere through the circle
x2 + z 2 = r 2 y=0
[10 Marks]
Solution: Equations of two spheres can be taken as

S1 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2ax + r2 + λz = 0
S2 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 − r2 + µy = 0

condition of orthogonality
2 (u1 u2 + v1 v2 + w1 w2 ) = d1 + d2
µ λ
2 a·0+0· − + − · 0 = r2 − (r)2
2 2
2(0 + 0 + 0) = 0
0=0
which is true for all values of parameters λ and µ. Hence proved.
Question-2(d) Show that the mapping T : V2 (R) → V3 (R) defined as T(a, b) =

(a + b, a − b, b) is a linear transformation. Find the range, rank and nullity of
T.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
T(a) = (a + b, a − b, b), ∀a, b ∈ R
Let α1 = (a1 , b1 ) and α2 = (a2 , b2 ) be any two elements of V2 (R) then

T (α1 ) = T (a1 , b1 ) = (a1 + b1 , a1 − b1 , b1 )
and T (α2 ) = T (a2 , b2 ) = (a2 + b2 , a2 − b2 , b2 )
Now,
a, b ∈ R ⇒ aα1 + bα2 ∈ V2 (R)
∴ T (aα1 + bα2 ) = T [a (a1 , b1 ) + b (a2 , b2 )]
= T [aa1 + ba2 , ab1 + bb2 ]
= (aa1 + ba2 + ab1 + bb2 , aa1 + ba2 − ab1 − bb2 , ab1 + bb2 ) (bydef.of T )
from (i)
= [a (a1 + b1 ) + b (a2 + b2 ) , a (a1 − b1 ) + b (a2 − b2 ) ab1 + bb2 ]
= a (a1 + b1 , a1 − b1 , b1 ) + b (a2 + b2 , a2 − b2 , b2 )
= a T (α1 ) + b T (α2 )
which proves that T : V2 (R) → V3 (R) as defined in (i) is a linear transformation.
Now, we will calculate the null space of T.
If α = (a, b), then
N (T ) = {α ∈ V2 (R); T (α) = 0 ∈ V3 (R)}
Now,
T (α) = T (a, b) = (a + b, a − b, b) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ a + b = 0, a − b = 0, b = 0
⇒ a = 0, b = 0
∴ α = (a, b) = (0, 0) ∈ N(T)
showing that null space consists of only zero vector of V2 (R) i.e. domain or in other
words null space of T is the zero subspace of V2 (R) i.e. nullity of T = dim[N(T)] = 0.

Range space of T. We have

R(T ) = {β ∈ V3 (R) : β = T (α), α ∈ V, (R)}
Now {(1, 0), (0, 1)} is the basis of V2 (R).
Also T(1, 0) = (1 + 0, 1 − 0, 0) = (1, 1, 0) and T(0, 1) = (0 + 1, 0 − 1, 1) = (1, −1, 1)
Hence the range space of T is a sub-snace of V3 (R) generated by (1, 1, 0) and (1, −1, 0).
Now
a(1, 1, 0) + b(1, −1, 1) = (0, 0, 0)∀a, b ∈ R
⇒ (a + b, a − b, b) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ a + b = 0, a − b = 0, b = 0
⇒ a = 0, b = 0
Therefore (1, 1, 0), (1, −1, 1); elements of R(T ) are L.I. and generates R(T ) Hence,
{(1, 1, 0), (1, −1, 1)} is the basis of R(T)
∴ dim(R(T)) = rank(T) = 2


−2 2 −3
Question-3(a) Examine whether the matrix A =  2 1 6  is diagonal-
−1 −2 0
izable. Find all eigenvalues. Then obtain a matrix P such that P −1 AP is a
diagonal matrix.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Characterestic Equation of a square matrix A is given by :

| A − λI |= 0
i.e.
λ3 − ( trace of A)λ2 + (C11 + C22 + C33 ) λ − |A| = 0
trace(A) = −2 + 1 + 0 = −1
C11 + C22 + C33 = (0 − 12) + (0 − 3) + (−2 − 4)
= −12 − 3 − 6 = −21
|A| = 45
∴ Characterestic Equation: λ3 + λ2 − 21λ − 45 = 0
⇒ λ = 5, −3, 3 (Use Calci)

Now, let us find the corresponding eigen-vectors for each eigen-values.
(i) λ = 5
∴ (A − λI)X = 0 ⇒ (A − 5I)X = 0

    
−7 2 −3 x1 0
 2 −4 −6   y1  =  0 
−1 −2 −5 z1 0
R1 ↔ R3
   
−1 −2 −5 −1 −2 −5
 2 −4 −6  ∼  0 −8 −16 
−7 2 −3 0 16 32
R2 → R2 + 2R1 ; R3 → R3 − 7R1
R1
R2 → R2 − 2R1 ; R1 →
−8
   
−1 −2 −5 −1 0 −1
∼ 0 1 2 ∼ 0 1 2 
0 0 0 0 0 0
R1 → R1 + 2R2
−x − z = 0
y + 2z = 0
i.e. x = −z; y = −2z
X = (x, y, z) = (−z, −2z, z) = z(−1, −2, 0)
∴ X1 = (−1, −2, 0) is the given vector corresponding to eigen value λ = 5
(ii) λ = −3, (A + 3I)X =0

     
1 2 −3 x 0
2 4 −6 [ y = 0
   
−1 −2 3 z 0
R2 → R2 − 2R1 , R3 → R3 + R1
    
1 2 −3 x 0
∼ 0 0 0
   y = 0
 
0 0 0 z 0
i.e. x + 2y − 3z = 0 i.e. x = −2y + 3z
       
x −2y + 3z −2 3
y  =  y  = y  1  + z 0
z z 0 1
   
−2 3
x2 = 1 , x3 = 0
  
0 1
X2 and X3 are eigen-vectors, corresponding to eigen value λ = −3.
We notice that for each eigen-value, algebraic multiplicity (number of same roots) is equal
to geometric multiplicity ie. number of independent eigen-vectors.
Hence, A is diagonalizable. Now, for P −1 AP = D,
Transformation matrix P is obtained by placing eigen-vectors as columns
 
−1 −2 3
P = [X1 X2 X3 ] =  −2 1 0 
1 0 1

and Diagonal matrix, D consists of eigen-values placed at diagonal positions

 
5 0 0
D =  0 −3 0 
0 0 −3
We can verify that  

−1 −2 3
1
P −1 =  −2 4 6 
8 1 2 5
P −1 AP = D
Question-3(b) A moving plane passes through a fixed point (2, 2, 2) and meets
the coordinate axes at the points A, B, C, all away from the origin O. Find
the locus of the centre of the sphere passing through the points O, A, B, C.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the eqn of plane be given by:

x y z
+ + =1
a b c
Let the points on coordinate axes through which the plane passes be given by A(a, 0, 0),
B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c).
2 2 2
⇒ + + =1 . . . (1)
a b c
Let general eqn of sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
Origin O(0,0,0) lies on it ⇒ d = 0
A(a, 0, 0) lies on it ⇒ a2 + 2ua = 0 ⇒ 2u = −a.
Similarly, B(0, b, 0) gives 2v = b
C(0, 0, c) gives 2ω = c
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + ax − by − cz = 0
Centre
a b c
x1 = , y1 = , z1 =
2 2 2
Using (1),
2 2 2
+ + =1
2x1 2y1 2z1
1 1 1
⇒ + + =1
x y z
is the required locus.

Question-3(c) Evaluate the integral

Z ∞
2
I= 2−ax dx
0
using Gamma function.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Z ∞
2
I= 2−ax dx
Z0 ∞
2 (log 2)
e−ax t = elog t

= dx
0
2
Let a(log 2)x = y
⇒ a(log 2)2xdx = dy
Z ∞
dy
I= e−y ·
2a(log 2)x
Z0 ∞
dy p
= e−y · √ × a log 2
0 2a(log 2) y
Z ∞
1
= p e−y · y −1/2 dy
2 a log2 2 0

1 −1
= √ ·T +1
2 a log 2 2
√
π
= √
2 a log 2
Question-3(d) Prove that the equation:

4x2 − y 2 + z 2 + 2xy − 3yz + 2xy + 12x − 11y + 6z + 4 = 0
represents a cone with vertex at (−1, −2, −3)
[10 Marks]
Solution: Making the given equation homogeneous, we get

F (x, y, z, t) ≡ 4x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 + 2xy − 3yz + 12xt − 11yt + 6zt + 4t2 = 0
∂F
∂x
=0 gives 8x + 2y + 12t = 0 or 4x + y + 6t = 0
∂F
∂y
=0 gives −2y + 2x − 3z − 11t = 0 or 2x − 2y − 3z − 11t = 0
∂F
∂z
=0 gives 4z − 3y + 6t = 0 or 3y − 4z − 6t = 0
∂F
∂t
=0 gives 12x − 11y + 6z + 8t = 0
Putting t = 1, these equations become

4x + y + 6 = 0 . . . (i); 2x − 2y − 3z − 11 = 0 . . . (ii)

3y − 4z − 6 = 0 . . . (iii); 12x − 11y + 6z + 8 = 0 . . . (iv)

From (ii), we get 4x − 4y − 6z − 22 = 0
Subtracting (i) from it, we get 5y + 6z + 28 = 0, or
10y + 12z + 56 = 0
Multiplying (iii) by, 3 we get 9y − 12z − 18 = 0 . . . (vi).
Adding (v) and (vi), we get 19y + 38 = 0 or y = −2.
∴ From (iii), we get 3(−2) − 4z − 6 = 0 or z = −3
From (i), we get 4x + (−2) + 6 = 0 or x = −1.
These values, i.e., x = −1, y = −2, z = −3 satisfy (iv) and so the given equation
represents a cone and its vertex is (-1,-2,-3).
Question-4(a) Let f be a real valued function defined on [0,1] as follows:

1 1 1
(
, r < x ≤ r−1 , r = 1, 2, 3 . . . . . .
f (x) = a r−1 a a
0 x=0
R1
where a is an integer greater than 2. Show that 0 f (x)dx exists and is equal
a
to .
a+1
[10 Marks]
Solution:  1
 a1−1
= 1, a1 < x ≤ 1




1 1
, < x ≤ a1


a a2





1
f (x) = , 1 < x ≤ a12
a2 a3



1
, 1 < x ≤ ar−1
1




 ar−1 ar




0, x = 0
Clearly f (x) ∈ [0, 1] for all x ∈ [0, 1] ⇒ f is bounded on [0,1] as a > 2
Also, it is continuous on [0,1] except at points 0, a1 , a12 , a3
The set of points of discontinuities has only one limit point O and hence, f is integrable

on [0, 1] .
Z 1 1 1
Z 1 Z Z
a ar−1
f (x)dx = f dx + f dx + . . . .. + f dx
1 1 1 1
ar a a2 ar
1
Z 12 1
Z 1 Z Z r−1
1 a
a 1 a 1
= 1.dx + dx + 2
dx + . . . .. + r−1
dx
1 1 a 1 a 1 a
a a2 3 a r
a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1− + − 2 + 2
− 3 2
+ ...··· + 8
− 8 · 8
a a a a a a a a −1 a a −1

1 1 1 1
= 1− 1 + 2 + 4 + ... + 2
a a a a (h − 1)
1 r

a − 1 1 1 − a2
= ×
a 1 − a12
a (1 − λn )
Sn =
1 − r
a 1
= · 1− 2
a+1 a
Taking limit r → ∞ Z 1
a
f (x)dx =
0 a+1
Question-4(b) Prove that the plane ax+by +cz = 0 cuts the cone yz +zx+xy = 0
1 1 1
in perpendicular lines if + + = 0.
a b c
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let
x−0 y−0 z−0
= =
l m n
be the line of section.
∴ l, m, n satisfies equation of cone and plane.
∴ lm + mn + ln = 0
and
al + bm + cn = 0...(i)
al + bm
n=
−c
Substituting we get
m l
lm − (al + bm) − (al + bm) = 0
c c
∴ al + lm(a + b − c) + bm2 = 0
2
2
l l
∴ a + (a + b − c) +b=0
ṁ m

which is a quadratic in ml .
Let ml11 and ml22 be the two roots of this equation.
∴ Product of the roots = ab i.e.
l1 l2 b
· =
m1 m2 a
l1 l2 m1 m2 n1 n2
∴ = =
1/a 1/b 1/c
by symmetry.
∴ perpendicular if
1 1 1
+ + =0
a b c
s y
Question-4(c) Evaluate the integral R
p dxdy over the region R
x2 + y 2 + 1
y2
bounded between 0 ≤ x ≤ and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.
2
[10 Marks]
Solution:

Z
y
I= p dxdy
R x + y2 + 1
2
Z 2 Z 2
2y
= √
p dydx
2 2
x=0 y= 2x 2 1 + x + y
y=2
Z 2
2 2 1/2
= 1+x +y √
dx
x=0 y= 2x
Z 2 √ √
= 1 + 4 + x2 − 1 + x2 + 2x dx
0
2
√
x=0 5 + x2 − (1 + x)dx
Z 2√
= 5 + x2 − (1 + x)dx
0
h √ 2 √ 2
1
2
x 5 + x2 + 52 log x + 5 + x2 0
=− 2 2
− x + x2 0

√ !
√ √

2x 9 5 5 4
= + log(2 + 9) − log 5 − 2 +
2 2 2 2
5
I= log 5 − 1
4
Question-4(d) Consider the linear mapping F : R2 → R2 given as F(x, y) =

(3x + 4y, 2x − 5y) with usual basis. Find the matrix associated with the linear
transformation relative to the basis S = {u1 , u2 } where u1 = (1, 2), u2 = (2, 3).
[10 Marks]
Solution: F : R2 → R2
F (x, y) = (3x + 4y, 2x − 5y)
s = {(1, 2), (2, 3)}
F (1, 2) = (3 + 8, 2 − 10) = (11, −8)

= −49(1, 2) + 30(2, 3) [Using calculator]
F (2, 3) = (6 + 12, 4 − 15) = (18, −11)
= −76(1, 2) + 47(2, 3)
∴ Matrix of LT wrt. Basis S
0
−49 30 −49 −76
[M ] = =
−76 47 30 47

7.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Solve the differential equation :

dy
y = 2px + p2 y, p =
dx
and obtain the non-singular solution.
[8 Marks]
Solution: We have
y = 2xp + yp2 . . . (i)
2
⇒ 2xp = y − yp
y py
⇒ x= − . . . (ii)
2p 2
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. y, we get

dx 1 1 1 dp 1 dp
= ·1+y·− 2 − p·1+y
dy 2 p p dy 2 dy
1 1 y. dp p y dp
⇒ = − 2 − −
p 2p 2p dy 2 2 dy

1 p y y dp
⇒ − = − 2
2p 2 2 2p dy

p 1 y p 1 dp
⇒ − − = −
2 2p p 2 2p dy
y dp
⇒ −1 =
p dy
dp dy
⇒ + =0
p y
Integrating,
log p + log y = log c
⇒py = c
⇒
p = c/y
Putting the value of p in (i), we get
2
c c
y = 2x +y
y y
⇒ y 2 = 2cx + c2
⇒ y 2 − 2cx − c2 = 0

Question-5(b) Solve :
d4 y
4
− 16y = x4 + sin x
dx
[8 Marks]
Solution: Auxiliary Egn: D4 − 16 = 0 ie. (D2 − 4) (D2 + 4)

D = ±2, ±2i
C · F · = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x + c03 cos 2x + c04 sin 2x
= c1 e2x + c2 e−2x + c3 cos(2x + (4).
1
x4 + sin x

P.I1 =
D4 − 16
1 4 1
= x + sin x
D4 − 16 D4 − 16
−1
D4

−1 1
= 1− x4 + sin x
16 16 (−1 ) (−12 ) − 16
2
D4 = D2 · D2

D4

−1 11
= 1+ x4 − sin x
16 16 15

−1 4 64·3·x·1 1
= x + − sin x
16 +6x2 15
Hence, complete solution,
y = C.F. + P.I.
−x4 3 1
y = ce2x + c2 e−2x + C3 cs (2x + c4 ) − − sin x
16 32 15
Question-5(c) A particle whose mass is m, is acted upon by a force

4

a
mµ x + 3 towards the origin. If it starts from rest at a distance ’a’ from
x
π
the origin, prove that it will arrive at the origin in time √ .
4 µ
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given
d2 x a4

= −µ x + 3 , . . . (i)
dt2 x
the -ve sign being taken because the force is attractive.
Integrating it after multiplying throughout by 2(dx/dt), we get

2
a4

dx 2
= µ −x + 2 + C
dt x

When x = a, dx/dt = 0, so that C = 0

2 4
a − x4

dx
∴ =µ
dt x2
√ p 4
dx µ (a − x4 )
=−
dt x
the -ve sign is taken because the particle is moving in the direction of x decreasing. If t1
be the time taken to reach the origin, then integrating (ii), we get
Z 0
1 x
t1 = − √ p dx
µ a (a − x4 )
4
Z t
1 xdx
=√ p
µ 0 (a4 − x4 )
Put x2 = a2 sin θ so that

2xdx = a2 cos θdθ
When x = 0, θ = 0 and when
π
x = a, θ =
2
π/2 1 2
a cos θdθ
Z
1 2
t1 = √
µ 0 a2 cos θ
π/2
Z
1 1 π/2
= √ dθ = √ [θ]0
2 µ 0 2 µ
1 π
= √ ·
2 µ 2
π
= √
4 µ
Question-5(d) A hollow weightless hemisphere filled with liquid is suspended

from a point on the rim of its base. Show that the ratio√ of the thrust on the
plane base to the weight of the contained liquid is 12 : 73.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let a0 be the radius of the hemisphere and O the point of rim from which
it is suspended.

3
Let G be the CG (centre of gravity) of the hemisphere, then CG = a and OG must be
8
vertical.
If α be the inclination of the base to the vertical, then
3
tan α = . . . (1)
8
The whole pressure (thrust) on the base = w · πa2 · (a css α)

Here, w = weight per unit volume of liquid.
Depth of the center of gravity of the boy below surface of liquid = CM=a cos α.

2 3
Weight of the liquid contained = w · πa
3
w · πa2 (a cos α)
∴ Required ratio is =
w · 23 πa3
3 84
= ·√
2 73
3 8
[From (1), tan α = ⇒ cos α = √ ]
8 73
12
=√
73
Question-5(e) For three vectors show that:
~a × (~b × ~c) + ~b × (~c × ~a) + ~c × (~a × ~b) = 0
[8 Marks]


~a × (~b × ~c) = (~a · ~c)~b − (~a · ~b)~c
~a · ~b = ~b · ~a
Hence,
~a × (~b × ~c) + ~b × (~c × ~a) + ~c × (~a × ~b)
= [(~a · ~c)~b − (~a · ~b)~c] + [(~b · ~a)~c − (~b · ~c)~a] + [(~c · ~b)~a − (~c · ~a)~b]
=0
Question-6(a) Solve the following differential equation:

dy 2y x3 y
= + + x tan 2
dx x y x
[10 Marks]
y
Solution: Put x2
=t ie, y = tx2
dy dt
= 2tx + x2 ·
dx dx
Now DE becomes
dt 2 2tx2 x3
2tx + x = + 2 + x + tan t
dx x tx
dt 1 cos t + t sin t
x = +
dx t t cos t
Z Z
t cos tdt dx
=
cos t + t sin t x
log(cos t + t sin t) = log x + log c
⇒ cos t + t sin t = cx
i.e. y y y
cos 2 + 2 sin 2 = cx
x x x
which is the required solution.

Question-6(b) An engine, working at a constant rate H, draws a load M against

a resistance R. Show that the maximum
speed is H/R and the time taken to
MH 1
attain half of this speed is 2 log 2 −
R 2
[10 Marks]
Solution: Energy equation for time dt,

Energy supplied = Hdt
Energy lost due to the resistance = Force × distance == Rvdt
Assuming no change of P E;
4P E = 0
X X
energy supplied − enegy lost = ∆(k.E.)

1 2
Hdt − RV dt = d · mv
2
Hdt − Rvdt = mvdv
dv
H − Rv = mv
dt
For max. velocity,
dv
=0
dt
⇒ accelaration = 0
H − Rv = 0
Vmax = H/R
Now, integrating
d
H − Rv = mvd
dt


vdv
dt = m
βtRv

m kv
= dv
R µ − Rv

m Rv − H + H
dt = dv
R H − Rv

m H
= − 1 dv
R H + Rv
Z t Z Vmax
2 M H
dt = − 1 dv
0 0 R H − Rv
Z H/2R
M M
t= − 1 dv
0 R H − Rv
H/2R
M −H
= log(H − Rv) − v
R R
0
M −H H H H
= log H − R · − + log(H − R · 0) − 0
R R 2R 2R R

M H H H H
= − log − + log H
R R 2 2R R

M −H H H H
= log H + log 2 − + log H
R R R 2R R

MH 1
= (log 2) −
R2 2
Question-6(c) Solve by the method of variation of parameters:

y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = x + cos x
[10 Marks]
Solution: D.E.
D2 + 3D + 2 y = x + cos x

⇒
Auxiliary Eqn:
D2 + 3D + 2 = 0
(D + 1)(D + 2) = 0
D = −1, −2
C · F = C10 e−x + C20 e−2x
y1 = e−x , y2 = e−2x
y1 y2 e−x e−2x
W = =
y10 y20 −e−x −2e−2x
= −2e−3x + e−3x = −e−3x 6= 0

∴ y1 & y2 are linearly independent.
To get complete solution by variation of parameters, we replace C10 and C20 in C.F. by
functions A and B.
y = Ae−x + Be−2x
= Ay1 + By2
Z
Ry2
A=− dx
w
(x + cos x)e−2x
Z
=− dx
−e−3x
Z
= ex (x + cos x)dx
Z Z
= x · e dx + ex cos xdx
x
Z
1
= xe − ex dx + ex (cos x + sin x) + c1
x
2
x
e
= xex − ex + (cos x + sin x) + c1
2
Z ax
e
∵ eax sin axdx = 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx), and
a + b2
eax
Z
eax cos bxdx = 2 (a cos bx + b sin bx)
a + b2
Z
y1 R
Also, B = dx
w
Z −x
e (x + cos x)
= dx
−e−3x
Z Z
−2x −2x
= e xdx + e cos xdx
e−2x e−2x e−2x

Z
=− x· − 1 dx + (−2 cos x + sin x)
−2 −2 4+1
x −2x 1 −2x e−2x
= e + e + (−2 cos x + sin x) + C2
2 4 5
Hence, complete solution is given by
y = Ay1 + By2
h i
x e−2x e−2x
y = xex − ex + e2 (cos x + sin x) + c1 e−x + x2 e−2x + + sin x) + C2 e−2x

4
+ 5
(−2 sin x
xî + y ĵ + z k̂
Question-6(d) For the vector Ā = examine if Ā is an irrotational
x2 + y 2 + z 2
vector. Then determine φ such that A~ = ∇φ
[10 Marks]

Solution: ~ is irrotational if
A
~=0
∇×A
i j k
~=
∇×A ∂ ∂ ∂
(r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
x y z
r2 r2 r2

−2z 2y −2x 2 −2y 2x
=i · 2y + 2z +j 2z + 3 2x + k 2x + 3 2y
r3 r3 r3 x r3 r
=0
~ is irrotational vector.
∴A
A~ = ∇φ = i ∂φ + j ∂φ + k ∂φ
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂phi x
= 2
∂x x + y 2 + 22
∂φ y
= 2
∂y x + y2 + z2
∂φ 2
= 2
∂z x + y 2 + 22
1
⇒ φ = log x2 + y 2 + z 2 + C

2
~ = ∇φ
∴ Scalar potential φ is such that A
Question-7(a) A solid consisting of a cone and a hemisphere on the same

base rests on a rough horizontal table with the hemisphere in contact with
the table.√Show that the largest height of the cone so that the equilibrium is
stable is 3× radius of hemisphere.
[15 Marks]
Solution: Let us first try to find out the C · G· of the whole body.
As we know, CG of a solid hemisphere is a point on its axis at a distance 3a/8 from the
centre of its base, where 0 a0 is radius of sphere
3a 5a
x1 = AG1 = a − =
8 8
.

ω1 = weight of hemisphere
2
= πa3 ρq
3
x2 = distance of centre of gravity of cone from table
= AO + OG2
H
=a+
4
ω2 = weight of cone
1
= πa2 Hpg
3
h = distance of C.G of combined body from horizontal plane
w1 x1 + ω2 x2
=
w1 + w2
2 5a 1 1
3 2

πa pg + πa Heg a +
= 3 2 38 3
1 2 + 1g
4
3
πa pg + 3
i + a
5 2 11

a + 1 + a +
= 4 4
2a + H
5a2 + 11(4a + 11)
=
4(2a + 11)
Let R = radius of lower surface = ∞ & r = radius of upper furface = a
For stable equilibrium,

1 1 1
> +
h r R
4(2a + H) 1 1
2
> +
5a + H(4a + H) a ∞
a(8a + 4H) > 5a2 + 4aH + H 2
3a2 > H 2
√
H < 3a

s
~ · n̂dS for A
~ = (x2 + y − 4) î + 3xyĵ + (2xz + z2 ) k̂
Question-7(b) Evaluate S ∇ × A
and S is the surface of hemisphere x + y + z 2 = 16 above xy plane.
2 2
[15 Marks]
Solution: The boundary C of the surface S is the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0.

Suppose x = a cos t, y = a sin t, z = 0, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π are the parametric equations of C.
By Stokes’ theorem, we have
Z Z Z
(∇ × A) · n̄ds = ¯
A · dr
S ZC
= [ x2 + y − 4 î + 3xy ĵ + 2xz + z 2 k̂] · (îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz)

ZC
x2 + y − 4 dx + 3xy · dy + 2xz + z 2 · dz

=
ZC
x2 + y − 4 dx + 3xy · dy [∵ z = 0 ∴ dz = 0]

=
ZC2π
a2 cos2 t + a sin t − 4 (−a sin t) · dt + 3a cos t · a sin t(a cos t) · dt

=
0
2π
a2
Z
3 2
= 2a · cos t · sin t − (1 − cos 2t) + 4a sin t · dt
0 2
3 2
−2a 2x a a2
cos3 t 0 − [t]2π [sin 2t]2π 2π

= 0 + 0 − 4a[cos t]0
3 2 4
= 0 − a2 · π + 0 − 0
∵ a = 4 ⇒ a2 = 16

= −16π
Question-7(c) Solve the D.E.:

d3 y d2 y dy
3
− 3 2 + 4 − 2y = ex + cos x
dx dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution:
D3 − 3D2 + 4D − 2 y = ex + cos x

Auxiliary eqn:
D3 − 3D2 + 4D − 2 = 0
(D − 1) D2 − 2D + 2 = 0

√
2± 4−8
D = 1,
2
i.e.
D = 1, 1 ± i

CF = c1 ex + ex c12 cos x + c03 sin x

= c1 ex + c2 ex css (x + c3 )
1
P.I. = (ex + cos x)
D3− 3D2 + 4D − 2
1 x 1
=x· e + cos x
3D2 − 6D + 4 D (−12 ) − 3 (−12 ) + 4D − 2
x · ex 1 3D − 1
= + · cos x
3 − 6 + 4 (3D + 1) 3D − 1
1
= x0 e x + 2
((3D − 1) − (cos x)
9D − 1
1
= xex + (−3 sin x − cos x)
9 (−12 ) − 1
1
= xex + (3 sin x + cos x)
10
∴ Complete solution, y = CF + P I
1
y = gex + c2 ex cos (x + c3 ) + xex + (3 sin x + cos x)
10
Question-8(a) A semi circular disc rests in a vertical plane with its curved
edge on a rough horizontal and equally rough vertical plane. If the coefficient
of friction is µ, prove that the greatest angle that the bounding diameter can
make with the horizontal plane is:
3π µ + µ2

−1
sin
4 1 + µ2
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the disc’s diameter makes angle θ with the x-axis (horizontal)
At equilibrium ie. before motion
X
Fx = 0

⇒ R2 − µR1 = 0 . . . (1)
X
Fy = 0
⇒ µR2 + R1 − W = 0 ... (2))
Taking moments about G0
(µR2 ) r + (µR1 ) r − W (GG0 sin θ) = 0
Where r is radius of disc.
4
GG0 = r [A result from chapter on center of gravity]
3π
4r
µr (R1 + R2 ) = w sin θ ... (3)
3π
Using (1) and (2) in (3), we get
R2 = µR1
µR2 + R1 − W = 0
⇒ µ2 R1 + R1 − W = 0
W
R1 =
1 + µ2

W µW 4W sin θ
∴µ 2
+ 2
=
1+µ 1+µ 3π
µ 4
(1 + µ) = sin θ
1 + µ2 3π
µ + µ2

−1 3π
⇒ θ = sin ·
4 1 + µ2
Hence, proved.
Question-8(b) A body floating in water has volumes V1 , V2 and V3 above the

surface when the densities of the surrounding air are ρ1 , ρ2 , ρ3 respectively.
Prove that:
ρ2 − ρ3 ρ3 − ρ1 ρ1 − ρ2
+ + =0
V1 V2 V3
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let V be the volume and W the weight of the body. Then the volumes
immersed in water in the three faces are
(V − V1 ) , (V − V2 ) and (V − V3 )
Let ρ be the density of water.
For equilibrium,
weight of the body = weight of water displaced + weight of air displaced
∴ W = (V − V1 ) ρg + V1 ρ1 g or W − V ρg = V1 g (ρ1 − ρ)

W − V ρg
= g (ρ1 − ρ) . . . (1)
V1
Similarly,
W − V ρg
= g (ρ2 − ρ) . . . (2)
V2
and
W − V ρg
= g (ρ3 − ρ) . . . (3)
V3
Multiplying (1) by (ρ2 = ρ3 ) , (2) by (ρ3 − ρ1 ) and (3) by (ρ1 − ρ2 ) and adding, we get

ρ2 − ρ3 ρ3 − ρ1 ρ1 − ρ2
(W − V ρg) + + =0
V1 V2 V3
ρ2 − ρ3 ρ3 − ρ1 ρ1 − ρ2
+ + =0
V1 V2 V3
Hence, proved.
Note that the above result can also be put in the form
V2 V3 (ρ2 − ρ3 ) + V3 V1 (ρ3 − ρ1 ) + V1 V2 (ρ1 − ρ2 ) = 0
ρ1 V1 (V2 − V3 ) + ρ2 V2 (V3 − V1 ) + ρ3 V3 (V1 − V2 ) = 0
Question-8(c) Verify the divergence theorem for Ā = 4xî − 2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ over the

region x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0, z = 3.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The divergence theorem is

y x
∇ · Ādv = A · n̂ids
V S
Now, volume integral

y∂ ∂ ∂
n o
= î + ĵ + k̂ · 4xî − 2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ dxdydz
∂x ∂x ∂x
y∂ ∂ 2
∂ 2

= (4x) + −2y + z dxdydz
∂x ∂y ∂z
V
Z 2 Z y1 Z 3
= (4 − 4y + 2z)dxdydz
x=−2 −y1 z=0
Z Z Z √
2 3 2 (4−x )
= √ (4 − 4y + 2z)dxdzdy
r=−2 z=0 y=− (4−x2
2 3 √(4−x2 )
Z Z
2
4y − 2y + 2zy √

= 2
dxdy
− (4−x )
x=−2 z=0
Z 2Z 3 √
(4−x2 )
=2 [(4 + 2z)y]0 dxdz
−2 0

Z 2 Z 3 n p o
=2 (4 + 2z) (4 − x2 ) dxdz
−2 0
Z 2Z 2 p
=4 (4 + 2z) (4 − x2 )dxdz
0 0
nxp x o2
3 −1
z2 0

=4 4z + (4 − x2 ) + 2 sin
2 2 0
= 4[(12 + 9)(π)]
= 84π
Now, we proceed to find the surface integral.
The surface S of the cylinder consists of a base S1 (z = 0), the top S2 (z = 3) and the
convex portion
S3 x2 + y 2 = 4

For S1 : Normal is towards − k̂ direction and z = 0

x x
∴ (A~ · ~n)dS = 4xî − 2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ · (−k̂)dS
S1
x
S 1
= −z 2 dS = 0
S1
x x
For S2 : Normal is towards k̂ direction and z = 3
2
∴ (4xî − 2y ĵ + 9k̂) · (k̂)ds = 9dS
S2 S2
= 9(2πr2 ) [∵ area of S2 = 2πr2 = 4π]

= 36π
For S3 : Vector normal to S3 i.e., x2 + y 2 = 4
∇(x2 + y 2 − 4) 2xî + 2y ĵ xî + y ĵ
∴ n̂ = = = [∵ x2 + y 2 = 4 on S3 ]
|∇(x2 + y 2 − 4)| 4 2
!
~ · ~n) = (4xî − 2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂) · xî + y ĵ
∴ On S3 , (A
2
= 2x2 − y 3
Also, dS = elementary area on the surface S3

= 2dθdz . . . [Polar Coordinates dS = rdθdz and r = z]

x x
∴ ~ n)dS =
(A.~ (2x2 − y 3 )2dθdz . . . [x = 2 cos θ, y = 2 sin θ]
S3 S3
Z z=3 Z 2π
= 2(B cos2 θ − 8 sin3 θ)dθdz
z=0 θ=0
Z 2π
= 16 (cos2 θ − sin3 θ)[z]30 dθ
θ=0
Z 2π
= 16.3 (cos2 θ − sin3 θ)dθ
Z θ=0
2π Z 2π
2 2
= 48 cos θdθ − sin θdθ
θ=0 θ=0
" 2π #
θ sin 2θ
= 48 + −0 . . . [sin θ is a odd function]
2 4 0
2π
= 48. = 48π
2
x x x x!
∴ ~ · ~ndS =
A + + ~ · ~n)dS
(A
S S1 S2 S3
= 0 + 36π + 48π
x y
= 84π
∴ ~ · ~n)dS =
(A ~
(∇ · A)dv
S v
Hence, the divergence theorem is proved.

Chapter 8
2013
8.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Find the dimension and a basis of the solution space W of the
system x + 2y + 2z − s + 3t = 0, x + 2y + 3z + s + t = 0, 3x + 6y + 8z + s + 5t = 0.
[8 Marks]
Solution: The matrix form of the given homogeneous system of linear equations is
 
  x  
1 2 2 −1 3   y 
 0
 1 2 3 1 1  z = 0 
   
3 6 8 1 5  s  0
t
R2 → R2 − R1 ,
R3 → R3 − 3R1
 
  x  
1 2 2 −1 3  y 
  0
 0 0 +1 2 −2   z  =  0 
 
0 0 2 4 −4  s  0
t
R1 → R1 − 2R2 ,
R3 → R3 − 2R2
 
  x  
1 2 0 −5 7  y 
  0
 0 0 1 2 −2   z  =  0 
 
0 0 0 0 0  s  0
t
This is the required row reduced echelon form.
x + 2y − 5s + 7t = 0
z + 2s − 2t = 0
         
x −2y + 5s − 7t −2 5 −7

 y  
  y 

 1 
 

 0 


 0 

∴
 z =
  −2s + 2t  = y 0  + s
    −2  + t
  2 

 s   s   0   1   0 
t t 0 0 1
222
∴ Dimension of Solution Space (W ) = 3.

Basis of Solution Space = {(−2, 1, 0, 0, 0), (5, 0, −2, 1, 0), (−7, 0, 2, 0, 1)}.
 
2 1 1
Question-1(b) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A =  0 1 0 
1 1 2
and hence find the matrix represented by:
A8 − 5A7 + 7A6 − 3A5 + A4 − 5A3 + 8A2 − 2A + I.
[8 Marks]
Solution:  
2 1 1
A= 0 1 0 
1 1 2
Characterstic Equation of a square matrix is given by :| A − λI |= 0 i.e.
λ3 − ( trace of A)λ2 + (C11 + C22 + C33 ) λ − |A| = 0

trace(A) = 2 + 1 + 2 = 5
C11 + C22 + C33 = (2 − 0) + (4 − 1) + (2 − 0)
=7
|A| = 2(2 − 0) + 0 + 1(0 − 1) = 3
∴ Characteristic Equation: λ3 − 5λ2 + 7λ − 3 = 0 Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that

every square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
∴ A3 − 5A2 + 7A − 3I = 0 . . . (∗)
We have to find,
A8 −5A7 + 7A6 − 3A5 + A4 − 5A3 + 8A2 − 2A + I
= A5 A3 − 5A2 + 7A − 3I + A4 − 5A3 + 7A2 − 3A

+ A2 + A + I
= A5 · 0 + A · 0 + A2 + A + I (using(∗))
2
=A +A+I
      
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0
=  0 1 0  0 1 0  +  0 1 0  +  0 1 0 
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1
 
8 5 5
= 0 3 0 
5 5 8

R∞Rx 2 /y
Question-1(c) Evaluate the integral 0 0
xe−x dydx by changing the order
of integration.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let Z ∞ Z x
2 /y
1= xe−x dydx
0 0
Here the limits of integration show that the integration is done first with respect to y
from y = 0 to y = x and then with respect to x from x = 0 and x = ∞, i. e., the strip is
taken parallel to y -axis in the region bounded by these curves.
On changing the order of integration, we find that the strip parallel to x -axis varies form
x = y to x = ∞ and then y varies from y = 0 to y = ∞ to cover the whole region (fig.)
Hence on changing the order of integration, we have figure
Z ∞Z ∞
2
I= xe−x /y dxdy
Z0 ∞ h x=y i∞
y 2
= − e−x /y dy
0 2 x=y
1 ∞ −y
Z
= ye dy
2 0
Z ∞
1 −y ∞
−y
= y(−e ) 0 − 1 · (−e )dy
2 0

1 −y 1 −y ∞ 0
= lim −0 − e 0 form
2 y→∞ ey 2 0

1 −1 1
= lim y − [0 − 1] (Using L-Hospital)
2 y→∞ e 2
1
=
2

Question-1(d) Find the surface generated by the straight line which intersects
the lines y = z = a and x + 3z = a = y + z and is parallel to the plane x + y = 0.
[8 Marks]
Solution: The equation of the given lines are
y − a = 0, z − a = 0 . . . (i)
x + 3z − a = 0, y + z − a = 0 . . . (ii)
The equation of any plane through the lines ( i ) and (ii) are
(y − a) − λ1 (z − a) = 0
⇒ y − λ1 z − a + aλ1 = 0 . . . (iii)
and
(x + 3z − a) − λ2 (y + z − a) = 0
(x − λ2 y) + (3 − λ2 ) z − a + aλ2 = 0 . . . (iv)
Any line intersecting the line (i) and (ii) is given by the intersection of the plane (iii) and
(iv).
Let λ, µ, v are its dr’s, then,
0.λ + 1.µ − λ1 · v = 0
and
1.λ − λ2 · µ + (3 − λ2 ) · v = 0
λ µ v
∴ = =
3 − λ2 − λ1 λ2 −λ1 −1
Now, the line with dr’s λ, µ, v is parallel to the plane x + y = 0, i.e., this line is perpen-
dicular to the normal to the plane x+ y = 0, whose dr’s are 1, 1, 0 So, we have
1. (3 − λ2 − λ1 λ2 ) + 1 (−λ1 ) + 0.(−1) = 0
3 − λ1 − λ2 − λ1 λ2 = 0
The required locus of the line is obtained by eliminating λ1 and λ2 between (iii), (iv) and
(v) hence is given by
y − a x + 3z − a y − a x + 3z − a
3− − − · =0
z−a y+z−a z−a y+z−a
3(y + z − a)(z − a) − (y − a)(y + z − a) − (z − a)(x + 3z − a) − (y − a)(x + 3z − a) = 0
−yz − y 2 + 2az − xz + 2ax − xy = 0
yz − y 2 + 2az − xz + 2ax − xy = 0
yz + y 2 + xz + xy = 2az + 2ax
(y + z)(x + y) = 2a(x + z)

Question-1(e) Find C of the Mean value theorem, if f (x) = x(x − 1)(x − 2),
1
a = 0, b = and C has usual meaning.
2
[8 Marks]
Solution:
f (x) = x(x − 1)(x − 2) = x3 − 3x2 + 2x
∴ f (a) = f (0) = 0
and
1
f (b) = f
2

1 1 1
= −1 −2
2 2 2

1 1 3
= − −
2 2 2
3
=
8
3
f (b) − f (a) −0 3
∴ = 8 =
b−a 1 4
−0
2
Also
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x + 2
so that
f 0 (c) = 3c2 − 6c + 2
Substituting these values for Lagrange’s mean value theorem,
f (b) − f (a)
= f 0 (c), (a < c < b)
b−a
3
= 3c2 − 6c + 2
4
12c2 − 24c + 5 = 0
p
24 ± (24)2 − 4 · 12 · 5
c=
√ 2 × 12
24 ± 576 − 240
=
√24
24 ± 4 21
=
24
√
21
=1±
√6
21 1
c=1− ∈ 0, Using Calculator
6 2

Question-2(a)
Let V be the vector space of 2 × 2 matrices over R and let
1 −1
M= Let F : V → V be the linear map defined by F(A) = MA. Find
−2 2
a basis and the dimension of (i) the kernel of W of F (ii) the image U of F.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
x y 1 −1 x y
T =
z w −2 2 z w

x−z y−w
=
−2x + 2z −2y + 2w

1 0 0 1
= (x − z) + (y − ω)
−2 0 0 −2

1 0 0 1
= k1 + k2 k1 , k2 ∈ R
−2 0 0 −2
∴ Range (T )
1 0 0 1
w = span ,
−2 0 0 −2
Dimension (w) = 2

1 0 0 1
(∵ two vectors and are not multiples of each other), hence
−2 0 0 −2
independent.
For kernel T (A) = 0, i.e.

x y x−z y−w
T =
z w −2x + 2z −2y + 2w

0 0
=
0 0
x − z = 0 − 2x + 2z = 0
y−ω =0
−2y + 2w = 0
i.e. x = z and y = ω

x y x y
∴ =
z w x y

1 0 0 1
=x +y
1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1
Since vectors and are not multiples of each other, hence they are
1 0 0 1
independent therefore they form the basis of kernel (T ). Dim (ker T) = 2.

Question-2(b) Locate the stationary points of the function x4 +y 4 −2x2 +4xy−2y 2

and determine their nature.
[10 Marks]
Solution: We have
f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 − 2x2 + 4xy − 2y 2
∂f
= 4x3 − 4x + 4y . . . (1)
∂x
∂f
= 4y 3 + 4x − 4y . . . (2)
∂y
∂f ∂f
For extreme values, = 0 and =0
∂x ∂y
x3 − x + y = 0
∴ y3 + x − y = 0
Adding (1) and (2), we have
x3 + y 3 = 0
(x + y) (x − xy + y 2 ) = 0
2
∴ For real x, x + y = 0 is the only possibility. Putting y = −x in (1), we get

x3 − x − x = 0
x3 − 2x = 0
√
x x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ± 2

√ √ √ √
Hence, the extreme points are (0, 0), ( 2, − 2) and (− 2, 2)
∂ 2f
A= 2
= 12x2 − 4
∂x
∂ 2f
B= =4
∂y∂x
and
∂ 2f
C= 2
= 12y 2 − 4
∂y
At (0, 0) : A = −4, B = 4, C = −4
∴ AC − B 2 = 16 − 16 = 0
∴ At(0, 0), further investigation is required. For small h, k and h 6= k, we have
f (h, k) − f (0, 0) = h4 + k 4 − 2h2 + 4hk − 2k 2
= −2(h − k)2 < 0 Neglecting h4 , k 4 ash, k are small

For h = k, we have
f (h, k) − f (0, 0) = h4 + h4 − 2h2 + 4h2 − 2h2
= 2h4 > 0

As f (h, k) − f (0, 0) does not keep the same sign for all small values of h and k, so the
point (0,0) is a saddle point.
√ √
At( 2, − 2) : A = 20, B = 4, C = 20
∴ AC − B2 > 0 and A > 0
√ √
⇒ f has a minimum at ( 2, − 2)
√ √
Minimum value = f ( 2, − 2)
√ √ √ √ √ √
= ( 2)4 + (− 2)4 − 2( 2)2 + 4 2(− 2) − 2(− 2)2
√ √ = 4 + 4 − 4 − 8 − 4 = −8
At (− 2, 2) : A = 20, B = 4, C = 20
∴ C − B 2 = 400 − 16 = 384 > 0 and A = 20 > 0
√ √ √ √
∴ f (x, y) has a minimum at (− 2, 2) Minimum value = f (− 2, 2) = −8
Question-2(c) Find an orthogonal transformation of co-ordinates which diag-

onalizes the quadratic form
q(x, y) = 2x2 − 4xy + 5y 2
[10 Marks]
Solution:
q(x, y) = 2x2 − 2xy − 2yx + 5y 2

2 −2 x
= x y
−2 5 y

2 −2
∴ A=
−2 5
First we diagonalize this matrix by finding eigenvectors.
|A − λI| = 0
2 − λ −2
⇒ =0
−2 5 − λ
(λ − 2)(x − 5) − 4 = 0
λ2 − 7λ + 6 = 0
⇒ λ = 1, 6
For λ = 1:
2 − 1 −2 x 0
⇒ =
−2 5 − 1 y 0
⇒ x − 2y = 0.
x = 2y

∴ Eigenvector
x 2y
=
y y

2
=y
1
√
2/ 5
=y
1/5
For λ = 6:
2−6 −2 x 0
=
−2 5−6 y 0
−2x − y = 0 ⇒ y = −2x

x x
=
y −2x

1
=x
−2
√
1/ √5
=x
−2/ 5
Hence diagonalizing matrix is

2 1 1 0
M= and D =
1 −2 0 6
such that
M −1 AM = D
Orthogonal transformation is
2 1
x= √ u+ √ v
5 5
1 2
y = √ u− √ v
5 5
Question-2(d) Discuss the consistency and the solutions of the equations
x + ay + az = 1, ax + y + 2az = −4, ax − ay + 4z = 2
for different values of a.
[10 Marks]

Solution: Matrix eqn. Ax = B, therefore,

     
1 a a x 1
A= a 1 2a  , x =  y  , B =  −4 
a −a 4 2 2
det(A) = 1 4 + 2a2 − a 4a − 2a2 + a −a2 − a

= 4 + 2a2 − 4a2 + 2a3 − a3 − a2

= a3 − 3a2 + 4
= (a + 1)(a − 2)2
Case 1: When a 6= −1 and a 6= 2
| A |6= 0 ⇒ A−1 exist.
Hence, system has unique solution.
Case 2: When a = −1  
1 −1 −1 1
[A : B] =  −1 1 −2 −4 
−1 1 4 2
 
1 −1 −1 1
 0 0 −3 −3 
0 0 3 3
 
1 −1 −1 1
∼ 0 0 1 1 
0 0 0 0
 
1 −1 0 2
∼ 0 0 1 1 
0 0 0 0
⇒ x − y = 2, z =1
       
x y+2 1 2
 y  =  y  = y 1 + 0 
 
2 1 0 1
Hence system has infinitly many solutions.
Case 3: When a = 2.  
1 2 2 1
[A : B] ∼  2 1 4 −4 
2 −2 4 2
 
1 2 2 1
∼ 0 −3 0
 −6 
0 −3 0 6
R2 → R2 − 2R4 R3 → R3 − R2
 
1 2 2 1
∼ 0 −3
 0 −6 
0 0 0 12
The Rank(A) = 2 & Rank(A · B) = 3
Both are not equal, hence system is inconsistent for a = 2.

Question-3(a) Prove that if a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . . . . , an are the real numbers such that

a0 a1 a2 an−1
+ + + ......... + + an = 0
n+1 n n−1 2
then there exists at least one real number x between 0 and 1 such that
a0 xn + a1 xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + . . . + fn−1 x + an = 0
[10 Marks]
Solution: Consider the function

xn+1 xn xn−1 x2
f (x) = a0 + a1 + a2 + . . . an−1 + an x
n+1 n n−1 2
over the interval [0, 1] .
f (0) = 0;
a0 a1 a2 an−1
f (1) = + + + ··· + + an
n+1 n n−1 2
= 0 (given)
Being a polynomial function, f (x) is continuous and differentiate over interval [0,1].
Hence, Using Rolle’s theorem, there exists C ∈ (0, 1) such that
f 0 (c) = 0
or a0 cn + a1 cn−1 + a2 cn−2 + . . . + an−1 c + an = 0
Hence, Proved
Question-3(b) Reduce the following equation to its canonical form and deter-
mine the nature of the conic 4x2 + 4xy + y 2 − 12x − 6y + 5 = 0
[10 Marks]
Solution:
4x2 + 4xy + y 2 − 12x − 6y + 5 = 0
General equation of second degree:
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0
here
a = 4, b = 1, c = 5, g = −6, f = −3, h = 2

∆ = abc + 2f gh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2
= 20 + 72 − 36 − 36 − 20
=0
and
ab − h2
4 × 1 − (2)2 = 0
Hence, given equation will represent pair of parallel straight lines.
4x2 + 4xy + y 2 − 12x − 6y + 5 = 0
(2x + y)2 − 6(2x + y) + 5 = 0

(2x + y − 5)(2x + y − 1) = 0
2x + y − 5 = 0
and
2x + y − 1 = 0
Question-3(c) Let F be a subfield of complex numbers and T a function from

F3 → F3 defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 + 3x3 , 2x1 − x2 , −3x1 + x2 − x3 ) . What
are the conditions on (a, b, c) such that (a, b, c) be in the null space of T ? Find
the nullity of T .
[10 Marks]
Solution: NA (T ) = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ F | T (x1 , x2 , x1 ) = (0, 0, 0)} Let (a, b, c) ∈ NA (T ).

Then, T (a, b, c) = (0, 0, 0). ie. (a + b + 3c, 2a − b, −3a + b − c) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ a + b + 3c = 0, 2a − b = 0, −3a + b − c = 0
↓ 2a = b → −3a + 2a − c = 0
⇒ c = −a.
a + b + 3c = 0 ⇒ a + 2a − 3a = 0 hence it satisfies the values formed
∴ The required conditions are b = 2a, c = −a.
ie. NA (T ) = {(a, 2a, −a)/a ∈ F}.
Clearly, the basis of NA (T ) = {(1, 2, −1)}.
∴ Nullity (T ) = 1.
Question-3(d) Find the equations to the tangent planes to the surface

7x2 − 3y 2 − z 2 + 21 = 0, which pass through the line 7x − 6y + 9 = 0, z = 3.
[10 Marks]

Solution: Eqn of a plane passing through given line
7x − 6y + 9 + λ(z − 3) = 0
7x − 6y + λz + (9 − 3λ) = 0
Equation of tangent plane to given surface at a point (α, β, γ), lying on surface is
7αx − 3βy − γz + 21 = 0 − (2)

then
7α −3β −γ +21
= = =
7 −6 λ 9 − 3λ
(α, β, γ) lies on given surface
2 2 2
1 14 −7λ
∴7 −3 − + 21 = 0
3−λ 3−λ 3−λ
2λ2 + 9λ + 4 = 0
−1
⇒ λ = −4,
2
Hence, equation of tangent planes are
7x − 6y − 4z + 21 = 0
14x − 12y − z + 21 = 0
Question-4(a) Evaluate
Z π/2
x sin x cos xdx
0 sin4 x + cos4 x
[10 Marks]
Solution: Using the formula

Z a Z a
f (x)dx = f (a − x)dx
0 0
π/2 Z π/2
π/2 · sin x · cos x x · sin x cos x
Z
I= 4 − dx(= I)
0 sin x + cos x 4
0 sin4 x + cos4 x
π π/2 sin x · cos x
Z
∴ 2I = dx
2 0 sin4 x + cos4 x
π π/2 tan x · sec2 x
Z
I= dx (dividing by cos4 x in numerator and denominator.)
4 0 1 + tan4 x

Put tan2 x = t ⇒ 2 tan x sec2 xdx = dt

Z
π 1 dt
I= ×
4 2 1 + t2
π ∞
= tan−1 t
8 0
π π
= −0
8 2 2
π
=
16
 
1 i 2+i
Question-4(b) Let H =  −i 2 1 − i  be a Hermitian matrix. Find a
2−i 1+i 2
t
non-singular matrix P such that P HP is diagonal and also find its signature.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let H = IHI

     
1 i 2+i 1 0 0 1 0 0
 −i 2 1 − i  =  0 1 0  H  0 10 
2−i 1+i 2 0 0 1 0 0 1
Row-operations applied on pre-factor and column operations on post-factor on R H S.
R2 → R2 + iR1 , R3 → R3 + (−2 + i)Ry

C2 → C2 − iC1 , C3 → C3 − (2 + i)C1
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −i −2 − 1
 0 1 i = i 1 0 H  0 1 0 
0 −i −5 −2 + 1 0 1 0 0 1
R3 → R3 + iR2 , C3 → C3 − iC2
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −i −3 − i
 0 1 0 = i 1 0 ·H 0 1 −i 
0 0 −6 −3 + i i 1 0 0 1
P T H P̄ = D
 
1 i −3 + i
⇒P = 0 1 i 
0 0 1
Rank(H) = 3
Index (H) = 2 ( Positive diagonal entries)
Signature (H) = No. of positive diagonal entries - No. of the negative diagonal entries
= 2 − 1 = 1.

Question-4(c) Find the magnitude and the equations of the line of shortest
distance between the lines
x−8 y+9 z − 10
= =
3 −16 7
and
x − 15 y − 29 z−5
= =
3 8 −5
[10 Marks]
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
Solution: Two lines = = and = = are
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2
coplanar if
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
l1 m1 n1 =0
l2 m2 n2
Here
15 − 8 29 − (−9) 5 − 10 7 38 −5
3 −16 7 = 3 −16 7
3 8 −5 3 8 −5
= 1176 6= 0
Hence given two lines are not coplanar and therefore, not intersecting.
Let A(3a + 8, −16a − 9, 7a + 10) and B(3b + 15, 8b + 29, −5b + 5) be two general points
on the given lines.
Also, let P (8, −9, 10), Q(15, 29, 5) are two given points on the given lines.
∴ D.r of AB = h3a − 3b − 7, −16a − 8b − 38, 7a + 5b + 5i

If AB is line of shortest distance, it will be perpendicular to both the lines.
∴ 3(3a − 3b − 7) − 16(−16a − 8b − 38) + 7(7a + 5b + 5) = 0
157a + 77b + 311 = 0

&
3(3a − 3b − 7) + 8(−16a − 8b − 38) − 5(7a + 5b + 5) = 0
154a + 98b + 350 = 0.
Solving, we get a = −1, b = −2
∴ A(−3 + 8, 16 − 9, −7 + 10) i.e. (5, 7, 3)

B(−6 + 15, −16 + 29, 10 + 5) i.e. (9, 13, 15)
p
(AB) = (9 − 5)2 + (13 − 7)2 + (15 − 3)2
√
= 16 + 36 + 144
√
= 196
= 14

eqn of AB,
x−5 y−7 z−3
= =
4 6 12
i.e.
x−5 y−7 z−3
= =
2 3 6
Question-4(d) Find all the asymptotes of the curve

x4 − y 4 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + xy = 0
[10 Marks]
Solution: As coefficients of highest power of x and y are constants, hence the given
curve has no asymptotes parallel to x-axis or y-axis.
So, we will find only the oblique asymptotes .

Let eqn of asymptote: y = mx + c.
φ4 = x4 − y 4 φ3 = 3x2 y + 3xy 2
Putting x = 1, y=m
φ4 (m) = 1 − m4
φ4 (m) = 0 ⇒ m = 1, −1
Also,
−φ3 (m)
c=
φ04 (m)
−3(m)(1 + m)
=
−4m3
3(1 + m)
=
4m2
3
For, m = 1 ⇒ c =
2
For m = −1 ⇒ c = 0
Hence, equations of asymptotes are y = x + 3/2 & y = −x

8.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Solve:
dy
+ x sin 2y = x3 cos2 y
dx
[8 Marks]
Solution:
dy
+ x · sin 2y = x3 · cos2 y
dx
Dividing both sides by cos2 y, we have
dy
sec2 y · + tan y · (2x) = x3
dx
Let tan y = t then
dy dt
sec2 y · =
dx dx
dt
∴ + 2x · t = x3
dx
P = 2x, Q = x3
R
p·dx
I.F. ≡ e
R
= e 2x·dx
e2x
=
2
∴ Solution of the differential equation is given as
Z
t .(I.F.) = Q .(I.F.) dx + c
where c is integration constant

e2x e2x
Z
t· = x3 · · dx + c
2 2
e2x

3 3 2 3 3
−= x − x + x− +c
4 2 2 4

2x 2x 3 3 2 3 3
2 tan ye = e x − x + x− + c.
2 2 4
Question-5(b) A particle is performing a simple harmonic motion of period T

about centre O and it passes through a point P , where OP = (b with velocity
v in the direction of OP . Find the time which elapses before it returns to P.
[8 Marks]

Solution: We have to find time taken from P to A and d then A to P .
t = 2( time from A to P )
Z 0
=2 dt
0
Z p
dx
=2 √ √ 2
a u a − x2
dx √ √ 2

( Ignoring -ve sign ) = u a − x2
dt
2 h x ib
= √ cos−1
µ a a

2 −1 b −1 a
= √ cos − cos
µ a b
2 b
= √ cos−1
µ a
√ 2
2 −1 a − b2
⇒ t = √ tan
µ b

2 v
= √ tan−1 √
µ b µ
" #
2 v
= 2π tan−1 2π

T b T

T vT
= tan−1
π 2πb
v 2 = µ a2 − b 2

√ p
⇒ v = a (a2 − b2 )
v √
⇒ √ = a2 − b 2
µ
2π √ 2π
T= √ ⇒ µ=
µ T
Proved.

→
− →
− →
−
Question-5(c) F being a vector, prove that curl curl F = grad div F −
→
− ∂2 ∂2 ∂2
∇2 F where ∇2 = + +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
[8 Marks]
Solution: Proof
Let
A = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k.
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Then ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z
A1 A2 A3

∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A1 ∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A1
= − + − j+ − k.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∴ ∇ × (∇ × A) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂A3
∂y
− ∂A ∂z
2 ∂A1
∂z
− ∂A∂x
3
∂A2 − ∂A ∂y
1

∂ ∂A2 ∂A1 ∂ ∂A1 ∂A3
=Σ − − − i
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
2
∂ 2 A3
2
∂ A1 ∂ 3 A1

∂ A2
=Σ + − + i
∂y∂x ∂z∂x ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2
∂ A1 ∂ 2 A1

∂ ∂A2 ∂A3
=Σ + − + i
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2
∂ A1 ∂ 2 A21 ∂ 2 A1

∂ ∂A1 ∂A2 ∂A3
=Σ + + − + + i
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

∂ 2

=Σ (∇ · A) − ∇ A1 i
∂x

∂
=Σ (∇ · A) i − ∇2 ΣA1 i = ∇(∇ · A) − ∇2 A.
∂x
Question-5(d) A triangular lamina ABC of density ρ floats in a liquid of

density σ with its plane vertical, the angle B being in the surface of the liquid,
and the angle A not immersed. Find p/σ in terms of the lengths of the sides
of the triangle.
[8 Marks]
Solution: The portion BCD of the ∆ABC is immersed in the liquid with BD in
contact with the surface Let G and H be the centres of gravity and buoyancy respectively.
E is the mid-point of BC The conditions of equilibrium are :
(i) The line GH must be vertical.
(ii) The weight of the lamina must be equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.

Since EG = 13 EA, EH = 31 ED, GH is parallel to AD. But GH is vertical from the first
condition so AC must be vertical.
From the second condition of equilibrium, we have

∆ABCρg = ∆BDCσg
ρ ∆BDC
∴ =
σ ∆ABC
1
BD · DC
= 21
2
BD · AC
DC
=
AC
BC cos C
=
AC
But
AC BC
=
sin B sin A
AC sin A
BC =
sin B
Hence
ρ AC sin A cos C
=
σ AC sin B
sin A cos C
=
sin B
a a2 + b 2 − c 2
= ·
b 2ab
a2 + b 2 − c 2
=
2b2

Question-5(e) A heavy uniform rod rests with one end against a smooth
vertical wall and with a point in its length resting on a smooth peg. Find the
position of equilibrium and discuss the nature of equilibrium.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let AB be a uniform rod of length 2a. The end A of the rod rests against
a smooth vertical wall and the rod rests on a smooth peg C whose distance from the wall
is say b i.e.,
CD = b.
Suppose the rod makes an angle θ with the wall. The centre of gravity of the rod is at
its middle point G. Let z be the height of above the fixed peg C, i.e., GM = z. We shall
express z in terms of θ. We have,
z = GM = ED = AE − AD
= AG cos θ − CD cot θ
= a cos θ − b cot θ
∴ dz/dθ = −a sin θ + b cosec2 θ
and
d2 z
= −a cos θ − 2b cosec2 A
dθ2
For equilibrium of the rod, we have
dz
=0
dθ
i.e.,
−a sin θ + b cosec2 θ = 0
a sin θ = b cosec2 θ
sin3 θ = b/a
sin θ = (b/a)1/3
θ = sin−1 ·(b/a)1/3
This gives the position of equilibrium of the rod. Again
d2 z
= − a cos θ + 2b cosec2 θ cot θ

dθ 2
= negative for all acute values of θ

d2 z
Thus is negative in the position of equilibrium and so z is maximum. Hence the
dθ2
equilibrium is unstable.

d2 y dy 2
− 4x + 4x2 − 1 y = −3ex sin4 2x

dx 2 dx
by changing the dependent variable.
[13 Marks]
Solution: We have,
d2 y dy 2 2
y = −3ex sin 2x

2
− 4x + 4x − 1
dx dx
Here
P = −4x, Q = 4x2 − 1
2
R = −3ex sin 2x
In order to remove the first derivative
1
R
v = e− 2 pdx
1
R
= e− 2 −4xdx
R
= e2 xdx
2
= ex
d2 u
On putting y = av, the normal equation is dx2
+ Q1 u = R1 where
1 dp p2
Q1 = Q − −
2 dx 4
1 16x2
= 4x2 − 1 − (−4) −

2 4
2 2
= 4x − 1 + 2 − 4x
=1
R
R1 =
v
2
−3ex sin 2x
=
ex2
= −3 sin 2x
Equation (ii) becomes
d2 u
+ u = −3 sin 2x
dx2
⇒ D2 + 1 u = −3 sin 2x
A.E. is
m2 + 1 = 0

⇒ m = ±i
⇒ C.F. = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
1
P.I. = (−3 sin 2x)
D2 + 1
−3 sin 2x
=
−4 + 1
= sin 2x
u = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + sin 2x
y = u.v
2
= (c1 cos x + c2 sin x + sin 2x) ex
R →
− −s , where → − →
−
Question-6(b) Evaluate S F · d→ F = 4xi − 2y2 j + z 2 k and s is the
surface bounding the region x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.
[13 Marks]
Solution:
Surface S is closed and let us assume that the volume enclosed by it is V .
Then, by Gauss divergence theorem
Z y
F~ · dS
~= div(F~ )dV, where V = Volume enclosed by the surface
S V
∂ ∂ ∂
div(F~ ) = −2y 2 + z2

(4x) +
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 4 − 4y + 2z = 2(2 − 2y + 2)
y y
∴ div F~ dV = 2(2 − 2y + z)dV
V V

Converting integral to cylindrical co-ordinates.

z = z, x2 + y 2 = r2 , x = r sin θ, y = r cos θ
r2 = 4 ⇒ 0 ≤ r ≤ 2
and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, also 0 ≤ z ≤ 3
and V = rdrdθdz
Z 2 Z 2π Z 3
= 2(2 − 2r sin θ + z)rdrdθdz
r=0 θ=0 z=0
Z 2 Z 2π 3
z2
=2 2z − 2r sin θz + rdrdθ
0 0 2 0
Z 2 Z 2π
9
=2 6 − 6r sin θ + rdrdθ
0 0 2
Z 2 2π
9
=2 6θ + 6r cos θ + θ rdr
0 2 0
Z 2
9
=2 [6(2π) + 6r(1 − 1) + (2π)]rdr
0 2
Z 2 Z 2 2
21 r2
=2 (2π)rdr = 42π rdr = 42π
0 2 0 2 0

4
= 42π − 0 = 84π
2
Z yZ
∴ ~
F d~s = div F~ dV = 84π
S V

Question-6(c) Two bodies of weights w1 and w2 are placed on an inclined plane

and are connected by a light string which coincides with a line of greatest slope
of the plane; if the coefficient of friction between the bodies and the plane are
respectively µ1 and µ2 , find the inclination of the plane to the horizontal when
both bodies are on the point of motion, it being assumed that smoother body
is below the other.
[14 Marks]
Solution: R and S are normal reactions and µ1 R and µ2 S are forces of friction.
Let T be the tension in the string.
Let α be the inclination of plane to the horizontal. For W1 : For limiting equilibrium,
Horizontally
µ1 R + T = W1 sin α
⇒ T = Ẇ1 sin α − µ1 R...(i)
Vertically
R = W1 cos α...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
T = W1 sin α − µ1 W1 cos α...(iii)
For W2 : For limiting equilibrium, Horizontally

T + W2 sin α = µ2 S
⇒ T = µ2 S − W2 sin α...(iv)
Vertically,
S = W2 cos α...(v)
From (iv) and (v), we get
T◦ = µ2 W2 cos α − W2 sin α...(vi)

From (iii) and (vi), we get,

W1 sin α − µ1 W1 cos α = µ2 W2 cos α − W2 sin α
⇒ W1 sin α + W2 sin α = µ1 W1 cos α + µ2 W2 cos α
⇒ (W1 + W2 ) sin α = (µ1 W1 + µ2 W2 ) cos α
µ1 W 1 + µ2 W 2
⇒ tan α =
W 1 + W2

−1 µ1 W 1 + µ2 W 2
⇒ α = tan
W 1 + W2
Question-7(a) Solve
√ !
3
D3 + 1 y = ex/2 sin

x
2
d
where D =
dx
[13 Marks]
Solution: Auxiliary Eqn:

D3 + 1 = 0
√
1 ± 3i
D = −1,
2
√ √ !
3x 3x
C.F. = C1 e−x + ex/2 C2 cos + C3 sin
2 2
√
1 3x
P.I. = 3 ex/2 sin
D +1 2 √
1 3x
= ex/2 3 sin
D + 21 + 1 2

1 ax x 1
∵ e V =e · V
f (D) f (D + a)
√
1 3x
= ex/2 3 1 3 2 3D sin
D + 8 + 2D + 4 + 1 2
1 3 3D
f (D) = D3 + + D2 + +1
8 2 4
3
= f −a2

f −
4

−3 3 −3 3D 9
=D + + +
4 2 4 4 8
=0

Hence, we take derivative of denominator and multiply by x

√
x/2 1 3x
= xe sin
3D2 + 3D + 3/4 2
x/2
√
xe 1 3x
= −3
1
sin
3 4
+D+ 4 2
√
xex/2 1 D + 1/2 3x
= · 1 · sin
3 D − 2 D + 1/2 2
√
xex/2

1 3x
= −3
D+ sin
3 24 − 1/4 2 2
√ √ √ !
3 3x 1 3x
= −1/3xex/2 cos + sin
2 2 2 2
√ !
−x x/2 π 3x
P.I. = e · sin +
3 3 2
Question-7(b) A body floating in water has volumes v1 , v2 and v3 above the

surface, when the densities of the surrounding air are respectively ρ1 , ρ2 , ρ3 .
Find the value of:
ρ2 − ρ3 ρ3 − ρ1 ρ1 − ρ2
+ +
v1 v2 v3
[13 Marks]
Solution: Suppose the volume and the density of the body be V and ρ respectively.
Now, weight of the body = weight of air displaced + weight of water displaced Hence,
V0 ρg = V1 ρ1 g + (V − V1 ) × 1 × g...(i)
Vρg = V2 ρ2 g + (V − V2 ) × 1 × g...(ii)
Vρg = V3 ρ3 g + (V − V3 ) × 1 × g . . . ...(iii)
These relations give,
ρ−1
V1 = V
ρ1 − 1
1 ρ1 − 1
=
V1 (p − 1)V
ρ−1
V2 = V
ρ2 − 1
1 ρ2 − 1
=
V2 (p − 1)V
ρ−1
V3 = V
ρ3 − 1
1 ρ3 − 1
=
V3 (ρ − 1)V

ρ2 − ρ3 ρ3 − ρ1 ρ1 − ρ2 (ρ1 − 1) (ρ2 − 1)
∴ + + = (ρ2 − ρ3 ) + (ρ3 − ρ1 )
V1 V2 V3 (p − 1)V (ρ − 1)V
1
= [(ρ1 − 1) (ρ2 − ρ3 ) + (ρ2 − 1) (ρ3 − ρ1 )
(ρ − 1)V
+ (ρ3 − 1) (ρ1 − ρ2 )]
=0
Question-7(c) A particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity u, in

a resisting medium which produces a retardation kv 2 when the velocity is v.
Find the height when the particle comes to rest above the point of projection.
[14 Marks]
Solution: Let a particle of mass m be projected vertically upwards from the point O
with velocity u. Let P be the position of the particle at any time t, where OP = x and
let v be the velocity of the particle at P . The forces acting on the particle at P are:
(i) The force mkv 2 due to resistance acting against the direction of motion i.e., acting
vertically downwards.
(ii) The weight mg of the particle also acting vertically downwards.
Both these forces act in the direction of x decreasing. Therefore the equation of motion
of the particle at P is
d2 x
m 2 = −mg − mkv 2
dt
d2 x

k 2
Or = −g 1 + v
dt2 g
Let V be the terminal velocity of the particle during its downwards motion i.e., the velocity
when the resultant acceleration of the particle during its downwards motion is zero. Then
0 = mg − mkV 2 or k = g/V 2

Putting this value of k in the above equation of motion of the particle, we get
d2 x v2

= −g 1 + 2
dt2 V
2
dx −g 2 2

or = V + v . . . . (1)
dt2 V2
Relation between v and x : Equation (1) can be written as
d2 x

dv −g 2 2
dv
v = 2 V +v ∵ 2 =v
dx V dt dx
−2g 2vdv
or 2
dx = 2 , separating the variables.
V V + v2
−2gx
Integrating, V2
= log (V 2 + v 2 ) + A, where A is a constant. Initially at O, x = 0 and
v=u
0 = log V 2 + u2 + A

∴
A = − log V 2 + u2

or
−2gx 2 2
2 2

∴ = log V + v − log V + u
V2
V2 V 2 + u2
or x= log 2 . . . (2)
2g V + ν2
which gives the velocity of the particle in any position. If H is the greatest height attained
by the particle, then putting x = H and v = 0 in (2), we get
V2 V 2 + u2
H= log .
2g V2
Question-8(a) Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve

d2 y
− y = 2 (1 + ex )−1
dx2
[13 Marks]
Solution: Given DE Eqn:

D2 − 1 y = 2 (1 + ex )−1

Auxiliary Eqn:
D2 = 1 = 0 ⇒ D = ±1
C · F· = C1 ex + c2 e−x
To find complete solution, we replace constants c1 and c2 with functions A and B.
y = Aex + Be−x
= Ay1 + By1

where y1 = ex , y2 = e−x
y1 y2
W =
y10 y20
ex e−x
= = −1 − 1
ex −e−x
= −2 6= 0
⇒ y1 &y2 are independent.
Z
y2 R
A=− dx
w
e · 2 (1 + ex )−1
Z −x
=− dx
−2
Z
dx
=
e (1 + ex )
x

put ex = t
ex dx = dt
Z
dt
= 2
t (1 + t)
1 A B C
2
= + 2+
t (1 + t) t t 1+t
1 = At(t + 1) + B(1 + t) + ct2
1 = t2 (A + C) + t(A + B) + B
A + C = 0, A + B = 0, B = 1 ⇒ A = −1, B = 1, C = 1
Z
−1 1 1
A= + 2+ dt
t t t+1
1
= − log t − + log(t + 1) + c01
t
t+1 1
= log − + c01
t t
−x
− e−x + c01

= log 1 + e
Z
y1 R
B= dx
w
e · 2 (1 + ex )−1
Z x
= dx
−2
ex
Z
=− dx
1 + ex
= − log (1 + ex ) + c02
Hence, complete general solution is
y = Ay1 + By2
= ex log 1 + e−x − e−x + c11 + e−x − log (1 + ex ) + c12

y = ex log 1 + e−x − 1 + ex · c01 − e−x log (1 + ex ) + e−x c02


Question-8(b) Verify the divergence theorem for the vector function

→
−
F = x2 − yz ~i + y 2 − xz ~j + z 2 − xy k̄

taken over the rectangular parallelopiped
0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c
[14 Marks]
Solution: To verify Gauss divergence theorem, we have to show that

y x
div F~ dv = F~ · n̂ · ds
V s
Firstly,
y →
−
Z cZ ba Z a
∂ 2
∂ 2
∂ 2

div F dv = x − yz + y − zx + z − xy dxdydz
v 0 00 0 ∂x ∂y ∂z
Z 1ba Z b
= 2(x + y + z)dxdydz
000 0
= a bc + ab2 c + abc2
2
= abc(a + b + c)
s→ −
Now to calculate s F .nds, we divide the surface s of the parallelopiped
0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c into six parts.
(i) For the face OADB, we have

n̂ = −k̂, z = 0
Therefore,
→
−
Z Z
F · n̂ · ds = x2 î + y 2 ĵ − xy k̂ · (−k̂)ds
OADB OADB
Zba
= xydxdy
00
2 2
ab
=
4

(ii) For the face CGEF , we have z = c -
n̂ = k̂
Z h
2
2
i 2
z= x − cy î + y − cx ĵ + c − xy k̂ · k̂ds
(GEF
Zba Z a
c2 − xy dxdy

=
0 0
a2 b 2
= abc2 −
4
(iii) For the face ADEG, we have n̂ = î, x = a and dx = 0. Therefore,
Z c0 b Z 2
→
−
Z Z
a2 − yz dydz

F .n · ds =
ADEG 0 0 0
2 b2 c 2
= a bc −
4
(iv) For the face OBFC, we have n̂ = −î, x = 0 dx = 0, Therefore,
x → −
Z ab Z
F · n̂ · ds = yzdydz
OBFC 0
2 2
bc
=
4
(v) For the face OAGC, we have n̂ = −ĵ, y = 0 dy = 0, Therefore,
x Z ab Z b
~
F · n̂.ds = zxdzdx
OAGC 0 0
2 2
ac
=
4
(vi) For the face DBFE, we have n̂ = ĵ, y = b dy = 0 Therefore,
x → −
Z ab Z b
b2 − zx dzdx

F · n̂ · ds =
DBFE 0 0
a2 c 2
= ab2 c −
4
Hence adding the values of the above integrals, we get
x→
−
F · n̂ · ds = abc(a + b + c)
s
Hence,
yZ x→
−
div F~ dv = F · n̂.ds
V s
which verifies the Gauss’s divergence theorem.

Question-8(c) A particle is projected with a velocity v along a smooth hori-

zontal plane in a medium whose resistance per unit mass is double the cube
of the velocity. Find the distance it will describe in time t.
[13 Marks]
Solution: Here since particle is moving in a horizontal plane, the weight mg of the
particle will not act. Hence the only force acting on the particle is that due to resistance
and is equal to −mµv 3 .
The equation of motion of the particle is
m (dv/dt) = −mµv 3 or − dv/v 3 = µdt

Integrating, 2v12 = µt + C, where C is a constant of integration.

Initially when t = 0, v = V ,
1 1 1 2µtV 2 + 1
∴ = µt + or =
2v 2 p 2V
2 v2 V2
or v = V / (1 + 2µtV 2 ) . . . (1)
If x be the distance descrihed by ine particle in time t, then equation (1) may be written
as
dx V V
=p or dx = p dt
dt 1 + 2µtV 2 1 + 2µtV 2
Integrating,
1 p
x= (1 + 2µtV 2 ) + C 0 . . . (2)
µV
Initially when t = 0, x = 0, ⇒ C 0 = −1/µV . Hence equation (2) becomes
1 p 1
x= (1 + 2µtV 2 ) −
µV µ
1 hp i
or x = (1 + 2µtV 2 ) − 1 . . . (3)
µV
Equations (1) and (3) give required results.

Chapter 9
2012
9.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Let V = R3 and α1 = (1, 1, 2), α2 = (0, 1, 3) α3 = (2, 4, 5) and α4 =

(−1, 0, −1)· be the elements of V . Find a basis for the intersection of the
subspace spanned by {α1 , α2 } and {α3 , α4 }.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let W1 = (α1 , α2 ) = a(1, 1, 2) + b(0, 1, 3) = (a, a + b, 2a + 3b)

Let W2 = sin (α3 , α4 ) = c(2, 4, 5) + d(−1, 0, −1) = (2c − d, 4c, 5c − d)
Let (x, y, z) be an element of intersection of W1 and W2 i.e. (x, y, z) ∈ W1 ∩ W2 .
Then,
(x, y, z) = (a, a + b, 2a + 3b) = (2c − d, 4c, 5c − d)
⇒ (a, a + b, 2a + 3b) − (2c − d, 4c, 5c − d) = (0, 0, 0)
⇒ (a − 2c + d, a + b − 4c, 2a + 3b − 5c + d) = (0, 0, 0)
Let,
     
1 0 −2 1 1 0 −2 1 1 0 −2 1
A = 1 1 −4 0 ∼ 0 1 −2 1  ∼ 1 1 −4 0
2 3 −5 1 0 3 −1 −1 0 0 5 2
R1 → 5R1 + 2R3 , R2 → 5R2 + 2R3 R1 → R1 /5, R2 → R2 /5, R3 → R3 /5
   
5 0 0 9 1 0 0 9/5
∼  0 5 0 −1  ∼  0 1 0 −1/5 
0 0 5 2 0 0 1 2/5
9 1 2
∴ a + d = 0,b − d = 0, c + d = 0
5 5 5
−9 1 2
a= d, b = d, c = − d.
5 5 5
−9 9 1 −9 1
(x, y, z) = (a, a + b, 2a + 3b) = d, − d + d, 2 d +3 d
5 5 5 5 5

9 8
= d − , − , −3
5 5
= k(−9, −8, −15)
= k1 (9, 8, 15)
255
∴ Basis of w1 ∩ ω2 is {(9,8,15)}.
Question-1(b) Show that the set of all functions which satisfy the differential
d2 f df
equation, 2
+3 = 0 is a vector space.
dx dx
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let W be the set of all functions which satisfy the differential equation,
d2 f df
2
+3 =0
dx dx
d2 f

df
∴W= f : 2 +3 =0
dx dx
Let y = f (x) Obviously f (x) = 0 or y = 0 satisfy the given differential equation and as
such it belongs to W and thus W 6= φ Now let y1 , y2 ∈ W, then
d2 y 1 dy1
+ 3 =0
dx2 dx
and
d2 y 2 dy2
2
+3 =0
dx dx
Let a, b ∈ R. If W is to be a subspace then we should show that ay1 + by2 also belongs to
W i.e., it is a solution of the given differential equation. We have
d2 d d2 y 1 d2 y 2 dy1 dy2
(ay 1 + by 2 ) + 3 (ay 1 + by 2 ) = a + b + 3a + 3b
dx2 dx dx2 dx2 dx dx
2
d2 y 2

d y1 dy1 dy2
=a +3 +b +3
dx2 dx dx2 dx
= a(0) + b(0)
=0
using (1) and (2)
Thus ay1 + by2 is a solution of the given differential equation and so it belongs to W.
Hence, W is the subspace. Thus, W is a vector space.

Question-1(c) If the three thermodynamic variables P, V, T are connected by

a relation f (P, V, T ) = 0. Show that,

∂P ∂T ∂V ∼
· = −1
∂T V ∂V P ∂P T
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given f (P, V, T ) = 0 When V is constant;

Taking P as function of T , we have
∂f
∂P ∂T
= − ∂f
∂T V ∂P
Similarly,
∂f ∂f
∂T ∂V ∂V ∂P
=− ∂f
; =− ∂f
∂V p ∂T
∂P T ∂V
Multiplying the three, we get

∂P ∂T ∂V
= −1
∂T V ∂V P ∂P T
Question-1(d) If u = Ae−gx sin(nt − gx), where A, g, n are positive constants,

s
∂u ∂ 2u n
satisfies the heat conduction equation, = µ 2 then show that g = .
∂t ∂x 2µ
[8 Marks]
Solution: u = Ae−gx sin(nt − gx), where A, g, n positive constants.
This expression satisfies the heat conduction equation.

∂u ∂ 2u
=µ 2
∂t ∂x
∂u ∂2u
First, finding ∂t
and ∂x2
from give expression of u, we get
∂u
= n Ae−gx cos(nt − gx)
∂t
and
∂u
−ge−gx cos(nt − gx) − ge−tx sin(nt − gx)

=A
∂x

= −Age−gx [cos(nt − gx) + sin(nt − gx)]

 −gx 
e [(g sin(nt − gx))
∂ 2u  −g cos(nt − gx)] 
∴ = −Ag  −ge−gx [cos(nt − gx) 
 
∂x2
+ sin(nt − gx)]
∂ 2u
2
= −Ag2 e−gx [sin(nt − g ẋ) − cos(nt − gx)
∂x
− sin(nt − gx) − cos(nt − gx)]
2
∂ u
2
= 2Ag2 e−gx cos(nt − gx)
∂x
∂u ∂2u
Substituting values of ∂t
and ∂x2
from (2) and (3) in (1), we get
n Ae−gx cos(nt − gx) = 2Ag2 e−gx µ[cos(nt − gx)

n = 2µg 2
r
n
∴g= 2µ
Question-1(e) Find the equations to the lines in which the plane 2x + y − z = 0

cuts the cone 4x2 − y 2 + 3z 2 = 0
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let one of the lines of intersection of the plane

2x + y − z = 0 . . . (1)
and the cone
4x2 − y 2 + 3z 2 = 0 . . . (2)
be x y z
= = . . . (3)
l m n
The line (3) lies in the plane (1) and on the cone (2).
∴ 2l + m − n = 0 . . . (4)
and
4l2 − m2 + 3n2 = 0 . . . (5)
Eliminating n between (4) and (5) we get
4l2 − m2 + 3(2l + m)2 = 0
⇒ 16l2 + 12lm + 2m2 = 0
⇒ 8l2 + 6lm + m2 = 0
⇒ (4l + m)(2l + m) = 0
4l + m = 0, 2l + m = 0
m = −4l, m = −2l

when m = −4l, then from (4), n = −2l and when m = −2l, then from (4), n = 0
Hence, In first case we rearrange as

l m n
= =
1 −4 −2
and in second case, we rearrange as
l m n
= =
1 −2 0
Thus, the equation of the lines in which the given plane cuts the given cone are:
x y z
= =
1 −4 −2
and x y z
= =
1 −2 0
Question-2(a) Let f : R → R3 be a linear transformation defined by f (a, b, c) =

(a, a+b, 0). Find the matrices A and B respectively of the linear transformation
f with respect to the standard basis (e1 , e2 , e3 ) and the basis (e01 , e02 , e03 ) where
e01 = (1, 1, 0), e02 = (0, 1, 1) e03 = (1, 1, 1).
Also, show that there exists an invertible matrix P such that
B = P −1 AP
[10 Marks]
Solution: S1 = {e1 , e2 , e3 } where e1 = (1, 0, 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0) and e3 (0, 0, 1) is the

standard basis of R3 .
T (e1 ) = (1, 1, 0) = e1 + e2 + 0e3
T (e2 ) = (0, 1, 0) = 0e1 + e2 + 0e3
T (e3 ) = (0, 0, 0) = 0e1 + 0e2 + 0e3

 
1 0 0
∴ Matrix of T wrt standand basis is A =  1 1 0 .
0 0 0
Now: S2 = {e01 , e02 , e03 } where e01 = (1, 1, 0), e02 (0, 1, 1) and e03 = (1, 1, 1).
Let (x, y, z) = ae01 + be02 + ce03 = (a + c, a + b + c, b + c)

a + c = x, b + c ≤ z, a + b + c = y.
On comparing,
a+x=c . . . (1)
b+c=z . . . (2)
a+b+c=y . . . (3)

From (1), (2) and (3), we get:

a = y − z,
b = y − x,
c=x−y+z
∴ (x, y, z) = (y − z)(1, 1, 0) + (−x + y)(0, 1, 1) + (x − y + z)(1, 1, 1)

= (y − z)e0 + (−x + y)e02 + (x − y + z)e03
T (e01 ) = T (1, 1, 0) = (1, 2, 0) = 2e01 + 1 · e02 + (−1)e03
T (e02 ) = T (0, 1, 1) = (0, 1, 0) = 1 · e01 + 1 · e02 + (−1)e03
T (e03 ) = T (1, 1, 1) = (01, 2, 0) = 2 · e01 + 1 · e02 + (−1)e03
 
2 1 2
∴ Matrix of T wrt basis S2 is B =  1 1 1
−1 −1 −1
To prove that B = P −1 AP for some non-singular matrix P , we need to show that A and
B are similar, i.e., the characteristic equation and the roots of A and B are the same.
 
1 0 0 1−λ 0 0
(1 − λ)(1 − λ)(−λ) = 0
A= 1 1 0 ⇒ |A − λI| = 1 1−λ 0 =
⇒ λ = 1, 1, 0
0 0 0 0 0 −λ
Also,
 
2 1 2 2−λ 1 1
(2 − λ)(λ2 − 1) + 1 = 0
B= 1 1 1 ⇒ |B−λI| = 1 1−λ 1 =
⇒ λ = 1, 1, 0
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −(1 + λ)
∴ A and B are similar.

Hence, ∃ a non-singular matrix P such that B = P −1 AP .

1 4
Question-2(b) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =
2 3
5 4 3 2
and find its inverse. Also express A − 4A − 7A + 11A − A − 10I as a linear
polynomial in A.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its
characteristic equation. Now, for matrix

1 4
A=
2 3

The characteristic equation is

|A − λI| = 0
1−λ 4
⇒ =0
2 3−λ
⇒ (1 − λ)(3 − λ) − 8 = 0
⇒ λ2 − 4λ − 5 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem the matrix A must satisfy (1).

∴ We have to verify that
A2 − 4A − 5I = 0
Now,
2 1 4 1 4
A =
2 3 2 3

2 9 16
A =
8 17
Now
2 9 16 1 4
1 0
A − 4 A − 5I = −4 −5
8 17 2 3
0 1

9 16 4 16 5 0
= − −
8 17 8 12 0 5

0 0
= =0
0 0
Hence, A2 − 4A − 5I = 0 Thus, Cayley-Hamilton theorem verified. Now we have to
compute A−1 . Multiply (2) by A−1 we get A − 4I − 5A−1 = 0
1
⇒ A−1 = ( A − 4I)
5
1 1 4 4 1 0
= −
5 2 3 5 0 1
1 4 4
0
= 25 53 − 5 4
5 5
0 5
−3 4

∴ A−1 = 5
2
5
−1
5 5
Now from (2), we get

A2 = 4 A + 5I . . . (3)
Multiplying both sides of (3) by A, we get
A3 = 4A2 + 5A . . . (4)
A4 = 4A3 + 5A2 . . . (5)
and
A5 = 4 A4 + 5 A3 . . . (6)
Now,
A5 − 4A4 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A − 10I
is calculated by substituting for A5 from (6)

A5 − 4A4 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A − 10I = 4 A4 + 5 A3 − 4 A4 − 7 A3 + 11 A2 − A − 10I

= −2 A3 + 11 A2 − A − 10I
= −2 4 A2 + 5 A + 11 A2 − A − 10I[u sing(4)]

= 3 A2 − 11 A − 10I
= 3(4 A + 5I) − 11 A − 10I [using(3)]
= A + 5I
,
which is a linear polynomial in A
Question-2(c) Find the equations of the tangent plane to the ellipsoid

2x2 + 6y12 + 3z 2 = 27
which passes through the line
x − y − z = 0 = x − y + 2z − 9
[10 Marks]
Solution: Method 1:
Ellipsoid, 2x2 + 6y 2 + 3z 2 = 27 . . . (1).

Equation of plane passing through the line
x − y − z = 0 = x − y + 2z − 9
is given by:
x − y + 2z − 9 + k(x − y − z) = 0
ie. (k + 1)x − (k + 1)y + (−k + 2)z = 9 . . . (2).
The equation of tangent plane at point (a, b, c) to the ellipsoid (1) is
2ax + 6by + 3cz = 27 . . . (3)
If equations (2) and (3) are idential, then
2a 6b 3c 27
= = =
k+1 −(k + 1) −k + 2 9
ie. a = 32 (k + 1), b = − 12 (k + 1), c = −k + 2.
Point (a, b, c) lies on ellipsoid (1),

∴ 2 · 94 (k + 1)2 + 6 · 41 (k + 1)2 + 3(−k + 2)2 = 27
x ⇒ k = ±1
When k = 1, tangent plane: 2x − 2y + 2 = 9
When k = −1, tangent plane: z = 3.

Method 2:
The equation of the plane passing through the line
x − y − z = 0 = x − y + 2z − 9
is
x − y − z + k(x − y + 2z − 9) = 0
⇒ (1 + k)x − (1 + k)y + (2k − 1)z − 9k = 0
Compare it with the general equation of the plane Lx + my + nz = p,
we get
l = 1 + k, m = −(1 + k)
n = 2k − 1, p = 9k
Now, using the condition of tangency to the ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
by the plane Lx + my + nz = p, is
a2 l 2 + b 2 m 2 + c 2 n 2 = p 2
Here, we are given the cquation of the ellipsoid as
2x2 + 6y 2 + 3z 2 = 27
x2 y2 z2
⇒ 27 + 27 + 27 = 1
2 6 3
27 27 27
∴ a2 = , b2 = , c2 =
2 6 3
On substituting the values in (2), we get
27 27 27
(1 + k)2 + [−(1 + k)]2 + (2k − 1)2 = (9k)2
2 6 3
⇒ 18(1 + k)2 + 9(2k − 1)2 = 81k 2
⇒ 2(1 + k)2 + (2k − 1)2 = 9k 2
⇒ 2 + 2k 2 + 4k + 4k 2 + 1 − 4k = 9k 2
⇒ 3k 2 = 3 ⇒ k = ±1
Putting the values of k in (1), we get two equations of the tangent planes to the given
ellipsoid as when k = 1
⇒ 2x − 2y + z − 9 = 0
when
k = −1 ⇒ −3z + 9 = 0
⇒z=3

Question-2(d) Show that there are three real values of λ for which the equa-
tions:
(a − λ)x + by + cz = 0,
bx + (c − λ)y + az = 0,
cx + ay + (b − λ)z = 0
are simultaneously true and that the product of these values of λ is D =
a b c
b c a.
c a b
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given equations are:
(a − λ)x + by + cz = 0
bx + (c − λ)y + az = 0
cx + ay + (b − λ)z = 0
The above system of equations are simultaneously true when the determinant of the
coefficient matrix is zero i.e.,
a−λ b c
b c−λ a =0
c a b−λ
⇒ λ3 − (a + b + c)λ2 − (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) λ+

(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) = 0
This is a cubic equation in λ.
Hence, product of its roots = λ1 λ2 λ3
(−1)3 ( Constant term )
=
( Coefficient of λ3 )
−(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca)
=
(1)
(Using the fact that in Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D = 0, product of roots = (−1)3 D

A
∴ λ1 λ2 λ3 = − a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc

= 3abc − a3 − b3 − c3
a b c
Also, D= b c a = a(bc − a2 ) + b(ac − b2 ) + c(ab − c2 )
c a b
= −(a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc)
= λ1 λ2 λ3
Hence, verified.

Question-3(a) Find the matrix representation of linear transformation T on

V3 (IR) defined as T (a, b, c) = (2b + c, a − 4b, 3a) corresponding to the basis
B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Given basis B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}and

T (a, b, c) = (2b + c, a − 4b, 3a)
Let α1 = (1, 1, 1), α2 = (1, 1, 0), α3 = (1, 0, 0)
By definition of T, we have
T (α1 ) = T(1, 1, 1) = (2(1) + 1, 1 − 4, 3)
⇒ T (α1 ) = (3, −3, 3)
Similarly,
T (α2 ) = T(1, 1, 0) = (2, −3, 3)
and
T (α3 ) = T(1, 0, 0) = (0, 1, 3)
Now our aim is to express T (α1 ) , T (α2 ) and T (α3 ) as linear combination of the vectors
in the basis B [α1 , α2 , α3 ]
Let
(x, y, z) = pα1 + qα2 + rα3
(x, y, z) = p(1, 1, 1) + q(1, 1, 0) + r(1, 0, 0)
(x, y, z) = (p + q + r, p + q, p)
∴ x = p + q + r, y = p + q and z = p
Solving these equations, we get

p = z, q = y − z, r = x − y
Putting x = 3, y = −3, z = 3, we get
p = 3, q = −6, r = 6
∴ T (α1 ) = 3α1 − 6α2 + 6α3 . . . (1)
Similarly, on putting x = 2, y = −3, z = 3, we get
p = 3, q = −6, r = 5
∴ T (α2 ) = 3α1 − 6α2 + 5α3
Similarly, on putting x = 0, y = 1, z = 3, we get
p = 3, q = −2, r = −1
∴ T (α3 ) = 3α1 − 2α2 − α3
From (1), (2) and (3), we see that the matrix of T relative to the basis
 T  
3 −6 6 3 3 3
{α1 , α2 , α3 } =  3 −6 5  =  −6 −6 −2 
3 −2 −1 6 5 −1

Question-3(b) Find the dimensions of the rectangular box, open at the top,
of maximum capacity whose surface is 432 sq. cm.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the dimensions of the rectangular box be x, y and z where these
represent length, breadth and height respectively.
Then volume, V = xyz and the surface area of the rectangular box (open at the top)
= xy + 2z(x + y) = 432 (given)
Define a Lagrangian function

F = xyz + λ(xy + 2z(x + y) − 432)
Then for extremum value d F = 0
⇒ d F = [yz + λ(y + 2z)]dx + [xz + λ(x + 2z)]dy + [xy + λ(2(x + y))]dzz

Now equating the coefficients, we
yz + λ(y + 2z) = 0
xz + λ(x + 2z) = 0
xy + 2λ(x + y) = 0
Subtracting (2) from (1) we get 0,

⇒ (y − x)z + λ(y − x) = 0
⇒ (y − x)(z + λ) = 0
⇒ y − x = 0,
other factors cannot be zero.
∴y=x
Now multiplying equation (2) by 2 and then subtracting the resulting equation from
equation (3), we get
x(y − 2z) + 2λ(x + y − x − 2z) = 0
⇒ (x + 2λ)(y − 2z) = 0
⇒ y = 2z
∴ The dimensions of the box are of the form
x = y = 2z
xy + 2z(x + y) = 432
⇒ 12z 2 = 432
⇒ z 2 = 36
z=6
Hence, the dimensions of the box are (12,12,6) cm respectively.

Question-3(c) If 2C is the shortest distance between the lines

x z
− = 1, y=0
l n
and y z
+ = 1, x=0
m n
then show that
1 1 1 1
2
+ 2+ 2 = 2
l m n c
[10 Marks]
Solution: The equations of the given lines are:

x z
− = 1, y = 0 . . . (1)
l n
and y z
+ = 1, x = 0 . . . (2)
m n
The equation of the line (1) being put in symmetrical form as
x−l y z
= = . . . (I)
l 0 n
The equation of any plane through the line (2) is
y z
+ − 1 + λx = 0
m n

1 1
⇒ λx + y+ z−1=0 . . . (3)
m n
If the plane (3) is parallel to the line (I), then the normal to the plane (3) whose d.c.’s
are λ, m1 , n1 will be perpendicular to the line (I), and so we have

1 1
lλ + 0 +n =0
m n
−1
λ=
l
Putting this value of λ in (3), the equation of the plane containing the line (2) and parallel
to the line (I) is
x y z
− + + −1=0
l m n
x y z
− − +1=0 . . . (4)
l m n
Clearly, (l, 0, 0) is a point on the line (I) [i.e., (1)]. Hence, the length 2c or shortest

distance = perpendicular distance of (l, 0, 0) from the plane (4).
l 1l − 0 − 0, +1

∴ 2c = q
1 2 1 2 1 2

l
+ m
+ n
2
=q
1
l2
+ m12 + n12
r
1 1 1 1
⇒ 2
+ 2+ 2 =
l m n c
1 1 1 1
Hence, 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
l m n c
Question-3(d) Show that the function defined as

sin 2x
(
when x 6= 0
f (x) = x
1 when x = 0
has removable discontinuity at the origin.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
sin 2x
(
when x 6= 0
f (x) = x
1 when x = 0
sin 2x
lim f (x) = lim
x→0 x→0 x
sin 2x
= lim · 2·
x→0 2x
=2
So that lim f (x) 6= f (0)
x→0
Hence, the limit exists but is not equal to the value of the function at the origin. Thus,
the function has a removable discontinuity at the origin.
Question-4(a) Find by triple integration the volume cut off from the cylinder
x2 + y 2 = ax by the planes z = mx and z = nx.
[10 Marks]

Solution:
Required Volume x
V = (nx − mx)dR
R
Changing to polar co-ordinates

Z 2π Z a cos θ
V = (n − m)r cos θ(rdrdθ)
0 0
Z 2π 3 a cos θ
r
= (n − m) cos θ dθ
0 3 0
(n − m)a3 2π
Z
= cos4 θdθ
3 0
h R
2a Ra
2 × 2(n − m)a3 π/2
Z
4 ∵ 0 f (x)dx = 2 0 f (x)dx,
= cos θdθ
3 0 if f (2a − x) = f (x)]
4 3 1 π
= (n − m)a3 × × ×
3 4 2 2
1
= (n − m)πa3
4
Question-4(b) Show that all the spheres that can be drawn through the origin
x y z
and each set of points where planes parallel to the plane + + = 0 cut the
a b c
co-ordinate axes, form a system of spheres which are cut orthogonally by the
sphere
x2 + y 2 + 2f x + 2gy + 2hz = 0
if af + bg + ch = 0
[10 Marks]
Solution: The equation of spheres passing through the origin is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz = 0
x y z x y z
Now, the planes parallel to the plane + + = 0 is given as + + = k (where
a b c a b c
k is any constant) The x -intercept of the above plane is given as
xintercept
+0+0=k
a

xintercept = ak
∴ Coordinates of the point is (ak, 0, 0) Similarly, y intercept is bk and z intercept is ck
Thus, the four points through which the set of spheres passes are
(0, 0, 0), (ak, 0, 0), (0, bk, 0)(0, 0, ck)
Putting these values one by one in equation (1) we get

−ak −bk −ck
u= ,v = ,w =
2 2 2
Hence, the equation of a system-spheres passing through the origin and each set of points
x y z
where planes parallel to the plane + + = 0 cut the coordinate axes is
a b c
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − k(ax + by + cz) = 0
The equation of other sphere cut orthogonally by the above system of spheres is given as
x2 + y 2 + 2f x + 2gy + 2hz = 0
Thus, by the condition of orthogonally, i.e.,
2u1 u2 + 2v1 v2 + 2w1 w2 = d1 + d2

Putting the values, we get

−ak −bk −ck
2 (f ) + 2 (g) + 2 (h) = 0 + 0
2 2 2
⇒ −af k − bgk − chk = 0
⇒ k(af + bg + ch) = 0
either k = 0 or af + bg + ch = 0. But k 6= 0. (as it will represent the given plane itself,
not the plane parallel to the given plane.) Hence,
af + bg + ch = 0
Question-4(c) A plane makes equal intercepts on the positive parts of the

axes and touches the ellipsoid x2 + 4y 2 + 9z 2 = 36. Find its equation.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the equation of the plane, making equal intercepts on the positive parts
of the axes, be
x+y+z =k
(where k > 0 and indicate the value of the intercept).
Now, it is given that the above plane touch the ellipsoid
x2 + 4y 2 + 9z 2 = 36

Therefore, by using the condition of tangency,

 
i.e., when the plane b x + my + nz =
 x2 y 2 z 2 
touches the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
a b c
given by
a2 l 2 + b 2 m 2 + c 2 n 2 = p 2
we have [from (1)] Here, l = m = n = 1 and p = k Also, rearranging the given equation
of ellipsoid as
x2 4y 2 9z 2
+ + =1
36 36 36
x2 y2 z2
+ + =1
(6)2 (3)2 (2)2
∴ We get the values as
a = 6, b = 3, c = 2
. Now, putting values in equation (2) we get
36(1) + 9(1) + 4(1) = k 2
⇒ k 2 = 49
⇒ k = ±7
But
k 6= −7( as k > 0)
∴ k=7
Hence, the equation of the required plane is
x+y+z =7
Question-4(d) Evaluate the following in terms of Gamma function:

Z a s
x3

dx
0 a3 − x 3
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let r
a
x3
Z
I= dx
0 a3 − x 3
2
Let x3 = a3 sin θ when x → 0, θ → 0
π
⇒ x = a sin2/3 θ when x → a, θ →
2
2
∴ dx = a sin−1/3 θ cos θdθ
3

s
π/2
a3 sin2 θ
Z
2a −1/3
∴ I= 2 d sin θ cos θdθ
0 a3 − a3 sin θ 3
R π/2 sin θ 2
= 0
a sin−1/3 θ cos θdθ
cos θ 3
2 R π/2 2/3
= a 0 sin θdθ
3
Now, using formula q
p+1
q q+1

Z π/2
2 2
sinp θ cosq θdθ = q
p+q+2

0 2 2
q
( 23 +1)
q
0+1

2 2 2
∴I= a r
3 2
+0+2

2 3
2

2
i.e., putting p = and q = 0
3
q q
5 1
2 6 2
I= a q
3 2 4
3
√ q
πa 5
3 6
=q
1

3
+1
q
√ 5
a π 6 √ √
= q using n + 1 = n n
3 1 1
3 3
q
5
√ 6
∴ I = a πq
1
3
9.2 Section-B
dy tan y
Question-5(a) Solve − = (1 + x)ex sec y
dx 1 + x
[8 Marks]
Solution:
dy tan y
− = (1 + x)ex sec y
dx 1 + x
This is the general form of first degree linear differential equation. It can be rearranged
in the form of
dy
+ Py = Q
dx

where P and Q are function of x or constants.
Dividing by (sec y) to both sides, we get

1 dy tan y 1
− = (1 + x)ex
sec y dx sec y 1 + x

dy 1
⇒ cos y − sin y = ex (1 + x) . . . (1)
dx 1+x
Let sin y = t On differentiation, we get
dy dt
cos y =
dx dx
Putting in equation (1) we get
dt 1t
− = ex (1 + x)
dx (1 + x)
which is the general form of first order and first degree linear differential equation. Now,
solving this linear differential equation
−1
Z
Integrating factor (I.F.) = dx
e (1 + x)
= e− ln |1+x|
1
IF. =
(1 + x)
∴ Solution of the differential equation (2) is given as
Z
t(L.F.) = Q(I · F·)dx + C
where C is a constant of integration and Q is the right side of equation (2) Putting values
of Q and I.F. we get Z
t 1
= ex (1 + x) · dx + C
1+x (1 + x)
Z
= ex dx + C = ex + C
since, the original differential equation is a function of x and y ∴ Replace t by a function

of y (which we let) Hence,
sin y
= ex + C
1+x
Thus, the required solution is
sin y
− ex = C
1+x
Question-5(b) Solve and find the singular solution of x3 p2 + x2 py + a3 = 0.
[8 Marks]

Solution: The given equation is x3 p2 + x2 py + a3 = 0 solving for y,

a3
y = −xp −
x2 p
dy
Differentiating (2) with respect to (x) writing p for dx , we have

dp 3 −2 1 dp
p = −p − x − a −
dx x3 p x2 p2 dx
dp 2a3 a3 dp
⇒ 2p + x − 3 − 2 2 =0
dx 3 xp x pdx
a3

a dp
⇒ 2p 1 − 3 2 + x 1− 3 2 =0
xp dx xp
3

a dp
1− 3 2 2p + x =0
xp dx
dp
Omitting the first factor since it does not involve , we get
dx
dp
2p + x =0
dx
1 2
⇒ dp + dx = 0
p x
Integrating, we get
log p + 2 log x = log C
(where log C is an integration constant)
log px2 = log C

⇒
⇒px2 = C
C
p = 2 . . . (3)
x
Eliminating p between (1) and (3), the required general solution is
2

3C 2 C
x 4 +x y + a3 = 0
x x2
C2
⇒ + Cy + a3 = 0
x
⇒ C 2 + xyC + a3 x = 0
By (4), C-discriminant relation is
−(4)(xy)2 − 4(1) a3 x = 0

⇒ x xy 2 − 4a3 = 0

Now, x = 0 and xy 2 − 4a3 = 0 both satisfy equation (1) and hence required singular
solutions are x = 0 and xy 2 − 4a3 = 0

Question-5(c) A particle is projected vertically upwards from the earth’s sur-

face with a velocity just sufficient to carry it to infinity. Prove that the time
it takes to reach a height h is
s " 3/2 #
1 2a h
1+ −1 .
3 g a
[8 Marks]
Solution:
Let O be the centre of the earth and A be the point of projection on the earth’s surface.
If P be the position of the particle at any time t, such that OP = x, then the acceleration
at µ
P= 2
x
directed towards 0.
∴ The equation of motion of the particle at P is

d2 x −µ
2
= 2
dt x
(Negative sign indicates that acceleration acts in the direction of x decreasing.) But at
2
the point A, on the surface of the earth, x = a. and ddt2x = −g
−µ
∴ −g = or µ = a2 g
2
−µ
−g = 2
a
2
dx −a2 g
=
dt2 x2
Multiplying by 2 dx

dt
and integrating with respect to (t) we get
2
dx 2a2 g
= +C
dt x
where C is a constant. But when
dx
x → ∞, (velocity) → 0
dt

∴C=0
2
dx 2a2 g
∴ =
dt x
∴C=0
2
dx 2a2 g
∴ =
dt x
(Here +ve sign is taken because the particle is moving in the direction of x increasing)
r
dx 2g
⇒ =a
dt x
Separating the variables, we have
1 √
dt = √ xdx
a 2g
Integrating between the limits x = a to x = a + h, the required time t to reach height h
is given by
Z a+h a+h
√

1 1 2 3/2
t= √ xdx = √ x
a 2g a a 2g 3 a
r
1 2
(a + h)3/2 − a3/2

=
3a g
r " 3/2 #
1 2a h
= 1+ −1
3 g a
Question-5(d) A triangle ABC is immersed in a liquid with the vertex C in

the surface and the sides AC, BC equally inclined to the surface. Show that
the vertical C divides the triangle into two others, the fluid pressures on which
are as b3 + 3ab2 : a3 + 3a2 b where a and b are the sides BC & AC respectively.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let the vertical through C meets AB at O. then

1
∠ACO = ∠BCO = ∠C
2

Area of ∆AOC = 12 AC · OC sin ∠ACO & Area of ∆BOC = 21 BC · OC sin ∠BCO
The depth of the centre of gravity (C.G.) of ∆AOC below the surface of the liquid
1
= (AC cos ∠ACO + OC)
3
and the depth of the C.G of ∆BOC below the surface of the liquid
1
= (BC cos ∠BCO + OC)
3
Pressure on ∆AOC 1 1
∴ AC · OC sin ∠ACO · (AC cos ∠ACO
Pressure on ∆BOC 2 3
1 + OC) · w
= 1 + OC) · w
2
BC · OC sin ∠BCO · 13 (BC cos ∠BCO
1
bOC sin C2 13 b cos C2 + OC

2
= 1
aOC sin C2 13 a cos C2 + OC

2
b b cos C2 + OC

=
a a cos C2 + OC

From ∆ ’s BCO and ACO, we have

CO OB CO AO
= C
and = . . . (1)
sin B sin 2 sin A sin C2
Also
AO OB
=
b a
AO + OB
=
b+a
c
= . . . (2)
b+a


b b cos C2 + OB sin B
sin 2C
∴ The required ratio =
a a cos C2 + AO sin A
sin C 2
b(b sin C + 2OB sin B)

=
a(a sin C + 2OA sin A)
b b sin C + 2OB b sinc C

=
a a sin C + 2OAa sinc C

b2

c + 2OB
= ·
a2 c + 2OA
2ac

2 c + b+a b2

b c(a + b) + 2ac
= · 2bc
using = 2 ·
a2 c + b+a a c(a + b) + 2bc
b2 (3a + b) b3 + 3ab2
= =
a2 (a + 3b) a3 + 3a2 b
Question-5(e) If u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = yz + zx + xy, prove that grad

u, grad v and grad w are coplanar.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given u = x + y + z, v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , and w = yz + zx + xy

grad u = ∇u

∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ (x + y + z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= î (x + y + z) + ĵ (x + y + z) + k̂ (x + y + z)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇u = î + ĵ + k̂
Now,
∂ ∂ ∂
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + ĵ x2 + y 2 + z 2 + k̂ x2 + y 2 + z 2

grad v = î
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇v = 2xî + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂
Now,
∂ ∂ ∂
grad w = î (yz + zx + xy) + ĵ (yz + zx + xy) + k̂ (yz + zx + xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇w = (y + z)î + (z + x)ĵ + (x + y)k̂
To prove that ∇u, ∇v and ∇w coplanar, we must have the following condition to be true.
i.e.,
1 1 1
2x 2y 2z =0
y+z z+x x+y

On carrying out operations on LHS, we get C1 → C1 − C2 & C2 → C2 − C3 , we get

0 0 1
LHS = 2(x − y) 2(y − z) 2z
y−x z−y x+y
Solving the determinant we get

LHS = 1[2(x − y)(z − y) − 2(y − z)(y − x)]
= 2[(x − y)(z − y) − (x − y)(z − y)]
=0
= RHS
Hence, we can say that grad u, grad v and grad w are coplanar.
Question-6(a) Solve:
2
d2 y

2 dy
x y 2 + x −y =0
dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: 2
d2 y

2 dy
x y 2 + x −y =0
dx dx
The given equation can be rewritten as
" 2 #
d2 y

2 dy dy 2
x y 2+ − 2xy −y =0
dx dx dx
" 2 # dy

d2 y dy 2xy dx − y2
⇒ y 2+ − =0
dx dx x2
d y2

d dy
y − =0
dx dx dx x
Integrating, we get
dy y 2
y − = C1
dx x
This is Bernoulli form ∴ Putting y 2 = v, so that
dy dv
2y =
dx dx
∴ (1) becomes
1 dv v dv 2v
− = C1 ⇒ −
2 dx x dx x
= 2C1

This is the first order linear differential equation. Its I.F.

2
R
I.F. = e− x
dx
= e−2 ln(x)
1
= 2
x
Hence, solution is Z
1 1
v = 2C1 dx + C2
x2 x2
y2 −2C1
2
= + C2
x x
⇒ y 2 = x (C2 x − 2C1 )
s ~ ~ → −
Question-6(b) Find the value of s (∇ × F ) · ds taken over the upper portion
of the surface x2 + y 2 − 2ax + az = 0 and the bounding curve lies in the plane
z = 0, when
F~ = (y 2 + z 2 − x)~i + (z 2 + x2 − y 2 ) ~j + (x2 + y 2 − z 2 ) ~k
[10 Marks]
Solution: By Stokes’ Theorem

x Z
I= ~ × F~ ) · dS
(∇ ~= F~ · d~r
S C
Here,
F~ = y 2 + z 2 − x2 i + z 2 + x2 − y 2 j + x2 + y 2 − z 2 k

d~r = idx + jdy + kdz

2 2
Surface S : x + y − 2ax + az = 0 with bounding curve lying on z = 0.
∴ Boundary C : x2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0; z = 0
i.e. (r cos θ)2 + (r sin θ)2 − 2ar cos θ = 0
r = 2a cos θ, r = 0
r varies from 0 to 2a cos θ and θ varies from 0 to 2π.
Hence, Z
y 2 + z 2 − x2 dx + z 2 + x2 − y 2 dy + (x2 + y 2 − z 2 )

I=
ZC
y 2 − x2 dx + x2 − y 2 dy

= (∵ z = 0 on C)
Z C
x2 − y 2 (dy − dx)

=
C
Now, C: (x − a)2 + y 2 = a2
∴ x − a = a cos θ ; y = a sin θ
x =a + a cos θ ; y = a sin θ

Z 2π 2
a (1 + cos θ)2 − a2 sin2 θ [a cos θ + a sin θ]dθ

⇒I=
Z0 2π
a3 1 + cos2 θ + 2 cos θ − sin2 θ (cos θ + sin θ)dθ

=
0
Z 2π
3
2 cos2 θ + 2 cos θ (cos θ + sin θ)dθ

=a
Z0 2π
= 2a3
3
cos θ + cos2 θ + cos2 θ + cos θ sin θ dθ

0 Z π Z 2π
3 3 2 3

= 2a 2 cos θ + cos θ dθ + cos θ + sin θ sin θdθ
0 0
Z 2
3 2
= 2a 2 × 2 cos θdθ + 0
0
1 π
= 8a3 × × = 2πa3
2 2
Question-6(c) A particle is projected with a velocity u and strikes at right

angle on a plane through the plane of projection inclined at an angle β to the
q
horizon. Show that the time of flight is 2u g 1 + 3 sin2 β range on the plane

2u2 sin β 2u2 sin2 β

is · and the vertical height of the point struck is
g 1 + 3 sin2 β g 1 + 3 sin2 β

above the point of projection.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let O be the point of projection, u be the velocity of projection, α be the

angle of projection and P be the point where the particle strikes the plane at right angles.
Let T be the time of flight from O to P. Then by the formula for the time of flight in an
inclined plane, we have
2u sin(α − β)
T =
g cos β
Since the particle strikes the inclined plane at right angle at P , therefore the velocity of
the particle at P along inclined plane is zero.

Also, the resolved part of the velocity of the particle at O along the inclined plane is
u cos(α − β) upwards and the resolved part of the acceleration g along the incline plane
is g sin β downwards. So, considering the motion of the particle from O to P along the
inclined plane and using the formula v = u + at, we have
0 = u cos(α − β) − g sin βT
u cos(α − β)
T=
g sin β
Equating the values of T from (1) and (2) we have
2u sin(α − β) u cos(α − β)
=
g cos β g sin β
1
tan(α − β) = cot β
2
The condition for striking the plane at right angles.
(i) To prove
2u
T= p
g 1 + 3 sin2 β
Proof: From (2) we have
u
T= cos(α − β)
g sin β
u
=
g sin β sec(α − β)
u
= p
g sin β 1 + tan2 (α − β)
u
= q [ substituting value from (3)]
1 2
g sin β 1 + 4 cot β
2u sin β
= p
g sin β 4 sin2 β + cos2 β
2u
= p3
sin β + cos2 β + 3 sin2 β
2
2u
∴T= p
g 1 + 3 sin2 β
(ii) Range, on the plane
2u2 sin β
R=
8 1 + 3 sin2 β
Proof: Let R be the range on the inclined plane then R = OP considering the motion

from O to P along the inclined plane and using the formula v 2 = u2 + 2as, we have
0 =u2 cos2 (α − β) − 2g sin βR
u2 cos2 (α − β)
R=
2g sin β
u2
=
2g sin β sec2 (α − β)
u2
=
2g sin β [1 + tan2 (α − β)]
u2
= [ From (3)]
2g sin β 1 + 41 cot2 β

4u2 sin2 β
=
2g sin β 4 sin2 β + cos2 β

2u2 sin β
Hence, Range, R =
g 1 + 3 sin2 β

(iii) The vertical height of the point struck is

2u2 sin2 β
g 1 + 3 sin2 β

Proof:
The vertical height of P above O = PM
= OP sin β
= R sin β
2u2 sin2 β
=
g 1 + 3 sin2 β

d4 y d2 y
Question-6(d) Solve + 2 + y = x2 c.
dx4 dx2
[10 Marks]
d
Solution: Let D ≡ dx
, then the given differential equation becomes
D4 + 2D2 + 1 y = x2 cos x

This equation is the differential equation of first order with constant coefficients. It is
solved by the following method. The auxiliary equation is
m4 + 2m2 + 1 = 0
2
⇒ (m2 + 1) = 0
⇒ m = ±i
Thus, the complementary function is given by
y = (C1 + C2 x) cos x + (C3 + C4 x) sin x

where C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 are arbitrary constants. Now, the particular integral is given by
1
y= 2 4
x2 cos x
(1 + 2D + D )
1 2
= 2 x cos x
2
(D + 1)

1 2 ix
ix
y = Real part of 2 xe ∵ e = cos x + i sin x
(D2 + 1)
Now, solving
!
1
1 1 Using formula f (D) eax V
x2 eix = eix x2 1
(D2 + 1) 2
[(D + i)2 + 1]2 = eax · f (D+a) V
where, V is any function of x

2
Here V = x2 f (D) = (D2 + 1) & a = i
1
= eix 2x
2
2 2
[D + i + 2iD + 1]
1
= eix 2 2

x ∵ i = −1
(D2 + 2iD)2
1
= eix 2 2
x2
D

(2iD)2 1 + 2iD
−2
ix 1 D
=e 1+ x2
−4D2 2i
2 !
−1 ix 1 D (−2)(−2 − 1) D
= e 2
(1 + (−2) + + . . . x2
4 D 2i 2! 2i
n(n − 1)x2

n
using expansion of (1 + x) = 1 + nx + + ...
2!

−1 ix 1 D 3 2
= e 1 − − D + . . . x2
4 D2 i 4
ix

−e 1 2 1 3
= x − (2x) − (2) + 0 + 0 + . . .
4 D2 i 4
ix

−e 1 2 3
= x − + i(2x)
4 D2 2
−eix 1
Z Z Z
2 3 1 1
= x − dx + 2i xdx ∵ = dx
4 D 2 D D
−eix
Z 3 Z 2
x 3x x
= − dx + 2i dx
4 3 2 2
−eix x4 3x2
3
x
= − + 2i
4 12 4 6
ix
4 2 3

−e x 3x ix
= − +
4 12 4 3
Note: While we want the real part of (1), we must open eix as (cos x + i sin x)

∴ (1) equation can be arranged as

4
x − 9x2

−1 i 3
= (cos x + i sin x) + x
4 12 3
2 4

9x − x i
= − x3 (cos x + i sin x)
48 12
2 4

9x − x 1 3 −1 3 sin x 2 4

= cos x + x sin x + i x cos x + 9x − x
48 12 12 48
The real part of this is the particular integral
∴ Particular Integral,
x2 1
cos x 9 − x2 + x3 sin x

y=
48 12
Thus, the general solution is given by
y = C.F + P.I
x2 x3
9 − x2 cos x +

∴ y = (C1 + C2 x) cos x + (C3 + C4 x) sin2 + sin x
48 12
is the required solution.
5 4
s µ [r − c r] being
Question-7(a) A particle is moving with central acceleration
2µ 3
projected from an apse at a distance c with velocity c , show that its
3
path is a curve, x4 + y 4 = c4 .
[14 Marks]
Solution: Here, the central acceleration,

c4

5 4
1 1
p=µ r −c r =µ 5 − ∵r=
u u u
∴ The differential equation of the path is
d2 u c4

2 p µ 1
h u+ 2 = 2 = 2 5 −
dθ u u u u
d2 u c4

2 2 p 1
⇒u =h u+ 2 = 2 =µ 7 − 3
dθ u u u
Multiplying both sides by 2 du

dθ
, we get
2
2 du du d u 2p du
ḣ 2 u+2 = 2
dθ dθ dθ2 u dθ
" 2 #
h2 d 2

du 2p du
u + = 2
dθ dθ u dθ

Now, integrating above equation with respect to 0 θ0 , we have

" 2 # Z
2 2 du p
h u + =2 du + A
dθ u2
where A is a constant
" 2 #
c4
Z
2 2 du 1
v =h u + = 2µ − +A
dθ u7 u3
" 2 #
du
v 2 = h2 u2 +
dθ
c4

−1
=µ + +A
3u6 u2
q
1 du 3 2µ
But initially when r = c i.e. u = ,
= 0 (at apse) and v = c
c dθ 3
. ∴ From (1) we
have
2µc6
6
2 1 −c 6
=h · 2 =µ +c +A
3 c 3
2
∴ h2 = µc8 , A = 0
3
2
Substituting the values of h and A, in (1) we have
" 2 #
c4

2 8 2 du −1
µc · u + =µ +
3 dθ 3u6 u2
2
3c4

8 du −1
c = + − c8 u 2
dθ 2u6 2u2

1 −1 3 4 4 8 8
= 6 + c u −c u
u 2 2
2
8 du 1 −1 8 8 3 4 4
⇒c = 6 − cu − cu
dθ u 2 2
" 2 #
1 −1 3 9
= 6 − c4 u 4 − +
u 2 4 16
2 " 2 2 #
8 du 1 1 4 4 3
c = 6 − cu −
dθ u 4 4
s
2 2
4 3 du 1 4 4
3
∴c u = − cu −
dθ 4 4
c4 u3 du
dθ = q
1 2 3 2

4
− c4 u 4 − 4
3
Putting c4 u4 − 4
= z, so that 4c4 u3 du = dz we have
dz
4dθ = q
1 2

4
− z2

Integrating,
−1 z
4θ + B = sin
1/4
⇒ 4θ + B = sin−1 (4z)
where B is a constant
4θ + B = sin−1 4c4 u4 − 3

⇒
But initially when u = 1c , θ = 0
B = sin−1 (1)
∴
π
⇒ B=
2
π
∴ 4θ + = sin−1 4c4 u4 − 3

2
π
⇒ sin + 4̇θ = 4c4 u4 − 3
2
⇒ cos 4θ = 4c4 u4 − 3
⇒ 4c4 u4 = 3 + cos 4θ
⇒ cos 4θ = 4c4 u4 − 3
⇒ 4c4 u4 = 3 + cos 4θ
4c4
⇒ = 3 + cos 4θ
r4
⇒ 4c4 = r4 3 + 2 cos2 2θ − 1

= 2r4 1 + cos2 2θ

h 2 2 i
= 2r4 cos2 θ + sin2 θ + cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= 4r4 cos4 θ + sin4 θ

∴ c4 = r4 cos4 θ + sin4 θ

⇒ c4 = (r cos θ)4 + (r sin θ)4

⇒ c4 = x4 + y 4 (∵ x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ)
Hence, x4 + y 4 = c4 is the equation of path.
Question-7(b) A thin equilateral rectangular plate of uniform thickness and

density rests with one end of its base on a rough horizontal plane and the other
against a small vertical wall. Show that the least angle, its base can make
1
with the horizontal plane is given by cot θ = 2µ + √ µ, being the coefficient of
3
friction.
[14 Marks]
Solution: Let the side of equilateral triangular plate be 0 a0 and G be its center of
gravity. N1 = Normal reaction by rough horizontal plane.

N1 = mg, where m is mass of plate.

N2 = Normal reaction by small vertical wall
N2 = µN1 = µ(mg)
Taking moments about point P
π

mg − CAP
cos θ + 6 2 × a sin θ
=N
√
3
mg · √α3 cos θ · 2
− sin θ 12 = α sin θ.µmg
√ √
3 cos θ − sin θ = 2 3µ sin θ
√ √
3 cos θ = (1 + 2 3µ) sin θ
1
⇒ cot θ = 2µ + √
3
Question-7(c) A semicircular area of radius a is immersed vertically with its

diameter horizontal at a depth b. If the circumference be below the centre,
prove that the depth of centre of pressure is
1 3π (a2 + 4b2 ) + 32ab
4 4a + 3πb
[13 Marks]

Solution:
k2
Depth of the centre of pressure of the semicircular area = , where k is the radius of
h
gyration about the line EF on the free surface and h = depth of CG of the lamina below
EF = EG
k 2 = ”k 2
about parallel axis through
G + (EG)2
Now,
4a
CG =
3π
and hence
4a
EG = b +
3π
4a + 3bπ
⇒ EG = h = . . . (1)
3π
∴ k 2 = ”k 2”
about 2 2
2 2 a2 4a 4a + 3bπ
AB − (CG) + (EG) = − +
4 3π 3π
2 2 2 2
9π a + 36b π + 96abπ
=
36π 2
3π (a + 4b2 ) + 32ab
2
∴ k2 = . . . (2)
12π
k2
From (1) and (2) we get Depth of the centre of pressure =
h
3π (a2 + 4b2 ) + 32ab

4a + 3bπ
= /
12π 3π
2 2

1 3π (a + 4b ) + 32ab
=
4 4a + 3πb

2
dy dy
Question-8(a) Solve x = y − .
dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: Solving the given differential equation fot x, we get

x = py + ap2 . . . (1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. y and writing 1/p for dx/dy, we get

1 dp dp
= p + y + 2ap
p dy dy
2
1−p dp dp
or = y + 2ap
p dy dy
2
1 − p dy
or − y = 2ap, multiplying both sides by dy/dp
p dp
dy 1 2ap2
or − 2 y=− 2 . . . (2)
dp p − 1 p −1
which is a linear differential equation.
1
(p/(p2 −1))dp
= e 2 log(p −1) = (p2 − 1) ∴ the solution of (2) is
2
R
1/2
Here the I.F. = e
−2ap2 2
Z
2
1/2 1/2
y p −1 = p − 1 dp + c
p2 − 1
(p2 − 1) + 1
Z
= −2a p dp + c
(p2 − 1
Z hp #
1
= −2a (p2 − 1 + p dp + c
(p2 − 1)
" s
1 1 −1 −1
= −2a p (p2 − 1) − cosh p + cosh p + c
2 2
q
= −ap (p2 − 1) − a cosh−1 p + c
c − a cosh−1 p
or y= p − ap . . . . (3)
(p2 − 1)
Substituting this value of y in (1), we get,
!
−1
c − a cosh p
x= p − ap + ap2
(p2 − 1)
p(c − a cosh−1 p)
⇒x= p . . . (4)
(p2 − 1)
The equations (3) and (4) constitute the parametric equations of the required solution.

Question-8(b) Find the value of the line integral over a circular path given
by
x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0 where the vector field, F~ = (sin y)~i + x(1 + cos y)~j.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The line integral over a circular path given by C over vector field
→
− →
−
Z
F = F · dr
C
Here, C is given as x2 + y 2 = a2 , z = 0 and

→
−
F = (sin y)î + x(1 + cos y)ĵ
As we know that ~r is a position vector and is given as
~r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂
∴ d~r = dxî + dy ĵ + dz k̂
I
Thus, the required integral value = [sin y î + x(1 + cos y)ĵ] · (dxî + dy ĵ + dz k̂)
IC
= sin ydx + x(1 + cos y)dy
IC
= Mdx + Ndy
C
Now, by Green’s theorem in plane we have

x ∂N ∂M I
− dxdy = Mdx + Ndy
∂x ∂y C
R
Here M = sin y, N = x(1 + cos y)

∂M
∴ = cos y,
∂y
∂N
= 1 + cos y
∂x
s s
Hence, the given line integral is equal to = R
(1 + cos y − cos y)dxdy = R
dxdy = Area
of the circle C = πa2

Question-8(c) A heavy elastic string, whose natural length is 2πa, is placed

round a smooth cone whose axis is vertical and whose semi vertical angle is
α. If W be the weight and λ the modulus of elasticity of the string, prove that
it will be in equilibrium when in the form of a circle whose radius is

W
a 1+ cot α
2πλ
[10 Marks]
Solution: OEF is a smooth fixed cone of semi-vertical angle α, the axis OD of the
cone being vertical.
A heavy elastic string of natural length 2πa placed round the cone and suppose it rests
in the form of a circle whose centre is C and whose radius CA is x.
The weight W of the string acts at its centre of gravity C.
Let T be the tension in this string. Give the string a small displacement in which x
changes to x + δx. The point O remains fixed, the point C is slightly displaced.
∠α is fixed and the length of the string slight changed. We have the length of the string
AB in the form of a circle of radius x is 2πx and so the work done by the tension T of
this string is −Tδ(2πx).
Also, the depth of the point of application C of the weight W below the fixed point O
OC = AC cot α = x cot α
the work done by the weight W during this small displacement = Wδ(x cot α)
Since the reactions at the various points of contact do work, thus by the principle of
virtual work,
−Tδ(2πx) + Wδ(x cot α) = 0
⇒ −2πTδx + W cot αδx = 0
(−2πT + W cot α)δx = 0
⇒ −2πT + W cot α = 0(∵ δx 6= 0)
W cot α
T=
2π

Now, by Hooke’s law the tension T in the elastic string AB is given by

(2πx − 2πa)
T=λ
2πa
x−a
T=λ
a
Equating the two values of T we get
W cot α (x − a)
=λ
2π a
a
⇒ x−a= W cot α
2πλ
w
⇒ x=a 1+ cot α
2πλ
which gives the radius of the string in equilibrium.
d2 y dy
Question-8(d) Solve x2 2
+ 3x + y = (1 − x)−2 .
dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: Putting x = ez and denoting d/dz by D0 , the given differenitial equation

becomes
1
[D0 (D0 − 1) + 3D0 + 1] y =
(1 − ez )2
2 1
or (D0 + 1) y =
(1 − ez )2
A.E. is (m + 1)2 = 0. ⇒ m = −1, −1
∴ C.F. = (c1 + c2 z) e = (c1 + c2 log x) · x−1
−z

1 1 1 1 1
P.L. = = ·
(D0 + 1)2 (1 − ez )2 (D0 + 1) (D0 + 1) (1 − ez )2

1 1 0 1
Let 2 = v or (D + 1) v =
(D0 + 1) (1 − ez ) (1 − ez )2
dv 1
or +v = , which is a linear equation.
dz (1 − ez )2
R
I.F. = e dz = ez
Z
∴ ve = ez (1 − ez )−2 dz = (1 − ez )−1
z

1 1
or v= 0 2 = e
−z
(1 − ez )−1
(D + 1) (1 − e ) z
1
∴ P.I. = 0
e−z (1 − ez )−1
(D + 1)
Z
=e −z
ez e−z (1 − ez )−1 dz.
Z
−z dz
=e
1 − ez
Z
1
= e−z dx, putting x = ez , dz = (1/x)dx
x(1 − x)
Z
−z 1 1
=e + dx = e−z [log x − log(1 − x)]
x 1−x
1 x
= log .
x 1−x
Hence the complete solution of the given equation is
1 1 x
x x 1−x

Chapter 10
2011
10.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Let V be the vector space of 2 × 2 matrices over the field of real
numbers R. Let W = {A ∈ V| T race(A) = 0}. Show that W is a subspace of V.
Find a basis of W and dimension of W.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Given, v is a vector space of 2 × 2 matrices over R i.e.

a b
V = : a, b, c, d· ∈ R
c d
and W is of V such that Trace (A) = 0 when A ∈ W .

a subset
0 0
Clearly ∈ W i.e., W is not empty. Now, let A1 , A2 ∈ W then,
0 0
Trace (A1 ) = 0 and Trace (A2 ) = 0
then,
tr (xA1 + yA2 ) = x Tr (A1 ) + y Tr (A2 )
=x·0+y·0
=0
i.e., T race(xA1 + yA2 ) = 0
⇒ xA1 + yA2 ∈ W

x y
If ∈ W then x + w = 0 i.e., it can have at maximum three free variables.
z w
Hence, dimension of W = 4 − 1 = 3 and the basis of W are

1 0 0 1 0 0
, and
0 −1 0 0 1 0
i.e.,
1 0 0 1 0 0
W = , , .
0 −1 0 −0 1 0
295
Question 1(b) Find the linear transformation from R3 into R3 which has its
range the subspace spanned by (1, 0, −1), (1, 2, 2).
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let T be the required linear transformation such that the range of it is
spanned by (1, 0, −1), (1, 2, 2) As {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} are the standard basis of R3 .
Hence, we can assume
T (1, 0, 0) = (1, 0, −1)
T (0, 1, 0) = (1, 2, 2)
and T (0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0)
Also, (x, y, z) = x(1, 0, 0) + y(0, 1, 0) + z(0, 0, 1)
⇒ T (x, y, z) = xT (1, 0, 0) + yT (0, 1, 0) + zT (0, 0, 1)
= x(1, 0, −1) + y(1, 2, 2) + z(0, 0, 0)
= (x + y, 2y, −x + 2y)
i.e., T (x, y, z) = (x + y, 2y, −x, +2y)
is the required transformation.
Question-1(c) Show that the function defined by

 3
 x + y3
, x 6= y
f (x, y) = x−y
0, x=y

is discontinuous at the origin but possesses partial derivatives fx and fy there

at.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given function is

 3
 x + y3
, x 6= y
f (x, y) = x−y
0, x=y

The above function is continuous at origin if it is equal to lim(x,y)→(0,0) f (x, y) = f (0, 0) =

0, irrespective of the path taken by the function to approach origin.
x3 + y 3
Now lim f (x, y) = lim
(x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0) x − y
3
Let y = x − mx be the path through which this (x, y) approaches to origin, then. Clearly

y → 0 when x → 0. Then,
3
x3 + (x − mx3 )
lim f (x, y) = lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0 x − x + mx3
x3 + x3 − 3x2 · n2 x3 + 3x · m2 x6 − m3 x9
= lim
x→0 mx3
2x − 3mx + 3m x − m3 x9
3 5 2 7
= lim
x→0 mx3
2
=
m
=⇒ It approaches to different values depending on the value of m.
=⇒ The function is discontinuous at the origin.
Again,
x3 + y 3
f (x, y) =
x−y
f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0)
fx (0, 0) = lim
h→0 h
h3 /h − 0
= lim =0
h→0 h
f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0)
and fy (0, 0) = lim
k→0 k
k3
−0
= lim −k =0
k→0 k
=⇒ fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) exist at origin.
Question-1(d) Let the function f be defined by


 0, for t < 0
f (t) = t, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
4, for t > 1

Rx
(i) Determine the function F(x) = 0 f(t)dt
(ii) Where is F non-differentiable? Justify your answer.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given function f is defined as


 0, for t < 0
f (t) = t, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
 4, for t > 1

Now we have to calculate Z x

F (x) = f (t)dt
0
Case I: When 0 < x ≤ 1
then Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt
Z0 x
= tdt
0
2
x
=
2
Case II: x > 1
then Z x0
F (x) = f (t)dt
0
Z 1 Z x
= f (t)dt + f (t)dt
Z0 Z 1
= tdt + 4dt
1
= + 4(x − 1)
2
7
= 4x −
2
7
= 4x −
2
7
i.e., F (x) = 4x − 2
x>1
x2

, for 0 < x ≤ 1
F (x) = 2
7
4x − 2
, for x > 1
Clearly the function F (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Question-1(e) A variable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin

and meets the axes at A, B, C. Prove that the locus of the centroid of the
1 1 1 16
tetrahedron OABC is 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 .
x y z p
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the required plane cut the axes at A, B, C such that A = (a, 0, 0), B =
(0, b, 0) and C = (0, 0, c)
Then the equation of this plane is given by

x y z
+ + =1
a b c
Now from question, the length of perpendicular to this plane from origin is p. Then,
|0 + 0 + 0 − 1|
q =p
1 1 1
a2 + b 2 + c2
or,
1 1 1 1
= + +
p2 a2 b 2 c 2
0+a+0+0
Again, let (α, β, γ) be the centroid of the tetrahedron. then, α= 4
0+0+b+0
β= 4
0+0+0+c
γ= 4
or, a = 4α, b = 4β, c = 4γ
putting a, b, c is equation (2), we get

1 1 1 1
2
= 2
+ 2
+
p 16α 16β 16γ 2
or,
1 1 1 16
2
+ 2+ 2 = 2
α β γ p
1 1 1 16
Hence, locus of (α, β, γ) is given by x2
+ y2
+ z2
= p2
Hence, proved.

Question-2(a) Let
V = (x, y, z, u) ∈ R4 : y + z + u = 0

W = (x, y, z, u) ∈ R4 : x + y = 0, z = 2u

be two subspaces of R4 . Find bases for V, W, V + W and V ∩ W.
[10 Marks]
Solution:
V = (x, y, z, u) ∈ R4 : y + z + u = 0

= (x, −z − u, z, u) ∈ R4

= {x(1, 0, 0, 0) + z(0, −1, 1, 0) + u(0, −1, 0, 1)}

= Span{(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, −1, 1, 0), (0, −1, 0, 1)}
W = (x, y, z, u) ∈ R4 : x + y = 0, z = 2u

= (−y, y, 2u, u) ∈ R4

= {y(−1, 1, 0, 0) + u(0, 0, 2, 1)}

= Span{(−1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 2, 1)}
Now the bases of V + W are given by the number of independent rows in the matrix
formed by the bases of V and W in the form of row vector
   
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 0 −1 0 1   0 −1 0 1 
   
 0 −1 1 0  ∼  0 −1 1 0 
   
 −1 1 0 0   0 1 0 0 
0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1
   
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 0 −1 0
  0 −1 0
1  1 

 
 0
 0 1 −1 
 ∼  0 0 1 −1 

 0 0 0 1   0 0 0 1 
0 0 2 1 0 0 0 3
 
1 0 0 0
 0 −1 0 1 
 
 0
 0 1 −1 

 0 0 0 1 
0 0 0 0
i.e., No. of independent rows in above matrix = 4
i.e., Dimension of V + W = 4. i.e. The bases of V + W are given by
(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, −1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, −1)(0, 0, 0, 1)

Now we calculate the bases of V ∩ W . Clearly it should satisfy
y+z+u=0
x + y = 0, z = 2u

i.e., there is only one free variable in this subspace. Choose u = 1 is the free variable
then,
z = 2, y = −3, x = 3
i.e., {(3, −3, 2, 1)} is the basis of V ∩ W and the dimension of this subspace is 1.
Question-2(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of the matrix

 
3 1 1
A= 2 4 2 
−1 −1 1
and hence compute A10 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given matrix

 
3 1 1
A= 2 4 2 
−1 −1 1
Then, the characteristic equation of this polynomial is given by
|A − λl| = 0
3−λ 1 1
2 4−λ 2 =0
−1 −1 1 − λ
(3 − λ){(4 − λ)(1 − λ) + 2} − 1}2(1 − λ) + 2} + 1{−2 + 4 − λ} = 0
16 − 20λ + 8λ2 − λ3 = 0
λ3 − 8λ2 + 20λ − 16 = 0
Hence, by Cayley-Hamilton Theorem it should be satisfy the by matrix A. i.e.,

A3 − 8A2 + 20A − 16I = 0
or, the characteristic polynomial is given by

A3 − 8A2 + 20A − 16I = 0
from the given expression, it is difficult to calculate A10 .

 
1 −3 3
Question-2(c) Let A =  0 −5 6 . Find an invertible matrix P such that
0 −3 4
−1
P AP is a diagonal matrix.
[10 Marks]
 
1 −3 3
Solution: The given matrix A is  0 −5 6  The characteristic equation of this
0 −3 4
matrix is given by
|A − λ| = 0
| −λ −3 3
0 −5 − λ 6 =0
0 −3 4−λ
(1 − λ) | (λ + 5)(λ − 4) + 18} = 0
(1 − λ) | λ2 + λ − 20 + 18} = 0
⇒ (1 − λ) (λ2 + λ − 2) = 0
(1 − λ) (λ2 + 2λ − λ − 2) = 0 ⇒ λ = 1, 1, −2
i.e., λ = 1, 1, −2 are the eigen values of the matrix A.
Now, for λ = 1, the eigen vector is given by [A − I][X] = 0 where [X] = [x, yz]T
    
0 −3 3 x 0
 0 −6 6   y  =  0 
0 −3 3 z 0
    
0 −3 3 x 0
 0 0 0  y  =  0 
0 0 0 z 0
−3y + 3z = 0
−y + z = 0
. Clearly, this will possess two eigenvectors as there are two free variables satisfying the
above condition. T T
Hence, the eigen vectors corresponding to λ = 1 is given by, 1 0 0 and 0 1 1
For λ = −2, the eigenvector is given by

[A + 2I][X] = 0
    
3 −3 3 x 0
 0 −3 6   y  =  0 
0 0 6 z 0
⇒ x−y+z =0
−y + 2z = 0

i.e. It’ll possesses only one free variable.
Choose z = 1 as the free variable then. y = 2 and x = 1 i.e., [121]T is the required eigen
vector.
Hence, the invertible matrix (P ) is given by

 T
1 0 1
P = 0 1 2 
0 1 1
It will reduce the matrix A to a diagonal matrix by operation P −1 AP = D where

 
1 0 0
D= 0 1 0 
0 0 −2
Verification As  
1 0 1
P = 0 1 2 
0 1 1
⇒| P |= −1 Now  
1 −1 1
Adj P
P −1 = =  0 −1 2 
|P | 0 1 −1
    
1 −3 3 1 0 1 1 0 −2
AP = 0
 −5 6   0 1 2  =  0 1 −4 
0 −3 4 0 1 1 0 1 −2
  
1 −1 1 1 0 −2
P −1 AP =  0 −1 2   0 1 −4 
0 1 −1 0 1 −2
 
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 
0 0 −2
Question-2(d) Find an orthogonal transformation to reduce the quadratic

form 5x2 + 2y 2 + 4xy to a canonical form.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given quadratic form is

5x2 + 2y 2 + 4xy
its associated matrix A can be written as

5 2 1 0 1 0
= A
2 2 0 1 0 1

Apply congruent operation R2 → R2 − 25 R1 and C2 → C2 − 52 C1 we get:
1 − 25

5 0 1 0
= A
0 65 − 25 1 0 1
Now, apply R1 → R1 · √1 and Ci = √1 · C1 we get

5 5
√1 √1 − √25

1 0 5
0 5
= ,A
0 65 − 25 1 0 1
q q
5 5
Apply R2 → R
6 2
and C2 → C
6 2
 q 
√1
" #
0 √1 2
− 15

1 0 q5 5
= 2
q
5 A q 
0 1 − 15 6 0 5
6
Hence the orthogonal transformation is

 q 
√1 2
− 15
 5 q 
5
0 6
Question-3(a) Show that the equation 3x + 4x = 5x has exactly one root.
[8 Marks]
3x + 4x = 5x
Dividing both the sides by 5x , we get
x x
3 4
+ − =1
5 5
3 4
let sin θ = 5
then cos θ = 5
hence the equation (2) is reduced to
(sin θ)x + (cos θ)x = 1

which is true for x = 2 i.e. x = 2 is the only root of equation (1). This result is also
known as known as Fermat theorem. It states that an +bn 6= cn for n > 2 where a, b, c ∈
z and n ∈ N.
R∞√
Question-3(b) Test for convergence the integral 0
xe−x dx.
[8 Marks]

Solution: The given integral is

Z ∞√ ∞ √
Z
xe−x dx = xe−x/2 dx
0 0
x
Let y = 2
then
x = 2y
dx = 2dy
Z ∞√
= 2ye−y 2dy
0
√ Z ∞ √ −y
=2 2 ye dy
0
Let
√ −y e−y
f (y) =
ye = −1/2
y
Clearly the function has an infinite discontinuity at y = 0 and y = ∞.
Hence, we have to examine the convergence at both y = 0 and y = ∞.
Consider, y = ∞,
Z ∞ Z 1 Z ∞
√ −y √ −y √ −y
ye dy = ye dy + ye dy
0 0 1
We test the two integrals on the right for convergence at 0 and ∞ respectively.
Convergence at y = 0:
√
Let g(y) = y such that
f (y)
lim = e−y → 1 as x → 0
y→0 g(y)
However
1 1
y 3/2
Z
g(y)dy = . . . (1)
0 32 0
converges
1
√ −y
Z
⇒ ye dy
0
.
Convergence at ∞:
Let g(y) = y12 then
√ −y
f (y) ye
lim = lim
y→∞ g(y) y→∞ 17y 2
y 5/2
= lim y → 0 as y → ∞
y→∞ e
R∞ R ∞ √ −y
As 1 g(y)dy converges if g(y) = y12 i.e., 1 ye dy converges . . . (2)
From
R ∞ √ (1)−yand (2),
0
ye dy converges.

The given integral

√ Z ∞
√ −y
√ Z ∞ 3 −1 −y
2 2 ye dy = 2 2 y 2 e dy
0 0
√ 3

=2 2
2
√ 1 √
=2 2· · π
√ 2
= 2π
Question-3(c) Show that the area of the surface of the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = a2

cut off by x2 + y 2 = ax is 2(π − 2)a2 .
[12 Marks]
Solution: The given sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

∂z x
=− ∴
∂x z
∂z y
=−
∂y z
s 2 2
∂z ∂z 1p 2
1+ + = x + y2 + z2
∂x ∂y z
a
=p
a2 − x 2 − y 2
Now the surface area is
x x
s 2 2
∂z ∂z
ds = 1+ + dxdy
∂x ∂y
x a
=4 p dxdy
a2 − x 2 − y 2
over half the circle x2 + y 2 = ax
let x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ then

x2 + y 2 = ax
becomes r = a cos θ and dxdy = rdθdr

Z π/2 Z a cos θ
rdθdr
∴ S = 4a
0 0 a2 − r 2
Z π/2 h √ in cos θ
= 4a − a2 − r 2 dθ
0
Z π/2
= 4a (1 − sin θ)dθ
0
2 π/2
= 4a [θ + cos θ]0
h π i
2
= 4a + 0 − (0 + 1)
2
= 2a2 (π − 2) units
i.e.,
S = 2(π − 2)a2 units
Proved.
Question-3(d) Show that the function defined by

f (x, y, z) = 3 log x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x2 − 2y 3 − 2z 3 , (x, y, z) 6= (0, 0, 0)

3
has only one extreme value, log 2
e
[12 Marks]
Solution: The given function is

f (x, y, z) = 3 log x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x3 − 2y 3 − 2z 3

(x, y, z) 6= (0, 0, 0)
for extremum value
fx = fy = fz = 0
Now,
2x
fx = 3 · 2 2 2
− 6x2
x +y +z
6x
= 2 − 6x2
x + y2 + z2
=0
6x [1 − x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )]
⇒ = 0 as, (x, y, z) 6= (0, 0, 0)
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
⇒ 1 − x x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0

x x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

Similarly,
fy = 0
y x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

⇒
and
fz = 0

z x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

⇒
From equations (1),(2) and (3), we get x = y = z, i.e.,
x x2 + x2 + x2 = 1

3x3 = 1
31
1 1
⇒x= = 1/3
3 3
1
x = y = z = 1/3
3
1 1 1

Hence, the value of f (x, y, z) at the point 31/3 · 31/3 , 31/3 is given by

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f , , = 3 log + + −2 + +
31/3 31/3 31/3 32/3 32/3 32/3 3 3 3

3
= 3 log −2
32/3
3
= 3 log 31/3 − 2 = log 3 − 2
3
= log 3 − 2

3
= log 2
e
i.e., the only extreme value of f (x, y, z) is log e32

Question-4(a) Find the equation of the right circular cylinder of radius 2

x−1 y−2 z−3
whose axis is the line = = .
2 1 2
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let OO’ be the axis of the right circular cylinder which has radius 2 .
From question, The equation of the line OO0 . is

x−1 y−2 z−3
= =
2 1 2
clearly it passes through (1,2,3) let
O ≡ (1, 2, 3)

Now, let P (α, β, γ) be a point which lies on the cylinder, then from the figure, the pro-
jection of OP on the line OO0 is given by
2 1 2
(α − 1) + (β − 2) · + (γ − 3) ·
3 3 3
Now in right angled triangle OP Q we have,
OP 2 = P Q2 + OQ2
⇒ (α − 1)2 + (β − 2)2 + (γ − 3)2 = 22 + 19 [2(α − 1) + (β − 2) + (γ − 3)]2
⇒ 9 [(α − 1)2 + (β − 2)2 + (γ − 3)2 ] = 36 + [2α + β + 2γ − 10]2
⇒ 9 [α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 14 − 2α − 4β − 6γ] 36+
[4α2 + β 2 + 4γ 2 + 100 + 4αβ + 4βγ + 8αγ − 40α − 20β − 40γ]
⇒ 5α2 + 8β 2 + 5γ 2 − 4αβ − 8αγ + 2α − 16β + 4γ − 10 = 0
Hence, equation of right circular cylinder is given by the locus (α, β, γ) i.e.,
5x2 + 8y 2 + 5z 2 − 4xy − 4yz − 8xz + 22x − 16y + 4z − 10 = 0
x2 y 2 z 2
Question-4(b) Find the tangent planes to the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 which
a b c
are parallel to the plane lx + my + nz = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The equation of ellipsoid is

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 =1 . . . (1)
a2 b c
Let equation of tangent plane which is parallel to given plane is
lx + my + nz = p . . . (2)
Let it touches ellipsoid at point (x, y, z). We know that equation of tangent plane at point
(x, y, z) is
xx1 yy1 zz1
+ 2 + 2 =1 . . . (3)
a2 b c
If (2) and (3) are identical then
x1 y1 z1 1
2
= 2 = 2 =
al bm cn p
2 2
al bm c2 n
⇒ x1 = , y1 = ,z =
p p p

Point (x, y, z) lies on ellipsoid (1),

2 2 2
1 a2 l 1 b2 m 1 c2 n

∴ + 2 + 2 =1
a2 p b p c p
⇒ a2 l2 + b2 m2 + c2 n2 = p2
Using (2), equation of plane is

√
lx + my + nz = ± a2 l2 + b2 m2 + c2 n2
Question-4(c) Prove that the semi-latus rectum of any conic is a harmonic

mean between the segments of any focal chord.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Consider a parabola conic whose equation is

y 2 = 4ax
then the length of semi-latus rectum = 2a
Let S = (a, 0) be the focus of this parabola and P SQ be any focal chord of this parabola,
let P ≡ (at2 , 2at) then

a −2a
Q ≡ 2,
t t
2
SP = a 1 − t2 + 4a2 t2
2 2
2
= a2 1 + t2
⇒ SP = a 1 + t2

1
Similarly, SQ = a 1 + 2
t

Now, the harmonic mean of SP and SQ is given by

2a2 (1 + t2 ) 1 + t12

2 · SP · SQ
=
a 1 + t2 + 1 + t12

SP + SQ
2a 1 + t2 + t12 + 1

=
2 + t2 + t12

2a 2 + t2 + t12

= = 2a
2 + t2 + t12
which is equal to semi-latus rectum.
Question-4(d) Tangent planes at two points P and Q of a paraboloid meet

in the line RS. Show that the plane through RS and middle point of PQ is
parallel to the axis of the paraboloid.
[12 Marks]
Solution: Let standard equation of paraboloid be

2cz = ax2 + by 2
and the given points be P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) & Q (x2 , y2 , z2 ).
Tangent planes at P and Q are given by:
c (z + z1 ) = ax1 x + by1 y . . . (1)
c (z + z2 ) = ax2 x + by2 y . . . (2)
Hence, equation of plane passing through line of intersection of (1) and (2) is given by:
(ax1 ) x + (by)y − cz − cz + λ [(ax2 ) x + (by2 ) y − (z − cz2 ) = 0 . . . (3)
2 y1 +y2 21 +22
Middle point of pϕ, m x1 +x

2
, 2
, 2
lies on the above plane.
Hence, we obtain the value of λ as

y1 +y2
− −ax1 x1 +x z+z2

2
2
+ by1 2
− c 2
− (z 1 )
λ= y1 +y2
ax2 x1 +x
2
2
+ by2 2
− c 2+z2
2
− (z2 )
− [ax1 x2 + by1 y2 − c (z1 + z2 )]
=
[ax2 x1 + by2 y1 − c (21 + z2 )]
= −1
P and Q lies on paraboloid, therefore
ax21 + by12 − 2cz = 0

ax22 + by22 − 2cz2 = 0
Hence equation of plane (from(3))
a (x, +x2 ) x + b(y, −y, )y = c (z + z2 )
D.R of Normal of this plane are
ha (x1 + x2 ) , b (y1 + y2 ) , 0i

Axis of the paraboloid is z − axis D.R. of z-axis are (0, 0, 1)
∴ a (x1 − x2 ) × 0 + b (y1 − y2 ) × 0 + 0x1 = 0

Therefore, the above plane is parallel to axis of paraboloid.
10.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Find the family of curves whose tangents form an angle π/4
with hyperbolas xy = c.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given curve is

xy = C
C
⇒y=
x
dy −C
= 2 = m2 (say)
dx x
From the question,
π m1 − m2
= tan−1
4 1 + m1 m2
dy
π + C2
tan = dx dy x C
4 1 − dx · x2
dy C dy C
⇒1− · 2 = + 2
dx x dx x

dy C C
⇒ 1+ 2 =1− 2
dx x x
dy x2 − C
⇒ = 2
dx x +C
x2 + C − 2C
=
x2 + C
2C
=1− 2
x +C
2C
∴ dy = 1 − 2 dx
x +C
Integrating both the sides, we get
2C x
y = x − √ tan−1 √ + C 1
C C
(C 1 = integration constants)
√ x
y = x − 2 C tan−1 √ + C 1
C
is the required family of curves.

d2 y dy
Question-5(b) Solve: 2
− 2 tan x + 5y = sec x · ex
dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: Here P = −2 tan x, Q = − (a2 + 1) and R = ex sec x.

1
R R
We choose u = e− 2 P dx = e tan xdx = elog sec x = sec x.
Putting y = uv in the given equation, it reduces to its normal form
d2 ν
+ Xv = Y . . . (1)
dx2
1 dP 1 1 1
where X = Q − − P 2 = − a2 + 1 − · −2 sec2 x − · 4 tan2 x
2 dx 4 2 4
2 2 2 2 2
= −a − 1 + sec x − tan x = −a − 1 + 1 = −a
1
R R
and Y = Re 2 P dx
= ex sec xe− tan xdx
= (ex sec x) (1/ sec x)
= ex
Hence, the normal form (1) of the given differential equation is
d2 v 2 x 2 2
v = ex

− a v = e , or D − a . . . (2)
dx2
Now (2) is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.
A.E. is m2 − a2 = 0, or m2 = a2 giving m = ±a. ∴ C.F. of the solution of (2) =
c1 eax + c2 e−ax .
1 x 1
P.I. = 2 e = ex
D − a2 12 − a2
.
ex
∴ the solution of (2) is v = c1 eax + c2 e−ax + 1−a 2.
Hence the general solution of the given differential equation is

ex sec x
y = uv = c1 eax + c2 e−ax sec x +

1 − a2
Question-5(c) The apses of a satellite of the Earth are at distances r1 and r2

from the centre of the Earth. Find the velocities at the apses in terms of r1
and r2 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the satellite of the Earth moves under the inverse square law = rµ2
Clearly the satellite will move in elliptical orbit and the velocity at a distance r is given
by
2 2 1
v =µ −
r a

where 2a = major axis of elliptical orbit Now at apse

r1 = a + ae
and
r2 = a − ae ⇒ 2a = r1 + r2
Now from question at r = r1 , v = v1

2 1
v12 =µ − ···
r a
1
2 2
=µ −
r1 r1 + r2

2 1 1
v1 = 2µ −
r1 r1 + r2

r1 + r2 − r1
= 2µ
r1 (r1 + r2 )
2µr2
v12 =
r1 + r2
s
2µr2
⇒ v1 =
r1 (r1 + r2 )
Similarly, s
2µr1
v2 =
r2 (r1 + r2 )
Question-5(d) A cable of length 160 meters and weighing 2 kg per meter is

suspended from two points in the same horizontal plane. The tension atthe
−1 5
points of support is 200 kg. Show that the span of the cable is 120 cosh
3
and also find the sag.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Weight of the cable (= 160 × 2 = 320) will act at middle point of AB, i.e.,
at point O.

In equilibrium,
W = 2T sin ψ
=⇒ 3202 × 200 sin ψ
4
=⇒ sin ψ =
5
We know that equation of common catenary is given by:
x
y = c cosh ...(i)
c
and T = wy, where w = weight per unit length = 2kg/m
At point A or B,
T = 200kg
=⇒ y = T /w = 100m
Also,
T = T0 cos ψ = wc
3 4
∴ 22 × = 2c (∵ sin ψ = )
5 5
=⇒ c = 60m
Now, for span, we put y=100 m in equation of catenary (i),
x
−1 5
=⇒ 100 = 60 cosh ⇒ x = 60 cos h
60 3
Span = 2x = 120 cos h−1 (5/3)

Sag = y − c = 100 − 60 = 40 m
.
H
Question-5(e) Evaluate the line integral C (sin xdx + y2 dy − dz), where C is the
circle x2 + x2 = 16, z = 3, by using Stokes’ theorem.
[10 Marks]

Solution: The given line integral is

Z
sin xdx + y 2 dy − dz

C
where C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 16, z = 3

Z Z
2
sin xî + y ĵ − k̂ · (dxi + dy ĵ + dz k̂) = F̄ · dr
C C
where F̄ = sin xî + y 2 ĵ − k̂ Now from the Stokes’ theorem

Z {
F̄ · dr = ¯ × F̄ ) · ds̄
(∇
C S
where S is the surface enclosed by the curves. Now,
î ĵ k̂
¯ × F̄ ) · k̄ =
(∇ ∂ ∂ ∂
·K =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
2
sin x y −1
I
⇒ F̄ · dr̄ = 0
dy
Question-6(a) Solve: p2 + 2py cot x = y 2 where p =
dx
[10 Marks]
Solution:
p2 + 2py cot x = y 2
p2 + 2py cot x − y 2 = 0
Solving the above equation, for the quadratic in p, we get
p
−2y cot x ± 4y 2 cot2 x + 4y 2
p=
2
p = −y cot x ± y cosec x
Case I: When p = −y cot x + y cosec x
then
dy
= y(− cot x − cosec x)
dx
dy
= (− cot x + cosec x)dx
y


dy cos x 1
= − + dx
y sin x sin x
2 sin2 x/2

= dx
2 sin x2 cos x2
dy x
r = tan dx
y 2
integrating both the sides, we get
x
log y = 2 log sec + log C1
2
< log C1 (integration constant)
x
y = C1 sec2
2
x
y − C1 sec2 =0
2
is one solution.
Case II: when p = −y cot x − y cosec x
then,
dy
= −y(cot x − cosec x)dx
dx
dy
= (− cot x − cosec x)dx
y

dy 1 + cos x − cos x/2
=− dx = dx
y sin x sin x/2
Integrating both the sides, we get
x
log y = 2 log cosec+ log C2
2
< log C2 = integration constant
x
y − C2 cosec2 =0
2
is another solution.
Hence, the required solution is given by,
x x
y − C1 sec2 y − C2 cosec2 =0
2 2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constant.
(x4 D4 + 6x3 D3 + 9x2 D2 + 3xD + 1)y = (1 + log x)2
d
where D ≡
dx
[15 Marks]

Solution: The given differential equation is

4 4
x D + 6x3 D3 + 9x2 D2 + 3xD + 1 | y = h1 + log xi2
It is solved by putting x = ez then reducing the above equation in the form of y and
x = ez
since,
dy dy dz 1 dy
= · =
dx dz dx x dz
dy dy
x =
dx dz
dy d
x = D1 y (where D1 = )
dx dz
d2 y

d dy
=
dx2 dx dx

d dy dz
= ·
dz dx dx

d 1 dy 1
= · ·
dz x dz x
2

1 1 d y 1 dy
= · −
x x dz 2 x dz
d2 y d2 y dy
x2 = −
dx2 dz 2 dz
d2 y
x2 2 = D1 (D1 − 1) y
dx
d3 y
Similarly, x3 3 = D1 (D1 − 1) (D1 − 2) y
dx
4
4d y
and x = D1 (D1 − 1) (D1 − 2) (D1 − 3) y
dx4
Putting these values in equation (1), we get
[D1 (D1 − 1) (D1 − 2) (D1 − 3) + 6D1 (D1 − 1) (D1 − 2) +

2
9D1 (D1 − 1) +3D1 + 1] y = 1 + e2
⇒ D1 D13 − 6D12 + 11D1 − 6 + 6D1 D12 − 3D1 + 2 +

9D1 (D1 − 1) +3D1 + 1] y = 1 + 2e2 + e2
D14 + 2D12 + 1 y = 1 + 2ez + e2z

The auxiliary equation is given by

m4 + 2m2 + 1 = 0
2
⇒ m2 + 1 = 0
⇒ m = ±i, ±i
Hence, the complementary function is given by
y = (C1 + C2 z) cos z + (C3 + C4 z) sin z

where C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 are arbitrary constant Now, the Particular Integral is given by
1 z 2z

y= 1 + 2e + e
(1 + 2D12 + D14 )
1 1 z e2z
= 2 + 2 · 2 e + 2
(1 + D12 ) (1 + D12 ) (1 + D12 )
2 · ez e2z ez e2z
=1+ + =1+ +
(1 + 1)2 (1 + 4)2 2 25
i.e., the general solution is given by
y = C.F. + P.I.
ez e2z
= (C1 + C2 z) cos z + (C3 + C4 z) sin z + 1 + +
2 25
Putting the value of z, we get
x x2
y = (C1 + C2 log x) cos(log x) + (C3 + C4 log x) sin(log x) + 1 + +
2 25
is the required solution.
Question-6(c) Solve:
D4 + D2 + 1 y = ax2 + be−x sin 2x

d
, where D =
dx
[15 Marks]
Solution:
D4 + D2 + 1 y = ax2 + be−x sin 2x

The auxiliary equation is given by

m4 + m2 + 1 = 0
m4 + 2m2 + 1 − m2 = 0
2
m2 + 1 − m2 = 0
⇒ m2 + m + 1 m2 − m + 1 = 0

√ √
−1 ± 1 − 4 1 + 1 − 4
m= ,
2 2
√
−1 3i
m= ±
2 2
and √
1 3i
m= ±
2 2

are the roots of auxiliary equation.// Hence, the complementary function is given by
" √ ! √ !#
−x/2 3 3
y=e C1 cos x + C2 sin x +
2 2
" √ ! √ !#
3x 3x
ex/2 C3 cos + C4 sin
2 2
Now, the Particular Integral is given by
1
ax + be−x sin 2x
2
y= 2 4
(1 + D + D )
Consider
a −1 2
2 4
x2 = a 1 + D 2 + D 4 x
(1 + D + D )
D 2 E
= a 1 − D 2 + D 4 + D 2 + D 4 + . . . x2

= a x2 − D2 (x)2 = a x2 − 2

Now Consider,
1 1
2 4
e−x sin 2x = e−x sin 2x
(1 + D + D ) [1 + (D − 1)2 + (D − 1)4 )
sin 2x
−x 1
=e = 4D + 1
[1 + D2 − 2D + 1 + D4 − 4D3 + 6D2
1
= e−x 4 sin 2x
(D − 4D + 7D2 − 6D + 3)
3
1
= e−x 2 sin 2x
(D2 ) − 4D (D2 ) + 7 · D2 − 6D + 3
1
= e−x 2 sin 2x
(−22 ) − 4D (−22 ) + 7 (−22 ) − 6D + 3
1
= e−x sin 2x
16 + 16D − 28 − 6D + 3
1
= e−x sin 2x
10D − 9
(10D + 9)
= e−x sin 2x
(100D2 − 81)
(10D + 9) sin 2x
= e−x
−400 − 81
−x
−e
= (20 cos 2x + 9 sin 2x)
481
1
ax2 + be−x sin 2x

∴y= 2 4
(1 + D + D )
be−x
= a x2 − 2 − (20 cos 2x + 9 sin 2x)
481
Hence, the general solution is given by,
" √ ! √ !# " √ ! √ !#
−x 3 3 x 3 3
y = e 2 C1 cos x + C2 sin x + e 2 C3 cos x + C4 sin x
2 2 2 2
be−x
+a x2 − 2 − (20 cos 2x + 9 sin 2x)
481

Question-7(a) One end of a uniform rod AB, of length 2a and weight W, is at-
tached by a frictionless joint to a smooth wall and the other end B is smoothly
hinged to an equal rod BC. The middle points of the rods are connected by
an elastic cord of natural length a and modulus of elasticity 4W. Prove that
the system can rest in equilibrium in a vertical plane with Cin contact with
3
the wall below A, and the angle between the rod is 2 sin−1 .
4
[13 Marks]
Solution: AB and BC are two rods each of length 2a and weight W smoothly jointed
together at B. The end A of the rod AB is attached to a smooth vertical wall and the
end C of the rod BC is in contact with the wall. The middle points E and F of rods AB
and BC are connected by an clastic string of natural length a.
Let T be the tension in the string EF. The total weight 2 W of the two rods can be
taken acting at the middle point of EF . The line BG is horizontal and meets AC at its
middle point M. Let ∠ABM = θ = ∠CBM
Give the system a small symmetrical displacement about BM in which θ changes to θ +δθ.
The point A remains fixed, the point G is slightly displaced, the length EF changes, the
lengths of the rods AB and BC do not change. We have EF = 2EG = 2 EB sin θ = 2a sin θ
Also the depth of G below the fixed point
A = AM = AB sin θ = 2a sin θ
The equation of virtual work is

−T δ(2a sin θ) + 2W δ(2a sin θ) = 0
(−2aT cos θ + 4aW cos θ)δθ = 0
2a cos θ(−T + 2W )δθ = 0
−T + 2W = 0
[∵ δθ 6= 0 and cos θ 6= 0]
T = 2W

Also, by Hooke’s law the tension T in the elastic string EF is given by

2a sin θ − a where λ is the modulus
T =λ·
a elasticity of the sthing
T = 4W (2 sin θ − 1)
Equating the two values of T, we
2W = 4W (2 sin θ − 1)
1 = 2(2 sin θ − 1)
1 = 4 sin θ − 2
3 = 4 sin θ
3
sin θ =
4
−1 3
θ = sin
4
∴ In equilibrium, the whole angle between AB and BC

−1 3
=⇒ 2θ = 2 sin
4
Question-7(b) AB is a uniform rod, of length 8 a, which can turn freely about

the end A, which is fixed. C is a smooth ring, whose weight is twice that of the
rod, which can slide on the rod, and is attached by a string CD to a point D
in the same horizontal plane as the point A. If AD and CD are each of length
a, fix the position of the ring and the tension of the string when the system
is in equilibrium. Show also √ that the action on the rod at the fixed end A is
a horizontal force equal to 3W, where W is the weight of the rod.
[14 Marks]
Solution: Given AD = CD = a
Force at ring C along the rod AB
2W cos(90 − θ) = T cos θ
2W sin θ = T cos θ

Moments about A
2W × ACCAθ + W × AGGSθ = T (sin θAC)
2W cos θ · AC − T sin θ(AC) = −W cos θ(AG)
(T sin θ − 2W cos θ)AC = W cos θ · 4a
2
sin θ
2φ − cos θ AC = µ cos θ · 4a
cos θ
sin2 θ − cos2 θ
· 2π cos θ = 2a cos θ
cos θ
− cos 2θ = cos θ
⇒ 2θ = 1π − θ
π
⇒ θ=
3
π √
T = 2W tan ⇒ T = 2 3W
3
Horizontal component at A,
π
= T cos θ = T cos
3
√ 1
2 3=
3
Vertical Component
= 3W − T sin θ
π
= 3W − T sin
3
√
√ 2 3
= 3W − 2 3W
2
=0
So, only action at A is the horizontal force.
Question-7(c) A stream is rushing from a boiler through a conical pipe, the

diameter of the ends of which are D and d; If V and v be the corresponding
velocities of the stream and if the motion is supposed to be that of the diver-
gence from the vertex of cone, prove that
v D2 2 2
= 2 e(v −V )/2K
V d
where K is the pressure divided by the density and supposed constant.
[13 Marks]
Solution: Let e1 and e2 be the densities of steam at the ends of the conical pipe AB
and CD. By the principle of conservation of mass, the mass of the steam that enters and
leaves at the ends AB and CD are the same. Thus we have

2 2
1 1
π d ve1 = π D V e−
2
2 2
v D2 e2
= 2
V d e1
let p be the pressure, e the density and u the velocity at distance r from AB, then the
equation of motion is given by
∂u 1 ∂p
u =−
∂r e ∂r
p = Ke
∂u K ∂e
u =−
∂r e ∂r
By integrating, we have
1 2
u = −K log e + K log E
2
where E is an arbitrary constant
e u2
=−
log
E 2K
u2

e = E exp −
2K
Again
e = e1 when u = v
v2

c1 = E exp −
2K
and
e = e2 when u = v
−V 2

e2 = E exp
2K
e1 exp (−v 2 /2K)
=
e2 exp (−V 2 /2K)
from (1) and (2), we have
D2 v2 − V 2

v
= 2 exp ·
V d 2K
Proved.

Question-8(a) Find the curvature, torsion and the relation between the arc
length S and parameter u for the curve: →
−
r =→
−r (u) = 2 loge uî + 4uĵ + (2u2 + 1) k̂
[10 Marks]
Solution: The parametric equation of the given curve is

~r = ~r(u) = 2 loge uî + 4uĵ + 2u2 + 1 k̂

where u is the parameter. Now,
~ṙ = dr̄ = 2.1 î + 4j̇ + (4ut)k̂

du u
and
2
~r̈ = d r = −2 î + 0 + 4k̂
du2 u2
and
... d3 r 4
~r = = 3 î
du 2 u
Now, we know that the curvature (k) of the curve is given by
|~ṙ × ~r̈|
K=
|~ṙ|3
 
i j k
N ow, ~ṙ × ~r̈ =  u2 4 4u 
−2
u2
0 4
16 8
= 16î − ĵ + 2 k̂
u u
s 2 2
16 8
⇒ |~ṙ × ~r̈| = 162 + +
u u2
8 (1 + 2u2 )
=
u2
2î + 4ĵ + 4uk̂ |
and |~ṙ| =|
s u
2
1
=2 + 22 + (2u)2
u
2 (1 + 2u2 )
=
u
~
|ṙ × r̈|~
∴K=
|~ṙ|3
8 (1 + 2u2 ) u3
= ·
u2 8 (1 + 2u2 )3
u
∴ =
(1 + 2u2 )2
u
∴ =
(1 + 2u2 )2

and the torsion (T ) is given by

...
[~ṙ ~r̈ ~r ]
T =
|~ṙ × ~r̈|2
 2 
4 4u
... u 64
Now, [~ṙ ~r̈ ~r ] =  −2
u2
0 4 = 3
4
0 0 u
u3
64 u4
∴ = 3·
u 64 (1 + 2u2 )2
u
=
(1 + 2u2 )2
u
Torsion (T ) =
(1 + 2u2 )2
Now, the arc length S is given by the
Z Z
d~r
ds = | ·du
du
d~r 2
∵ = î + 4ĵ + 4uk̂
du r u
d~r 4
⇒ = + 16 + 16u2
du u2
2 (1 + 2u2 )
=
u
1 + 2u2
Z Z
∴ ds = 2 du
u
Z Z
1
=2 du + 4 udu
u
∴ S = 2 log u + 2u2
⇒ S = 2 u2 + log u

is the required relation between S and parameter u.
→
− →
−
Question-8(b) Prove the vector identity: curl(f~ × → −g ) = f div → −g −→−
g div f +
→
− →
− →
−
(→
−
g · ∇) f − ( f · ∇)→
−
g and verify it for the vectors f = xî + zĵ + yk̂ and →
−
g = yî + zk̂.
[10 Marks]

Solution: The given vector identity is

∇ × (f¯ × ~g ) = f¯(∇ ¯ · f¯) +
¯ · ḡ) − ḡ(∇ ¯ f¯ − (f¯ · ∇)ḡ
(ḡ · ∇) ¯
L.H.S. = ∇ ¯ × (f¯ × ḡ)
∂ ¯
= Σi × (f × ḡ)
∂x
∂ f¯

X ∂ḡ
= ī × × ḡ + f¯ ×
∂x ∂x
¯
∂f ¯ ∂ḡ
= Σī × × ḡ + Σī × f ×
∂x ∂x
Now, consider
¯
∂ f¯ ∂ f¯

∂f using relation Ā × (B̄ × C̄)
ī × × ḡ = (ḡ · ī) − ī · ḡ
∂x ∂x ∂x = (Ā · C̄)B̄ − (Ā · B̄)C̄
¯
∂ f¯ ∂ f¯

∂f
∴ Σī × × ḡ = Σ(ḡ · ī) − Σ ī · ḡ
∂x ∂x ∂x

∂ ¯ ∂ ¯
= ḡ · Σi f −Σ i · f ḡ
∂x ∂x
¯ f¯ − (∇
= (ḡ · ∇) ¯ · f¯)ḡ
¯ f¯ − ḡ(∇
= (ḡ · ∇) ¯ · f¯)
Similarly for
∂ḡ ∂ḡ ∂ḡ
Σi × f¯ × = Σ ī · · f¯ − Σ(ī · f¯)
∂x ∂x ∂x
= f¯(∇
¯ · ḡ) − (f¯ · ∇)ḡ
¯
hence
¯ f¯ × ḡ) = f (∇
∇( ¯ · f¯) + (ḡ · ∇)
¯ · ḡ) − g(∇ ¯ f¯ − (f¯ · ∇)ḡ
¯
which proves the identity.
Now, if f~ = xî + z ĵ + y k̂ and ~g = y î + z k̂ then

î ĵ k̂
f¯ × ḡ = x z y
y 0 z
= z 2 î + y 2 − xz ĵ − yz k̂

Now
î ĵ k̂
¯ × (f¯ × ḡ) =
∇ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
2
z y 2 − xz −yz

−∂ ∂ 2
∂ ∂ 2

= î (yz) − y − xz − ĵ (−yz) − z
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
∂z 2

∂ 2
+ k̂ y − xz −
∂x ∂y
= î(−z + x) + ĵ(2z) + k̂(−z)
= (x − z)î + 2z ĵ − z k̂
ḡ = (y î + z k̂)

⇒ ¯ · ḡ = 1 and
∇ f¯ = (xî + z ĵ + y k̂) ⇒ ¯ · f¯ = 1
∇
Also
¯ f¯ = y∂ z∂
(ḡ · ∇) + (xî + z ĵ + y k̂)
∂x ∂z
= (y î + ~j)

¯ ¯ ∂ ∂ ∂
(f · ∇)ḡ = x +z +y (y î + z k̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (z î + y k̂)
Hence,
f¯(∇ ¯ · f¯) + (ḡ · ∇)

¯ · ḡ) − ḡ(∇ ¯ f¯ − (f¯ · ∇)ḡ
¯ = f~ − ḡ + (y î + z ĵ) − (z î + y k̂)
= (xî + z ĵ + y k̂) − (y î + z k̂) + (y î + z ĵ) − (z î + y k̂)
= (x − z)î + 2z ĵ − z k̂
The given identity is verified for the vector f¯ = xî + z ĵ + y k̂ and ~g = y î + z k̂
Question-8(c) Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for

I
3x2 − 8y 2 dx + (4y − 6xy)dy

C
√
where C is the boundary of the region enclosed by the curves y = x and
y = x2 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: The Green’s theorem in a plane is given by

I { ∂M ∂N
M dx + N dy = − dxdy
C ∂y ∂x
S
where S is the area enclosed by the boundary of the curve C shown as shaded portion of
the figure:
√
Now from question, the given curve is y x and y = x2 and we have to verify Green’s

theorem for
I Z
2 2
2
3x − 8y 2 dx + (4y − 6xy)dy+

3x − 8y dx + (4y − 6xy)dy =
C I OAC
3x2 − 8y 2 dx + (4y − 6xy)dy

CBO
R √
Consider OAC
(3x2 − 8y 2 ) dx + (4y − 6xy)dy along OAC path y = x or x = y 2
∴ dx = 2ydy
∴ the integral can be changed to
Z 1 Z 1
4 2 3
6y 5 + 16y 2 + 4y − 6y 3 dy

3y − 8y 2ydy + 4y − 6y dy =
y=0 y=0
Z 1
6y 5 − 22y 2 + 4y dy

=
y=0
1
6 22 4 4 2
= y − y + y
4 2 0

22
= 1− +2
4
11 −5
=3− =
2 2
R
Consider CBO (3x2 − 8y 2 ) dx + (4y − 6xy)dy along this path y = x2
Z 0 Z 0
2 4 2 3
3x2 − 8x4 + 8x3 − 12x4 dx

y= 3x − 8x dx + 4x − 6x 2xdx =
x=1
Zx=1
0
3x2 + 8x3 − 20x4 dx

=
1
0
x3 x4 x5
= 3 + 8 − 20 =1
3 4 5 1
−5 −3
Z
3x2 − 8y 2 dx + (4y − 6xy)dy =

∴ +1=
C 2 2
Now consider the integral
{ ∂M ∂N x
− dxdy = (−16y − (−6y))dxdy
∂y ∂x
S
x
= −10 ydxdy
Z 1 Z √x
= − 10 ydxdy
x=0 y=x2
√
1 x
y2
Z Z
= −10 dx
0 x2 2
Z 1
x − 44 dx

=−5
0
3
=−
2
Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.

Question-8(d) The position vector → −r of a particle of mass 2 units at any time

t, referred to fixed origin and axes, is

2 1 2 1
t + 1 ̂ + t2 k̂

~r = t − 2t î +
2 2
At time t = 1, find its kinetic energy, angular momentum, time rate of change
of angular momentum and the moment of the resultant force, acting at the
particle, about the origin.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The position vector of the particle of mass 2 unit at time t is given by

2 1 2 1
t + 1 ĵ + t2 k̂

~r = t − 2t î +
2 2
Now we know that the kinetic energy is given by
t2 ~

1 1 1 2
K = mv 2 = m(~v · ~v ) ∵ 2

~r = t − 2t î + t + 1 ĵ + k
2 2 2 2
Hence
dr
~v = = (2t − 2)î + t̂ĵ + tk̂
dt
∴ ~v · v̄ = 4(t − 1)2 + t2 + t2
= 2 (t − 1)2 + t2

1
∴ K = · 2 · 2 2(t − 1)2 + t2

2
∴ At t = 1, the K.E. is given by
K = 2 2(1 − 1)2 + 12 = 2 Units.

~v |t=1 = ĵ + k̂
3 1
~r|t=1 = −î + ĵ + k̂
2 2 
î ĵ k̂
∴ ~
L = ~r × m~v =  −1 32 12 
t=1
0 2 2
⇒ ~ = 2(î + ĵ + k̂)
L
Since,
~ = ~r × m~v
L

differentiating both sides with respect to t we get

dL̄ dr dv̄ dv̄
= × m~v + ~r × m = ~r × m
dt dt dt dt
∵ ~v = (2t − 2)î + t̂j̇ + tk̂
dv̄
⇒ = 2î + ĵ + k̂
dt  
dL̄ î ĵ k̂
∴ = 2  −1 32 21  = 2î + 4ĵ − 8k̂
dt t=1
2 1 1
Finally, the moment of the resultant force is given by,
dv̄
~τ = ~r × F~ = ~r × m
 dt
î ĵ k̂
⇒ ~τ |t=1 = 2  −1 32 21 
2 1 1
= 2î + 4ĵ − 8k̂
Thus, at t = 1, Kinetic energy = 2 units.
~ = 2(î + ĵ − k̂) units

Angular momentum (L)
Time Rate of change of angular momentum = (2î + 4ĵ − 8k̂) units and moment of the
resultant force = (2î + 4ĵ − 8k̂) units.

Chapter 11
2010
11.1 Section-A
Question-1(a) Show that the set
P[t] = at2 + bt + c/a, b, c ∈ R

forms a vector space over the field R. Find a basis for this vector space. What
is the dimension of this vector space?
[8 Marks]
Solution: From question P(t) = {at2 + bt + c}

Let, f (t) and g(t) ∈ p(t) then, f (t) = a1 t2 + b1 t + c1 and g(t) = a2 t2 + b2 t + c2
then,
f (t) + g(t) = (a1 + a2 ) t2 + (b1 + b2 ) t + (c1 + c2 )
⇒ f (t) + g(t) ∈ p(t)
∵ a1 , a2 , b1 , b2 , c1 , c2 ∈ R
Also, f (t) = g(t) iff a1 = a2 , b1 = b2 , c1 = c2
and, kf (t) = (ka1 ) t2 + (kb1 ) t + kc1 = i ∈ p(t)
f (t) + g(t) = (a1 + a2 ) t2 + (b1 + b2 ) t + (c1 + c2 )

= (a2 + a1 ) t2 + (b2 + b1 ) t + (c2 + c1 )
= g(t) + f (t)
⇒ Set is commutative.
Also, if b(t) = a3 t2 + b3 t + c3 then f (t) + (g(t) + h(t)} = {f (t) + g(t)} + h(t) Existence of
identity 0 = 0.t2 + 0.t + 0 i.e., 0 ∈ p(t) ⇒ 0 + f (t) = f (t)
Existence of additive inverse of each member as f (t) ∈ p(t) then −f (t) ∈ p(t) and
−f (t) + f (t) = 0
∴ −f (t) is the additive inverse of f (t) i.e. P (t) is an abelian group w.r.t. addition of
polynomial of less than or equal to degree. Hence: p(t) is vector space.
332
Question-1(b) Determine whether the quadratic form is positive definite.

q = x2 + y2 + 2xz + 4yz + 3z2
[8 Marks]
Solution: The associated symmetric matrix of the given quadratic form can be written
as:    
1 0 1 x
A =  0 1 2  i.e.q = x y z A  y 
1 2 3 z
to ascertain the positive definite, we have to apply the congruent operation in the above
matrix.i.e.
     
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
 0 1 2 = 0 1 0  A  0 1 0 
1 2 3 0 0 1 0 0 1
Apply congrucnt operation R3 → R3 − R1 & C3 → C3 − C1 , we get
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −1
 0 1 2 = 0 1 0 A 0 1 0 
0 2 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1
Apply congruent operation R3 → R3 − 2R2 & C3 → C3 − 2C2 , we get
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −1
 0 1 0 = 0 1 0  A  0 1 −2 
0 0 −3 −1 −2 1 0 0 1
As all the roots of scalar matrix in the left hand side are not positive. Hence, the given
quadratic form is not positive.
Question-1(c) Prove that between any two real roots of ex sin x = 1, there is
at least one real root of ex cos x + 1 = 0.
[8 Marks]
Solution: The given function is f (x) = ex sin x − 1 = 0 or, sin x − e−x = 0

Now, f (x) = sin x − e−x = 0
If x1 and x2 are two roots of f (x) = 0 then by Rolle’s theorem ∃ at least one real root of
f 0 (x) = 0 lies between x1 and x2 .
∵ f 0 (x) = cos x + e−x = 0
i.e. ex cos x + 1 = 0 has a root lies between two real roots of ex sin x = 1

Question-1(d) Let f be a function defined on R such that

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), x, y ∈ R
If f is differentiable at one point of R, then prove that f is differentiable on R
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given,
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) ... (1)

Let f be differentiable at a and c be any general point.
Then,
f (a + h) − f (a) f (a) + f (h) − f (a)
Lt = Lt (from (1))
h→0 h h→0 h
f (h)
= Lt (exists, ∵ f is diff at a)
h→0 h
Hence,
f (c + h) − f (c) f (c) + f (h) − f (c)
Lt = Lt
h→0 h h→0 h
f (h)
= Lt exists . . . (2)
h→0 h
As c was arbitrary point on R, hence f is differentiable on R.
Question-1(e) If a plane cuts the axes in A, B, C and (a, b, c) are the coordinates
of the centroid of the triangle ABC, then show that the equation of the plane
x y z
is + + = 3.
a b c
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let the co-ordinate of A ≡ (h, 0, 0), B = (0, k, 0) and C ≡ (0, 0, l) then,
equation of plane ABC is hx + ky + zl = 1.

Now, (a, b, c) is the centroid of ∆ABC then

h+0+0 0+k+0 0+0+l
a= ,b = ,c =
3 3 3
α, h = 3a, k = 3b, l = 3c
i.e. equation of the plane ABC can be rewritten as
x y z
+ + =1
3a 3b 3c
or x y z
+ + =3
a b c
Question-1(f ) Find the equations of the spheres passing through the circle
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x − 2z + 5 = 0, y = 0
and touching the plane 3y + 4z + 5 = 0.
[8 Marks]
Solution: The equation of the given circle is

x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x − 2z + 5 = 0
· · · (1)
y=0
Equation of any sphere passing through the circle (I) is given by
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x − 2z + 5 + λy = 0 · · · (2)
q
2
Centre of sphere (2) is 3, − λ2 , 1 and radius of this sphere is λ4 + 5.

Now, if the plane 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 . . . (3) is a tangent plane to (2), then,

|3( −λ2 )
+4+5|
q
2
5
= λ +20 4
q
9− 3λ 2
⇒ 5 2 = λ +20 4
q
⇒ 3(6−λ)
2
10
= λ +20 4

9(6−λ)2 λ2 +20
⇒ 100
= 4
⇒ 9 (λ2 − 12λ + 36) = 25 (λ2 + 20)
⇒ 25λ2 + 500 = 9λ2 − 108λ + 324
⇒ 16λ2 + 108λ + 176 = 0
⇒ 4λ2 + 27λ + 44 = 0
⇒ 4λ2 + 11λ + 16λ + 44 = 0
⇒ λ(4λ + 11) + 4(4λ + 11) = 0
⇒ (λ + 4)(4λ + 11) = 0
⇒ λ = −4 or, λ = − 11
4
Hence, the equation of sphere is given by x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x − 2z + 5 − 4y = 0 and

4 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x − 2z + 5) − 11y = 0.
Question-2(a) Show that the following vectors form a basis for R3

α1 = (1, 0, −1), α2 = (1, 2, 1), α3 = (0, −3, 2)
Find the components of (1, 0, 0) w.r.t. the basis {α1 , α2 , α3 } .
[10 Marks]
Solution: To show that α1 , α2 , α3 , form a basis of R3 . It is sufficient to show that

they are linearly independent. i.e. ∃ ax, y, z ∈ R such that
xα1 + yα2 + zα3 = (0, 0, 0)

then x = y = z = 0
x(1, 0, −1) + y(1, 2, 1) + z(0, −3, 2) = (0, 0, 0)
(x + y, 2y − 3z − x + y + 2z) = (0, 0, 0)
Comparing the co-efficients, we get,
x + y = 0z · · · (1)
2y − 3z = 0 · · · (2)
−x + y + 2z = 0 · · · (3)
(1) and (3) ⇒ 2y + 2z = 0 · (4)
(2) and (4) ⇒ 5z = 0 or z = 0
⇒ y = 0 i.e. x = y = z = 0

Hence, {α1 , α2 , α3 } are linearly independent. Also dimension = 3, hence, they form a
basis of R3 .
Now, let (1, 0, 0) = aα1 + bα2 + cα3 then,
(1, 0, 0) = a(1, 0, −1) + b(1, 2, 1) + c(0, −3, 2)
⇒ (1, 0, 0) = (a + b, 2b − 3c, −a + b + 2c)
⇒ a + b = 1, 2b − 3c = 0 − a + b + 2c = 0
∴ a + b = 1 ⇒ a = (1 − b)
⇒ 2b = 3c ⇒ c = 32 b
−a + b + 2c = 0
⇒ b − 1 + b + 43 b = 0
2b + 43 b = 1
10b
⇒ 3
=1
3
b= 10
3 7
∴a=1− 10
= 10
2 3 1
∴C= 3
· 10
= 5
7 3
∴ (1, 0, 0) = α
10 1
+ α
10 2
+ 15 α3
 
0 0 1
Question-2(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of  1 0 2 . Verify
0 1 3
Cayley-Hamilton theorem for this matrix and hence find its inverse.
[10 Marks]
 
0 0 1
Solution: Let the given matrix be A=  1 0 2 
0 1 3
then, the characteristic equation of A is given by,
|A − λ.I| = 0
 
−λ 0 1
⇒  1 −λ 2 =0
0 1 3−λ

⇒ −λ · {λ(λ − 3) − 2} + 1(1) = 0
⇒ −λ (λ2 − 3λ − 2} + 1 = 0
⇒ −λ3 + 3λ2 + 2λ + 1 = 0
⇒ λ3 − 3λ2 − 2λ − 1 = 0
Now, by Cayley-Hamilton theorem, it should also satisfy the matrix A i.e.
A3 − 3A2 − 2A − I = 0 · · · (1)
To prove the identity (1), we will calculate A3 and A2 .
  
0 0 1 0 0 1
A2 =  1 0 2   1 0 2 
0 1 3 0 1 3
 
0 1 3
2
A = 0 2 7 

1 3 11
&   
0 1 3 0 0 1
A3 =  0 2 7   1 0 2 
1 3 11 0 1 3
 
1 3 11
A3 =  2 7 25 
3 11 39
Now,
       
1 3 11 0 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 0
3 2
A −3 A −2 A−I= 2 7
 25  − 3  0 2 7  − 2 1 0 2  −  0 1 0 
3 11 39 1 3 11 0 1 3 0 0 1
 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 
0 0 0
Hence, Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified.
Now,
A3 − 3A2 − 2A − I = 0
⇒ I = A3 − 3A2 − 2A
multiply both the sides by · A−1 , we get

     
0 1 3 0 0 1 2 0 0
A−1 =  0 2 7  − 3  1 0 2  −  0 2 0 
1 3 11 0 1 3 0 0 2

−2 1 0
⇒ A−1 =
1 0 0

 
5 −6 −6
Question-2(c) Let A =  −1 .4 2  . Find an invertible matrix P such
3 −6 −4
−1
that P AP is a diagonal matrix.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The such invertible matrix can be formed with the help of eigenvectors of
matrix A. The characteristic equation of matrix is given by
|A − λI| = 0
−λ −6 −6
⇒ −1 4 − λ 2 =0
3 −6 −4 − λ
⇒ (5 − λ)((λ − 4)(λ + 4) + 12} +6{λ + 4 − 6} − 6{6 − 3(4 − λ)} = 0
⇒ 4 − 8λ + 5λ2 − λ3 = 0
⇒ (1 − λ)(2 − λ)2 = 0
Hence, eigenvalues of matrix A is given by

λ = 1, 2, 2
Now, corresponding to λ = 2, the eigenvector is obtained through
         
5−2 −6 −6 x1 0 3 −6 −6 x1 0
[A − 2I]X =  −1 2 2   x2 = 0 ∝ 0 0
    0   x2 = 0 
 
3 −6 −6 x3 0 0 0 0 x3 0
⇒ x1 − 2x2 − 2x3 = 0
This imples that there are two free variables. Putting x2 = 0, x3 = 1, we get the
eigenvector [2, 0, 1] and by putting x2 = 1, x3 = 0, we get the eigenvector [2, 1, 0].
Hence, the two eigenvectors corresponding to i = 2 are [2, 0, 1] and [2, 1, 0].
Now, the eigenvector corresponding to λ = 1 is given by

         
4 −6 −6 x1 0 1 −3/2 −3/2 x1 0
 −1 3 2   x2 = 0 ∝ 1
    3 2   x2 = 0 
 
3 −6 −5 x3 0 3 −6 −5 x3 0
Apply R1 → 14 R1 , R2 → R2 − R1 &R3 → R3 − 3R1 , we get:
    
1 −3/2 −3/2 x1 0
 0 3/2 1/2   x2  =  0 
0 −3/2 −1/2 x3 0
⇒ 2x1 − 3x2 − 3x3 = 0

⇒ 3x2 + x3 = 0
There is only one free variable say x2 = 1 then x3 = −3 & 2x1 − 3 + 9 = 0 x1 = −3
∴ (−3, 1, −3)
Hence, the invertible matrix P can be written as
 
2 2 −3
P = 0 1 1
  and |P| = −6 + 2 + 3 = −1
1 0 −3
 >  
−3 1 −1 3 −6 −5
−1
∴ P =−  6 −3 2  =  −1 3 2 
5 −2 2 1 −2 −2
Hence,    
3 −6 −5 5 −6 −6 2 2 −3
P−1 AP =  −1 3 2   −1 4 2  0 1 1 
1 −2 −2 3 −6 −4 1 0 3
 
2 0 0
= 0 2 0 
0 0 1
which is a diagonal matrix.
Question-2(d) Find the rank of the matrix

 
1 2 1 1 2
 2 4 3 4 7 
 
 −1 −2 2 5 3 
 
 3 6 2 1 3 
4 8 6 8 9
[10 Marks]
Solution: The rank of any matrix is equal to number of non-zero rows in the echelon
form of the given matrix. Now, Let
 
1 2 1 1 2
 2 4 3 4 7 
 
A=  −1 −2 2 5 3 

 3 6 2 1 3 
4 8 6 8 9
Apply R2 → R2 − 2R1 , R3 → R3 + R1 , R4 → R4 − 3R1 and R5 → R5 − 4R1

 
1 2 1 1 2
 0 0 1 2 3 
 
⇒
 0 0 3 6 5  
 0 0 −1 −2 −3 
0 0 2 4 1
 
1 2 1 1 2

 0 0 1 2 3  
⇒
 0 0 0 0 −4 
 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 −5
Apply R3 → − 14 R3 , R5 → R5 − 5R3 , R3 → R3 − 3R2 , R4 → R4 + R2 and R5 → R5 − 2R2
 
1 2 1 1 2
 0 0 1 2 3 
 
⇒  0 0 0 0 1 

 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0
No. of non zero rows in echelon form = 3 i.e. Rank of the given matrix = 3.
Question-3(a) Discuss the convergence of the integral

Z ∞
dx
0 1 + x4 sin2 x
[10 Marks]
R πx dx
Pn Rn dx
Solution: Consider the integral I = 0 1+x4sin2 x
∝, I= n=1 (r−1)x 1+x4 sin2 x
Now
Rr dx
for (r−1)x 1+x4 sin2 x .
Let x = (r − 1)π + y then dx = dy
∴ Above integral reduces to

Z π Z π
dy dy
2 =
4
0 1 + [(r − 1)π + y] sin [(r − 1)π + y] 1 + {(r − 1)π + y}4 sin2 y
Znπ
dy
< 4 2
0 1 + {(r − 1)π} sin y
Z π/2 Z π
cosec2 ydy 2 cos ec2 ydy
2 = 2 |
0 cosec2 +(r − 1)4 π 4 4 4
0 1 + (r − 1) π + cos y
2
1 cot y
= 2. p cot−1 p
1 + (r − 1)4 π 4 1 + (r − 1)4 π 4
2
=p
1 + (r − 1)4 π 4 · π2

ie. Z n
dx π
4 2 <p
(r−1)x 1 + x sin α 1 + (r − 1)4 π 4
π 1
= 2 2
− 2 2
(r − 1) π r π
i.e. n Z n
X dx X 1
2 <
r=1
4
1 + x sin α r=1
π r2
2
Z nπ
dx X 1
∴ Lt <
n→∞ 0 1 + x4 sin2 α r2
which is convergent. Hence, Z ∞
dx
0 1 + x4 sin2 x
is convergent.
Question-3(b) Find the extreme value of xyz if x + y + z = a.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Define a Lagrangian function F(x, y, z, λ) = xyz + λ(x + y + z − a)

Then for extremum value
dF=0
⇒ yzdx + xzdy + xydz + λ(dx + dy + dz) = 0
⇒ (yz + λ)dx + (xz + λ)dy + (xy + λ)dz = 0
Equating the co-efficients, we get
yz + λ = 0; xz + λ = 0; xy + λ = 0
yz + λ − xz − λ = 0
⇒ z(x − y) = 0
⇒ z = 0 or x = y
However, z = 0 ⇒ λ = 0 which further led to

x=y=0
Hence, x − y is the acceptable solution.
Similarly from xz + λ = 0 and xy + λ = 0 we get
y = z i.e. x = y = z
is the condition for extremum of Lagrangian function.

Also,
x + y + z = 0 ⇒ 3x = a
or a
x=y=z=
3
Hence, the extremum value of
a3
xyz =
27
Question-3(c) Let

 xy (x2 − y 2 )
, if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0, if (x, y) = (0, 0)

Show that: (i)fxy (0, 0) 6= fyx (0, 0)

(ii)f is differentiable at (0, 0).
[10 Marks]
Solution:
fx (0, k) − fx (0, 0)
fxy (0, 0) = Lt
k→0 k
fx (h, 0) − fx (0, 0)
fyx (0, 0) = Lt
k→0 h
Now,
f (h, k) − f (h, 0)
fx (0, k) = Lt
h→0 h
hk(h2 −k2 )
2 2 −0
= Lt h +k
h→0 h
k (h2 − k 2 )
= Lt
h→0 h2 + k 2
= −k
f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
fx (0, 0) = Lt
h→0 h
0
= Lt
h→0 h
=0
fx (0, k) − fx (0, 0)
⇒ fxy (0, 0) = Lt
h→0 k
k−0
= Lt −
k→0 k
= −1

Also,
f (h, k) − f (h, 0)
fy (h, 0) = Lt
k→0 k
k(h2 −k2 )
h h2 +k2 − 0
= Lt
k→0 k
=h
fy (h, 0) − fy (0, 0)
fy (0, 0) = Lt
k→0 k
0−0
= Lt
k→0 k
=0
fy (h, 0) − fy (0, 0)
∴ fyx (0, 0) = Lt
h→0 h
h−0
= Lt
h→0 h
=1
i.e.fyx (0, 0) = 1 also fxy (0, 0) = −1
Hence,fyx (0, 0) 6= fxy (0, 0).

Further, fx (0, 0) = 0 = fy (0, 0)
Also, when x2 + y 2 6= 0, then

|x4 y + 4x2 y 3 − y 5 |
|fx | =
(x2 + y 2 )2
5/2
6 (x2 + y 2 )
≤
(x2 + y 2 )2
1/2
= 6 x2 + y 2
Evidently,
lim fx (x, y) = fx (0, 0)
(x,y)→(0,0)
Thus, fx is continuous at (0,0) and fy (0, 0) exists ⇒ f is differentiable at (0, 0).
s
Question-3(d) Evaluate D (x + 2y)dA, where D is the region bounded by the
parabolas y = 2x2 and y = 1 + x2 .
[10 Marks]

Solution:
We have to calculate
x Z 1 Z 1
(x + 2y)dA = · (x + 2y)dxdy
y=0−1 y=0
Z 1 2
x
= + 2xy|0 dy
y=0 2
Z 1
1
=4 ydy = 4 ×
y=0 2
= 2 units
Question-4(a) Prove that the second degree equation represents a cone
x2 − 2y 2 + 3z 2 + 5yz − 6zx − 4xy + 8x − 19y − 2z − 20 = 0

whose vertex is (1, −2, 3).
[10 Marks]

f (x, y, z) = x2 − 2y 2 + 3z 2 + 5yz − 6zx − 4xy + 8x − 19y − 2z − 20 = 0
Making homogeneous with the help of new variable t, to calculate the vertex of cone. i.e.
F(x, y, z, t) = x2 − 2y 2 + 3z 2 + 5yz − 6z − 4xy + 8xt − 19xt − 2z − 20t2 = 0
Now, differentiating partially with respect to x, y, z, t and then putting t = 1, we get,
Fx = 2x − 6z − 4y + 8 = 0
⇒ x − 2y − 3z + 4 = 0
Fy = −4y + 5z − 4x − 19 = 0
⇒ 4x + 4y − 5z + 19 = 0

Fz = 6z − 6x + 5y − 2 = 0
⇒ 6x − 5y − 6z + 2 = 0
Ft = 8x − 19y − 2z − 40 = 0
8x − 19y − 2z − 40 = 0
Now, if f (x, y, z) = 0 represent a cone the value of x, y; z obtained from solving (1),(2)
and (3) should satisfy (4) and that value represent the vertex of the cone.
Apply (2) − 4 × (1), we get

12y + 7z + 3 = 0
Apply (3) − 6 × (1) we get
7y + 12z − 2z = 0
Apply 7 × (5) − 12 × (6), we get,
−95z + 285 = 0 ⇒ z = 3
from (5), we get,
y = −2
putting y & z in (1), we get x = 1 i.e.
(x, y, z) = (1, −2, 3)

Now putting this in (4) we get,
8 + 38 − 6 − 40 = 0
Hence, the given second degree equation represent a cone with vertex (1, −2, 3)
Question-4(b) If the feet of three normals drawn from a point P to the ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2 x y z
2
+ 2 + 2 = 1 lie in the plane + + = 1, prove that the feet of the other
a b c a b c
x y z
three normals lie in the plane + + + 1 = 0.
a b c
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the co-ordinates of the given point be (x1 , y1 , z1 ). Now the co-ordinates
(α, β, γ) of the feet of six normals from (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to given ellipsoid are given by:
a2 x 1 b2 y1 c2 z1
α= , β = , γ =
a2 + λ b2 + λ c2 + λ
where λ is a parameter.
Now, (α, β, γ) lies on ellipsoid.
a2 x21 b2 y12 c2 z12
⇒ + + = 1 ldots(1)
(a2 + λ)2 (b2 + λ)2 (c2 + λ)2
which gives six values of λ˙

x y z
Now, if three of six lie on plane a
+ b
+ c
= 1 then
ax1 by1 cz1
+ + − 1 = 0 . . . (2)
a2 + λ b 2 + λ c 2 + λ
(satisfied by three value of λ ).
Let the other three feet lie on

x y z
0
+ 0 + 0 − p0 = 0
a b c
then
a2 x 1 b2 y 1 c2 z1
+ + − p0 = 0 . . . (3)
a0 (a0 + λ) b0 (b2 + λ) c0 (c2 + λ)
(2) and (3) in combined form represent a conic passing through the feet of six normals,
which is represented by equation (1) also.
Comparing coefficients, we get
a3 a2
=
a0 (a2 + λ)2 (a2 + λ)2
1 1
⇒ =
a0 a
Similarly b0 = b, c0 = c and p0 = −1
⇒ The equation of other plane is given by:
x y z
+ + +1=0
a b c
x y z
Question-4(c) If = = represents one of the three mutually perpendicular
1 2 3
generators of the cone 5yz − 8zx − 3xy = 0, find the equations of the other two.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let x y z
= =
l m h
represent one of other two generator as this is perpendicular to given generator
x y z
= =
1 2 3
. Hence,
l + 2m + 3n = 0
Also
5mn − 8 ln −3lm = 0
⇒ 5mn − l(3m + 8n) = 0

⇒ 5mn + (2m + 3n)(3m + 8n) = 0 < using (1) >
⇒ 6m2 + 30mn + 24n2 = 0
⇒ m2 + 5mn + 4n2 = 0
⇒ m2 + mn + 4mn + 4n2 = 0
⇒ m(m + n) + 4n(m + n) = 0
⇒ (m + n)(m + 4n) = 0
m n
m+n=0⇒ 1
= −1
1+2−3=0⇒l =1
then, i.e. x1 = y1 = −1
z m
represent one generator if m + 4n = 0, then, −4 = n
1
x y z
then, l − 8 + 3 = 0 ⇒ l = 5 ⇒ 5 = −4 = 1 represent other generator.
Hence, the equation of two other generators are

x y z
= =
1 1 −1
& x y z
= =
5 −4 1
Question-4(d) Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of three tan-
x 2 y 2 z2
gent planes to the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1, which are parallel to the conjugate
a b c
x2 y 2 z 2 x2 y 2 z 2 a2 b 2 c 2
diametral planes of the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 is 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 .
α β γ α β γ α β γ
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let (x1 , y1 , z1 ) (x2 , y2 , z2 ) & (x3 , y3 , z3 ) be the end point of conjugate diamet-
2 2 2
rical planes of ellipsoid αx1 + βy 2 + γz 2 = 1 then equation of plane parallel to these conjugate
diameterical planes are given by,
xx1 yy1 zz1 xx2 yy2 zz2 xx3 yy3 zz3
+ 2 + 2 = d1 ; + 2 + 2 = d2 ; and + 2 + 2 = d3
α2 β γ α2 β γ α2 β γ
Now, three planes are tangent planes to
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
then, by the properties of tangent planes.

a2 x21 b2 y12 c2 z12 2 2

2 a x2 b2 y22 c2 z22
+ + = d 1 + + 4
α4 β4 γ4 α4 β4 γ
2 2 2 2
ax by c2 z 2
= d22 4 3 + 43 + 43
α β γ
2
= d3
adding above three equation we get,
a2 2 2 2
b2 2 2 2
c2 2 2 2
2 2 2
x + x + x + y + y + y + z + z + z3 = d1 + d2 + d3
α4 1 2 3
β4 1 2 3
γ4 1 2
a2 2 b2 2 c2 2
⇒ α4
α + β4
β + γ4
γ = d21 + d22 + d23
(By properties of conjugate diametrical planes)

a2 b2 c2
⇒ α2
+ β2
+ γ2
= d21 + d22 + d23
Also,
2 2 2
xx1 yy1 zz1 xx2 yy2 zz2 xx1 yy1 zz3
+ 2 + 2 + + 2 + 2 + + 2 + 2 = d21 + d22 + d23
α2 β γ α2 β γ α2 β γ
x2 y2 z2
⇒ α4
Σx21 + β4
Σy12 + γ4
Σz12 = d21 + d22 + d23
(other term of equation vanishes)

x2 2 y2 2 z2 2 a2 b2 c2
⇒ α4
α + β4
β + γ4
γ = α2
+ β2
+ γ2
x2 y2 z2 a2 b2 c2
⇒ α2
+ β2
+ γ2
= α2
+ β2
+ γ2
which is the locus of the point of intersection of tangent planes of the ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 +1
a2 b c
11.2 Section-B
Question-5(a) Show that cos(x + y) is an integrating factor of

ydx + [y + tan(x + y)]dy = 0
Hence solve it.
[8 Marks]
Solution: The given differential equation is

ydx + [y + tan(x + y)]dy = 0 · · · (1)
Now, if cos(x + y) is an I.F. of the above equation, then it should reduce it into exact
form.


y cos(x + y)
y cos(x + y)dx +
+ sin(x + y)]dy = 0
∂M ∂N
Now, if it is exact then ∂y
= ∂x
where, M = y cos(x + y)
N = y cos(x + y) + sin(x + y)
∂M
∂y
= cos(x + y) − y sin(x + y)
∂N
∂x
= −y sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)
i.e. (1) becomes exact after multiplication by cos(x + y)
Hence, solution of the equation is given by

Z Z
y cos(x + y)dx + {y cos(x + y) + sin(x + y)}dy
y sin(x + y) + 0 = c
as there is no term independent of x is contained in second integral.
d2 y dy
− 2 + y = xex sin x
dx2 dx
[8 Marks]
Solution: For complementary function, the auxiliary equation is given by

m2 − 2m + 1 = 0
⇒ m = 1, 1
Hence, complementary function
y = (c1 + c2 x) ex
where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.
Now, the particular integral is given by,
1
y= xex sin x
(D − 1)2
1
= ex · x sin x
(D + 1 − 1)2
Z
x 1 x 1
= e 2 x sin x = e x sin xdx
D D
1
= ex [−x cos x + sin x]
D
Z
= ex (sin x − x cos x)dx
= ex [− cos x − {x sin x + cos x}]

= −xex sin x − 2 cos x

Hence, General solution is given

y = (c1 + c2 x) ex − xex sin x − 2 cos
Question-5(c) A uniform rod AB rests with one end on a smooth vertical wall
and the other on a smooth inclined plane, making an angle α with the horizon.
Find the positions of equilibrium and discuss stability.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let rod AB is resting with one end on inclined plane AO and other end on
smooth wall BO.
Let AO = y, BO = x, AB = 2a.
In triangle ABO,
2a x y
π
= = π

sin 2 − α sin(θ + α) sin 2 − θ
2a x y
= =
cos α sin(θ + α) cos θ
2a sin(θ + α) 2a cs θ
∴ x= ;y =
cos α cos α
z = height of centre of gravity
of rod AB ◦ from fined plane mN
1 1
z = [AT + BO] = [y sin α + x]
2 2
1 2a cs θ · sin α 2a sin(θ + α)
= +
2 cs α cs α
a
z= [− cos θ − sin α + sin(−θ + α)]
cos α
a
= [sin θ − cos α + 2 − cos θ − sin α]
cos α

For stability,
dz
= −0
dθ
a
=0
cos α[cos θ − cos α − 2 sin θ − sin α]
i.e.
cos θ − cos α = 2 sin θsinα
1
=| tan θ = cot α ... (1)
2
dz a
= [cos θ · cos α − 2 sin θ sin α]
dθ cos α
d2 z a
= [− sin θ cos α − 2 cos θ sin α]
dθ2 cos α
a
=− (sin θ cos α + 2 cos θ sin α)
cos α
= a negative quantity because θ and α are acute angles.
Thus, in the position of equilibrium, given by condition (1),
d2 z
dθ2
is negative which means z is maximum.
Hence, the equilibrium is unstable.
Question-5(d) A particle is thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal

base and grazing the vertex falls on the other end of the base. If θ1 and θ2 be
the base angles and θ be the angle of projection, prove that,
tan θ = tan θ1 + tan θ2
[8 Marks]
Solution: Given:
1)∠ABC = θ1
2) ∠ACB = θ2
3) Angle of projection = θ3

Let the initial velocity be 0 u0 and AD = h

AD
⇒ tan θ1 = ⇒ BD = h cot θ1 · · · (1)
BD
Again,
AD
tan θ2 =
CD
CD = h cot θ2 · · · (2)
BC = BD + CD · · · (3)
Putting (1) and (2) in (3) , we get,
BC = h · [cotθ1 + [cot θ2 ] · · · (4)
Thus the range of the projectile is given in equation (4) , that is BC
u2 sin 2θ
Now, Range, R = g
− (5) where g= gravitational acceleration Using (4) and (5),
u2

h (cot θ1 + cot θ2 )] = sin 2θ
g
u2 [(cot θ + cotθ2 )]
⇒ =h· · · · (6)
g sin 2θ
At any instant 0 t0 , equation of projectile is given as:
1
y = −u sin θt − yt2 and x = ucos θ
2
1 x2
⇒ y = x tan θ − g 2 ...(7)
2 u cos2 θ
Using (6) in (y) we get:
sin2θ.x2
y = x tan θ − ....(8)
2h [cot θ1 + cot θ2 ] · cos2 θ
At the point A, x = h · cot θ1 and y = h
Hence, putting these values in (8) we get,
2 sin θ cos θ h2 cot2 θ1

h = h cot θ1 tan θ − ·
2h cos2 θ [cot θ1 + cot θ2 ]

tan θ cot2 θ1
1 = cot θ1 tan θ −
[60 + θ1 + (0 + θ)

cot θ1 cot θ2
1 = tan θ |
cot θ + cot θ
[cot θ1 + cot θ2 ]
⇒ tan θ =
cot θ cot θ2
∴ tan θ = tan θ1 + tan θ2
Hence proved.
Question-5(e) Prove that the horizontal line through the centre of pressure
of a rectangle immersed in a liquid with one side in the surface, divides the
rectangle in two parts, the fluid pressure on which, are in the ratio, 4 : 5.
[8 Marks]
Solution: Let LM be the horizontal line through P , the centre of pressure of rectangle
ABCD is immersed in liquid with the side AB in the surface.
Let
AB = a
and
AD = h ⇒ EP = 2/3h

P = Pressure on area ABCD

= w · (Area ABCD) · (depth of its C.G. below the free surface))

h
= w · (ah)
2
1
= wah2
2
P1 = presure on area ALM B
= w − (Area ALM B) · (depth of itsC.G.below the free surface)

2 1 2
= −w · a · h | · h
3 2 3
2
= wah2
9
P2 = Pressure on area LDCM
= P − P1

2 1 2
= w ah −
2 9
5
= wah2
18
P1 2 18 wah2 4
∴ = × · =
P2 9 5 wah2 5
→
− →
− →
− →
−
Question-5(f ) Find the directional derivate of V 2 , where, V = xy2 i + zy2 j +
→
−
xz2 k at the point (2, 0, 3) in the direction of the outward normal to the surface
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 14 at the point (3, 2, 1).
[8 Marks]
Solution: The unit normal vector at point (3,2,1) of the surface

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 14
is given by
3î + 2ĵ + k̂
√ = n̂(say)
14
Now,
V = xy 2 î + zy 2 ĵ + xz 2 k̂
then,
v 2 = x2 y 4 + z 2 y 4 + x2 z 4

then,
2
∇V = 2xy 4 + 2xz 4 î + 4x2 y 3 + 4y 3 z 2 ĵ + 2y 4 z + 4x2 z 3 k̂

Hence, required directional derivative at point (2,0,3) is given by:

" #
h i 3î + 2ĵ + k̂
2xy 4 + 2xz 4
î + 4x2 y 3 + 4y 3 z 2
ĵ + 2y 4 z + 4x2 z 3 k̂ ·

√
14

81 × 4 × 3 + 16 × 27 × 4
= √
14
2700
= √
14
Question-6(a) Solve the following differential equation

dy
= sin2 (x − y + 6)
dx
[8
Marks]
Solution: Let z = x − y + 6 then,

dz dy
=1−
dx dx
or,
dy dz
=1−
dx dx
dz
1− = sin2 z
dx
or,
dz
= cos2 z
dx
or,
sec2 zdz = dx
After integrating, we get:
tan z = x + c
or,
tan(x − y + 6) = x + c
where c = arbitrary constant.
Question-6(b) Find the general solution of

d2 y dy
+ 2x + x2 + 1 y = 0

dx 2 dx
[12 Marks]
Solution: The above equation is solved by reducing it to normal form. i.e. (removal of
1st derivative). Let, y = uv be the solution of above equation then. The above equation

can be reduced to
d2 v
2
2 du dv du du
+ P+ + + 2x + u v = 0 . . . (1)
dx2 u dx dx dx2 dx
Now, to remove 1st derivative, we should equate
2 du
P+ =0
u dx
or
du
+ xdx = 0
u
then, (1) is reduced to
d2 v
+ Iv = 0
dx2
where,
1 1 dp
I = Q − P2 −
4 2 dx
2

Q = x + 1 , P = 2x
1 = x2 + 1 − x2 − 1 = 0

d2 v
∴ = 0 ⇒ v = (c1 + c2 x)
dx2
where, c1 and c2 are arbitrary constant Hence,
1/2
y = (c1 + c2 x) e−x
2 /2 2 /2
y = c1 e−x + c2 xe−x
is the general solution of the given equation.
Question-6(c) Solve
2 2 2
d d
−1 + 1 y = x + ex
dx dx2
[10 Marks]
Solution: The complementary function is given by

y = (c1 + cz x) ex + (c3 + c4 x) sin x + (c5 + c6 x) cos x

The particular integral is given by:

1 x
y= 2 (x + e )
(D − 1)2 2
(D + 1)
1 1
= 2x + ex
2
(1 − D) (1 + D )2 (D − 1) (D2 + 1)2
2
x2 e x
= 1 + 2D + 3D2 + · · · 1 − 2D2 + 3D4 − · · · · · x +

2.4
2 x
xe
= (x + 2) +
8
Hence, the general solution is given by
x2 e x
y = (c1 + c2 x) ex + (c3 + c4 x) sin x + (c5 + c6 x) cos x + (x + 2) +
8
Question-6(d) Solve by the method of variation of parameters the following

equation
d2 y dy 2
x2 − 1 2
− 2x + 2y = x2 − 1
dx dx
[10 Marks]
Solution: The above equation can be written as

2x 2
y = x2 − 1

y2 − y1 + 2 . . . (1)
x2−1 x −1
Clearly, x and x2 + 1 is solution of reduced differential equation (i.e. making right hand
side to zero).
Let, y = Ax + B (x2 + 1) be the solution of (1) where A and B are function of x. put a
condition A1 x + B1 (x2 + 1) = 0.
Now,
y = Ax + B x2 + 1 ,

y1 = A + 2 Bx,
y2 = A1 + 2 B1 x + 2 B
Putting y, y1 & y2 in equation (1), we get
2x 2
Ax + B x2 + 1 = x2 − 1

A1 + 2B1 x + 2B − (A + 2Bx) + 2
x2 −1 x −1
or,
A1 + 2 B1 x = x2 − 1
also,
A1 x + B1 x2 + 1 = 0

or,
B1 2x2 − x2 − 1 = x x2 − 1

or,
x2
B1 = x ⇒ B= + c1
2

also,
A1 + 2x2 = x2 − 1
⇒ A 1 = − x2 + 1

x3
∴A=− − x + c2
3
∴ y = Ax + B x2 + 1

x3
2
x
+ c1 x 2 + 1

= c2 − x − ẋ +
3 2
x4 x4 x2
= c1 x 2 + 1 + c2 x − x 2 −

+ +
3 2 2
2 4
x x
= c1 x 2 + 1 + c2 x −

+
2 6
i.e. the general solution is
x2 x 4
y = c1 x 2 + 1 + c2 x −

+
2 6
Question-7(a) A uniform chain of length 2l and weight W, is suspended from

two points A and B in the same horizontal line. A load P is now hung from
the middle point D of the chain and the depth of this point below AB is found
to be h. Show that each terminal tension is,
h2 + i2

1 l
P · +W ·
2 h 2hl
[14 Marks]
Solution:
Initially AB hangs under gravity. But when load P is attached to middle point D such
that AD = BD = l, then let TD be the tension at D along tangent at D to AD and BD.
Let C be the lowest point of catenary such that CD = a.
Sag of catenary =h.

Let ψD be the angle that TD at D makes with horizontal.
⇒ 2TD sin ψD = P
Also,
TD sin ψD = wS (∵ Tx = wC; Ty = ws)
W
Now, since w = 2l
and s = CD = a, therefore,
W
TD sin ψD = a
2l
P W
= a
2 2l
P
=⇒ a = l
W
Let yA be the height and sA be the arc length at A and similarly let yD be the height
and sD be the arc length at D. Then,
sA = l + a and sD = a;
yD = h = yA ⇒ yD = yA − h
Also, c2 + s2 = y 2 (given)
⇒ c2 + s2A = yA2 ; c2 + s2D = yD

2
⇒ yA2 − yD
2
= s2A − s2D = (l + a)2 − a2
⇒ yA2 − (yA − h)2 = (l + a)2 − a2
l2 + h2 + 2al
⇒ yA =
2h
Also, terminal tension at A or B is given by:
T = wyA
W l2 + h2 + 2al
= ×
2l 2h
W 2 2 P 2
= l +h +2× l
4lh W
2 2

1 l l +h
= P +W
2 h 2lh

µ
Question-7(b) A particle moves with a central acceleration , it is
( distance )2
projected with velocity V at a distance R. Show that its path is a rectangular
hyperbola if the angle of projection is,
 
 µ 
sin−1 
 
1/2 
 2µ 
VR V2 −
R
[13 Marks]
Solution: If the particle describes a hyperbola under the central acceleration

µ
,
( distance )2
then the velocities V of the particle at distance r from centre of force is given by,

2 2 1
V =µ +
r a
where 2a = transverse axis.
As particle is projected with velocity V at distance R, then from (1), we have,

2 2 1
V =µ + or
R a
µ 2µ
= V2 −
a R
If α is required angle of projection to describe a rectangular hyperbola, then at the point
of projection from the relation h = vp we have
h = Vp = VR sin α [∵ p = r sin φ & initially r = R, φ = α]
Also, p
h= µl
p
= µ · b2 /a
√
= µa [b = a for rectangular hyperbola]
from (3) and (4) we have, √
VR sin α = µa
√
µa
⇒ sin α =
VR√
µ a
= √
VR µ
µ
= √
VR µa
from (2)
µ
⇒ sin α = q
2µ
VR V2 − R

 
 µ 
⇒ α = sin−1 q
 VR V2 − 2µ 
R
which is required angle of projection.
Question-7(c) A smooth wedge of mass M is placed on a smooth horizontal

plane and a particle of mass m slides down its slant face which is inclined at
an angle α to the horizontal plane, Prove that the acceleration of the wedge
is,
mg sin α cos α
M + m sin2 α
[13 Marks]
Solution: Let a1 and a2 be the acceleration of m and M respectively.
Then from free body diagram.
mg − N cos α = ma1 sin αma2 + N sin α

= ma1 cos α

Also, N sin α = Ma2 (1) × cos α − (2) × sin α we get,

mg cos α − N − ma2 sin α = 0
putting N from (3), we get,

M a2
⇒ mg cos α − − ma2 sin α = 0
sin α
M + m sin2 α = mg sin α cos α

⇒ a2
mg sin α cos α
∴ a2 =
M + m sin2 α
→
− →
− →
− →
−
Question-8(a) (i) Show that F = (2xy + z3 ) i + x2 j + 3z2 x k is a conservative
field. Find its scalar potential and also the work done in moving a particle
from (1, −2, 1) to (3, 1, 4).
[5 Marks]
Solution: ¯ × F = 0 i.e.
Field F will be conservative then ∇
î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
=0
Fx Fy Fz
Now
î ĵ k̂
¯ ×F=
∇ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
2xy + z 3 x 2
3z x 2
= î.0 − ĵ · 3z 2 − 3z 2 + k̂(2x − 2x)

=0
¯ ×F=0
i.e.∇
→
−
⇒ F is conservative field.
→
− →
−
Hence, F can be written as F = ∇U where U is scalar function.
Now,
∂U
= 2xy + z 3
∂x
∂U
⇒ U = x2 y + xz 3 + f1 (y, z)
∂y
= x2
∂U
⇒ U = x2 y + f2 (x, z)
∂z
= 3z 2 x,
⇒ U = xz 3 + f3 (x, y)

above three expression which represent same potential function, we get,

U = x2 y + xz 3
. Now. work done in moving a particle from (1. − 2, 1) to (3, 1, 4)
⇒ U (3, 1, 4) − U(1, −2, 1) = 3.2 1 + 3.43 − (1(−2) + 1)

= 202 units.

2
Question-8(a) (ii) Show that, ∇2 f (r) = f 0 (r) + f 00 (r), where
r
p
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
[5 Marks]
Solution:
¯ · (∇f (r))
∇2 f (r) = ∇

¯ · f (r) 0 ~
r
=∇
r
0
¯· f (r)
=∇ ~r
r
0 0
00
f 0 (r)

¯ f (r) f (r) ¯ · r̄) f (r)r̄ 0 1 ~r
= ∇ · r̄ + (∇ + f (r) − 2 · ~r + 3
r r r r r r
00 0 0
f (r) f (r) 3f (r)
= 2
(~r · ~r) − +
r r r
0
2f (r)
= f 00 (r) +
r
0
2f (r)
i.e.∇2 f (r) = f 00 (r) +
r
Question-8(b) Use divergence theorem to evaluate,

x

s
where S is the sphere, x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
[10 Marks]

Solution: By divergence theorem, we have

x y ∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3

F1 dydz + F2 dzdx + F3 dxdy = + + dxdydz
∂x ∂y ∂z
y ∂x3
s
∂ (x2 y) ∂ (x2 z)
Z
3 2 2

⇒ x dydz + x ydxdz + x zdxdy = + + dxdydz
y ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 5x2 dxdydz
x+ +y 2 +z 2 =1
Converting the above integral into polar form, we get,

Z Z π Z 2π Z 1 Z Z 2π
2 2 2
2 4 2
cos2 φdφ

5r cos θ cos φ r sin θdrdθdφ = 5r dr cos θ sin θdθ
r=0 −0 −0 r=0 0
1 2 π
=5· · ·
5 3 2
π
=
3
Question-8(c) If A~ = 2y~i−z~j −x2~k and S is the surface of the parabolic cylinder

2
y = 8x in the first octant bounded by the planes y = 4, z = 6, evaluate the
surface integral, x→ − − →
A · n̂dS
S
[10 Marks]
Solution: A vector normal to the parabolic cylinder is given by.
∇ 8x − y 2 = 8ī − 2y ŷ

8î − 2y ĵ
⇒ n̂ = p
64 + 4y 2
4ī − ȳ j̄
=p
16 + y 2
x x (4ī − ȳ) dydz
⇒ ¯ =
Ā · n̂dS 2y ī − z j̄ + x2 k̂ · p ·
16 + y 2 |în̂|
x
S
(4ī − ŷ) dydz
2
= 2y ī − z ĵ + x k̂ p ·
16 + y 2 √ 4
16+y 2
1 6
Z Z
1 16
= (8 + z)ydydz = (8 + z) dz
4 4 z=0 2
Z 6
1 1 6
= (64 + 8z)dz = 64z + 4z 2 2=0
4 0 4
4 6
16z + z 2 0 = 96 + 36

=
4
= 132 Units.

Question-8(d)
R Use Green’s theorem in a plane to evaluate the integral,
2 2
[(2x − y ) dx + (x2 + y2 ) dy] , where C is the boundary of the surface in the
C √
xy-plane enclosed by y = 0 and the semi-circle, y = 1 − x2 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: The Green’s theorem in a plane is defined as

Z x ∂N ∂M
Mdx + Ndy = − dxdy
∂x ∂y
Z x
2x2 − y 2 dx + x2 + y 2 dy =

(2x + 2y)dydx
√
1 1−x2 1

√ 2

−
Z Z Z
1 x
2 (x + y)dydx = 2 x 1 − x2 + dx
x=1 0 −1 2
2 × 2 1 1 − x2
Z
= dx [ other integral vanishes ]
2 0 0
1
x3

=2 x−
3 0
4
=
3

Chapter 12
2009
12.1 Section-A
Question-1(a); Let V be the vector space of polynomials over R. Let U and

W be the subspaces generated by {t3 + 4t2 − t + 3, t3 + 5t2 + 5, 3t3 + 10t2 − 5t + 5}
and {t3 + 4t2 + 6, t3 + 2t2 − t + 5, 2t3 + 2t2 − 3t + 9} respectively. Find
(i) dim(U + W )
(ii) dim(U ∩ W )
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let S = {t3 + 4t2 − t + 3, t3 + 5t2 + 5, 3t3 + 10t2 − 5t + 5} = {α1 , α2 , α3 },

and T = {t3 + 4t2 + 6, t3 + 2t2 − t + 5, 2t3 + 2t2 − 3t + 9}={β1 , β2 , β3 }
Since U and W are spanned by sets S and T of all polynomials of degree 3.
∴ U and W are subspaces of vector space V (R) of all real polynomials of degree ≤ 3.
We know that the set S1 = {1, t, t2 , t3 } is a standard basis for V (R).

Now, the coordinte vectors of α1 , α2 , α3 wrt above basis S1 are given by: (3, −1, 4, 1),
(5, 0, 5, 1) and (5, −5, 10, 3), and the coordinate vectors of β1 , β2 , β3 wrt above basis S1
are given by: (6, 0, 4, 1), (5, −1, 2, 1) and (9, −3, 2, 2).
(i) Since U and W are 2 subspaces of V (R).

∴ U + W is also a subspace of V (R).
=⇒ U + W is the space generated by all the 6 coordinate vectors.
Now, for the matrix A whose rows are given by 6 coordinate vectors abd reduce it to
echelon form.
3 −1 4 1
 
 5 0 5 1 
5 −5 10 3 
 
A=

 6 0 4 1 

 5 −1 2 1 
9 −3 2 2
On performing row operations, R2 → 3R2 − 5R1 , R3 −→ 3R3 − 5R1 , R4 → R4 − 2R1 ,
R5 → 3R5 − 5R1 and R6 → R6 − 3R1 we get:
367
3 −1 4 1
 
 0 5 −5 2 
0 −10 10 4
 
A∼
 
0 2 −4 −1

 
 0 2 −14 −2 
0 0 −10 −1
Applying R3 → R3 + 2R2 , R4 −→ 5R4 − 2R2 , R5 −→ 5R5 − 2R2
3 −1 4 1
 
 0 5 −5 −2 
 0 0 0 0 
 
A∼
 0 0 −10 −1 

 0 0 −60 −16 
0 0 −10 −1
Applying R3 ↔ R6
3 −1 4 1
 
 0 5 −5 −2 
0 0 −10 −1 
 
A∼

0 0 −10 −1 


 0 0 −60 −6 
0 0 0 0
Applying R4 → R4 − R3 , R5 → R5 − bR3
3 −1 4 1
 
 0 5 −5 −2 
 0 0 −10 −1 
 
A∼
 0 0 0 0 

 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0
which is in echelon form.
∴ The echelon form of A has 3 non-zero rows, =⇒ dim(U + W ) = 3... (a)
(ii) Now, form the matrix A whose rows are coordinate vectors of 0 S 0 and reduce
it to echelon
 form.   
3 −1 4 1 3 −1 4 1
=⇒ A = 5 0 5 1 ∼ 0 5 −5 −2 (R2 → 3R2 − 5R1 )
5 −5 10 3 0 −10 10 4
 
3 −1 4 1
=⇒ A ∼  0 5 −5 −2  R3 → R3 + 2R2
0 0 0 0
∴ The echelon matrix of A has 2 non-zero rows. =⇒ dim(U ) = 2 ... (b)
Again, form matrix 0 A0 whose rows are coordinate vectors of T and reduce it to an echelon
matrix.
   
6 0 4 1 6 0 4 1
R2 → 6R2 − 5R1
A = 5 −1 2 1 ∼ 0 −6 −8 1
   
R3 → 6R3 − 9R1
9 −3 2 2 0 −18 −24 3
 
6 0 4 1
=⇒ A ∼ 0 −6 −8 1  R3 → 31 R3

0 −6 −8 1

 
6 0 4 1
=⇒ A ∼  0 −6 −8 1  R3 → R3 − R2
0 0 0 0
It is in echelon form with 2 non-zero rows. ∴ dim(W ) = 2 ... (c)
Now, since dim(U ∩ W ) = dim(U ) + dim(W ) − dim(U + W ) = 2 + 2 − 3 = 1 (Using (a),
(b) and (c)) ∴ dim(U ∩ W ) = 1
Question-1(b) Find a linear map T : R3 → R4 whose image is generated by

(1, 2, 0, −4) and (2, 0, −1, −3).
[10 Marks]
Solution: Given that R(T ) is spanned by {(1, 2, 0, −4), (2, 0, −1, −3)}.
Let us include a vector (0, 0, 0, 0) in this set which will not affect the spanning property
so that:
S = {(1, 2, 0, −4), (2, 0, −1, −3), (0, 0, 0, 0)} Let B = {α1 , α2 , α3 } be the standard basis of
R3 .
We know that there exists a transformation 0 T 0 such that
T (α1 ) = (1, 2, 0, −4)
T (α2 ) = (2, 0, −1, −3)
T (α3 ) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
Now,
α ∈ R3 ⇒ α = (a, b, c)
= aα1 + bα2 + cα3
Therefore,
T (α) = T (aα1 + bα2 + c + α3 )
= aT (α1 ) + bT (α2 ) + cT (α3 )
= a(1, 2, 0, −4) + b(2, 0, −1, −3) + c(0, 0, 0, 0)
∴ T (a, b, c) = (a + 2b, 2a, −b, −4a − 3b) which is the required transformation.

Question-1(c) (i)Find
the
difference between the maximum and the minimum
1
of the function a − − x (4 − 3x2 ) where a is a constant and greater than
a
zero.
[5 Marks]
h2 00
(ii) If f (h) = f (0) + hf 0 (0) + f (θh), 0 < θ < 1. Find θ, when h = 1 and
2!
f (x) = (1 − x)5/2 .
[5
Marks]

1
Solution: (i) Let f (x) = a − − x (4 − 3x2 ) ... (a)
a
where a is a constant and greater than 0.
=⇒ f 0 (x) = a − a1 − x (−6x) + (−1) (4 − 3x2 )
=⇒ f 0 (x) = −6ax + 6x a
+ 6x 2
− 4 + 3x2
=⇒ f 0 (x) = 9x2 − 6 a − a x − 4 . . . (b)
1

For maxima or minima, f 0 = 0

=⇒ 9x2 − 6 a −q a1 x − 4 = 0

2
6(a− a1 )± 36(a− a1 ) +36×4
=⇒ x = 2×9
q
2
(a− a1 )± (a− a1 ) +4
=⇒ x = 3
(a− a1 )±(a+ a1 )
=⇒ x = 3
2a −2
=⇒ x = ,
3 3a
From (b), f 00 (x) = 18x − 6 a − 1

a
... (c)
For x = 2a
3
,
f 00 2a 2a 1

3
= 18 × 3
−6 a− a
=⇒ f 00 2a 6

3
= 6a + a
>0∵a>0
=⇒ f is minimum at x = 2a3
.
4a2

= f 2a 1 2a

∴ fmin 3
= a − a
− 3
4 − 3 × 9
2

=⇒ fmin = a3 − a1 4 − 4a3
4a 4 4a3 4a
=⇒ fmin = 3
− a
− 9
+ 3
8a 4 4a3
=⇒ fmin = 3
− a
− 9
... (d)
−2
For x = 3a
,

−2
f 00 − 3a
2 1

= 18 3a
−6 a− a
−12 −6
f 00 − 3a
2 6

= a
− 6a + a
= a
− 6a < 0
−2
=⇒ f is maximum at x = 3a
2 8 4

∴ fmax = f − 3a = 4a − 3a
+ 9a3
. . . (e)
Subtracting (e) trom (d) we get,

8a 4 4a3

8 4 4a 4 4 1 3
4a − + − − − = + + +a
3a 9a3 3 a 9 3 3a a a3

4 1 4 1 2 1
= a+ + a+ a + 2 +1
3 a 9 a a

1 4 4 1
= a+ + a2 + 2 + 1
a 3 9 a
which is the required answer.
(ii) Given: f (x) = (1 − x)5/2 =⇒ f (h) = (1 − h)5/2

Now,
−5 5
f 0 (x) = (1 − x)3/2 =⇒ f 0 (0) = −
2 2
Also,
15 15
f 00 (x) = (1 − x)1/2 ⇒ f 00 (θh) = (1 − θh)1/2
4 4
h2 00
∴ f (h) = f (0) + hf 0 (0) + 2!
f (θh), 0<θ<1
−5 h2 15

=⇒ (1 − h)5/2 = 1 + h 2
+ 2! 4
(1 − θh)1/2
When h = 1,
−5
0=1+ 2
+ 12 × 15
4
(1 − θ)1/2
=⇒ 0 = 1 − 52 + 15
8
− (1 − θ)1/2
3
=⇒ 0 = 8
− (1 − θ)1/2
=⇒ (1 − θ)1/2 = 3/8
9
=⇒ (1 − θ) = 64
55
=⇒ θ = 64

Question-1(d) Evaluate:
R π/2 sin2 xdx
(i) 0
sin x + cos x
[6 Marks]
R∞ x2 dx
(ii) 1
(1 + x2 )2
[4
Marks]
R π/2 sin2 xdx

Solution: (i) I = 0 sin x+cos x
R π/2 sin2 ( π2 −x)du Rb Rb

=⇒ I = sin( π π [Using f (x)dx = f (a + b − x)dx] ... (a)
0
2
−x )+cos( 2
−x ) a a
R π/2 cos2 xdx
=⇒ I = 0 sin x+cos x
... (b)
Adding (a) and (b), we get:

R π/2 sin2 x
Rπ cos2 x
2I = 0 sin x+cos x
dx + 0 sin x+cos x
dx
1
R π/2 dx
=⇒ I = 2 0 sin x+cos x
1
R π/2
=⇒ I = √ √ dx √
2 2 0 sin x/ 2+cos x/ 2
1
R π/2 dx
=⇒ I = √
2 2 0 cos(x− π4 )
1
R π/2 π

=⇒ I = √
2 2 0
sec x − 4
dx.
1 √ √
=⇒ √
2 2
[log | x + 1| − log | 2 − 1|]
√
=⇒ I = 1
√ log √2+1
2 2 2−1
R∞ x2 dx R t x2 dx
(ii) I = = limt→∞ 1
1
(1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )2
Let x = tan θ =⇒ dx = sec2 θdθ
R tan−1 t tan2 θ sec2 θdθ
=⇒ I = limt→∞ π/4 (1+tan2 θ)2
R tan−1 t tan2 θ
R tan−1 t
=⇒ I = limt→∞ π/4 sec2 θ
dθ = π/4
sin2 θdθ
R tan−1 t 1−cos 2θ

=⇒ I = limt→∞ π/4 2
dθ
1
−1
sin 2θ tan t
=⇒ I = limt→∞ 2
θ− 2 π/4
1
−1
2 tan θ tan t
θ − 21 ×

=⇒ I = limt→∞ 2 1+tan2 θ π/4
1
tan θ
tan−1 t
=⇒ I = limt→∞ 2
θ− 1+tan2 θ π/4

=⇒ I = 12 limt→∞ tan−1 t − t π 1

1+12
− 4
− 2
1
π π 1

=⇒ I = 2 2
−0− 4
+ 2
1 1 π π 1

=⇒ I = 2 2
+ 4
= 8
+ 4
R∞ x2 π 1
=⇒ 1 (1+x2 )2
dx is convergent and its value is 8
+ 4
Question-1(e) Show that the plane x + 2y − z = 4 cuts the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 −

x + z = 2 in a circle of radius unity and find the equation of the sphere which
has this circle as one of its great circles.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The given sphere is. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x − z − 2 = 0 . . . (i)

and the given plane is x + 2y − z − 4 = 0 . . . (ii)
Centre of sphere (i) is C 12 , 0, − 12 and

q q
its radius is CP = 14 + 0 + 14 + 2 = 52
1
, 0, − 12

CA is the perpendicular distance from C to plane (ii) and is given by:
2
1
r
2
+ 2(0) − 12 − 4 3 3
CP = √ =√ =
1+4+1 6 2
√ q
∴ Radius of circle, AP = CP 2 − CA2 = 52 − 32 = 1
The plane (ii) meets the sphere (i) in a circle of radius 1. Now, any sphere through the
intersection of (i) and (ii) is given by:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − x + z − 2 + k(x + 2y − z − 4) = 0...(iii)
If the circle of intersection of (i) and (ii) is a great circle of sphere (iii), then the centre
1−k
2
, −k, k−1
2
lies on plane (ii).
∴ 1−k + 2(−k) − k−1

k 2
− 4 = 0 =⇒ k = 1
∴ required equation of sphere is given by:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 2z + 2x + 2 = 0

Question-2(a) Let T be the linear operator on R3 defined by T (x, y, z) = (2x, 4x−

y, 2x + 3y − z)
(i) Show that T is invertible.
(ii) Find a formula for T −1 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: (i) Let (x, y, z) ∈ ker(T ) be arbitrary.
=⇒ T (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0)
=⇒ (2x, 4x − y, 2x + 3y − z) = (0, 0, 0)
=⇒ 2x = 0, 4x − y = 0 and 2x + 3y − z = 0
=⇒ x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
=⇒ ker(T ) = {()0, 0, 0)}

Hence, T is invertible.
(ii) Now we shall find T −1 . Since T is invertible, therefore T is onto.

For any (a, b, c) ∈ R3 , there exists some (x, y, z) ∈ R3 such that
T (x, y, z) = (a, b, c).
=⇒ (2x, 4x − y, 2x + 3y − z) = (a, b, c)
=⇒ 2x = a, 4x − y = b, 2x + 3y − z = c
=⇒ a = a2 , y = 2a − b
From 2x + 3y − z = c, we get:
a

a 2
+ 3(2a − b) − z = c
=⇒ a + 6a − 3b − z = c
=⇒ z = 7a − 3b − c
Hence T (x, y, z) = (a, b, c)
=⇒ T −1 (a, b, c) = (x, y, z)
=⇒ T −1 (a, b, c) = a

2
, 2a − b, 7a − 3b − c ∀(a, b, c) ∈ R3

Question-2(b) Find the rank of the matrix:

 
1 3 1 −2 −3
 1 4 3 −1 −4 
A=  2 3 −4 −7

−3 
3 8 1 −7 −8
[10 Marks]
Solution:  
1 3 1 −2 −3
 1 4 3 −1 −4 
A= 
 2 3 −4 −7 −3 
3 8 1 −7 −8
Applying the operations R2 → R2 − R1 , R1 → R3 − 2R1 and R4 → R4 − 3R1 we get:
 
1 3 1 −2 −3
 0 1 2 1 −1 
A∼  0 −3 −6 −3

3 
0 −1 −2 −1 1
Applying R3 → R3 + 3R2 and R1 → R4 + R2 we get;
 
1 3 1 −2 −3
 0 1 2 1 −1 
A∼  0 0 0

0 0 
0 0 0 0 0
which is in echelon form. Now, the number of non-zero rows of this echelon form is 2.
∴ Rank of A is equal to 2.
 
1 −3 3
Question-2(c) Let A =  3 −5 3 . Is A similar to a diagonal matrix? If so,
6 −6 4
find an invertible matrix P such that P −1 AP is a diagonal matrix.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Characteristic Equation of A is given by:

λ3 − T race(A)λ2 + (C11 + C22 + C33 ) λ − |A| = 0 ... (i)
Now, T race(A) = 1 − 5 + 4 = 0,
C11 + C22 + C33 = (−20 + 18) + (4 − 18) + (−5 + 9) = −2 − 14 + 4 = −12, and
|A| = 16.
∴, (i) becomes λ3 + 0λ2 − 12λ − 16 = 0

=⇒ λ = 4, −2, −2 (Use calculator for this step)
Now, we find the eigenvectors corresponding to the above eigenvalues:

i) λ = 4, (A − 4I)X = 0
    
−3 −3 3 x 0
=⇒  3 −9 3   y  =  0 
6 −6 0 z 0
R1
Applying R2 → R2 + R1 , R3 + R3 + 2R1 and R1 → −3 we get:
 
1 1 −1
∼  0 −12 6 
0 −12 6
Applying R2 → R2 /12 and R3 → R3 /12 we get:
 
1 1 −1
∼ 0 1 −1
2

−1
0 1 2
Applying R3 → R3 − R2 ,
 
1 1 −1
∼  0 1 −1
2

0 0 0
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , we get:
−1
 
1 0 2
−1
∼ 0 1 2

0 0 0
=⇒ x − z2 = 0, y − z
2
=0
=⇒ x = z2 , y = z2
     
x z/2 1
 y  =  z/2  = z/2  1 
2 z 2
X1 = (1, 1, 2) is eigenvector for λ = 4
ii) λ = −2, (A + 2I)x = 0

      
3 −3 3 x 0 1 −1 1
 3 −3 3   y  =  0  ∼  0 0 0 
6 −6 6 z 0 0 0 0
=⇒ x − y + z = 0
=⇒ x = y − z
       
x y−z 1 −1
∴  y  =  y  = y 1  + 2 0 
2 z 0 1
   
1 −1
=⇒ x2 = 1 and x3 = 0  are eigen vectors for λ = −2.
  
0 1

Since algebraic multiplicity of each eigenvalue is equal to its geometic multiplicity, hence
given matrix A is diagonalizable i.e. similar to some diagonal matrix.
Transformation matrix:
 
1 1 −1
p = X1 X2 X3 = 1 1 0 
2 0 1
Diagonal matrix:    
λ1 0 0 4 0 0
D =  0 λ2 0  =  0 −2 0 
0 0 λ3 0 0 −2
 
1 −1 1
We can verify that P −1 AP = D, where P −1 = 12  −1 3 −1 
−2 2 0
Question-2(d) Find an orthogonal transformation of coordinates to reduce

the quadratic form g(x, y) = 2x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 to a canonical form.
[10 Marks]
Solution: The matrix form of the given quadratic form is given by:

2 1
A=
1 2
Now, characteristic equation of A is given by |A − λI| = 0
2−λ 1
=⇒ =0
1 2−λ
=⇒ (λ − 2)2 − 1 = 0
=⇒ λ2 − 4λ + 3 = 0
=⇒ (λ − 3)(λ − 1) = 0
=⇒ λ = 1, 3
Eigenvector for λ = 1:
(A − 1.I)X = 0

2−1 1 x 0
=⇒ =
1 2−1 y 0
=⇒ x + y = 0 and x = −y
=⇒ v1 (x, y) = (1, −1)
Eigenvector for λ = 3:
(A − 3I)X = 0


−1 1 x 0
=⇒ =
1 −1 y 0
=⇒ x = y
=⇒ v2 = (x, y) = (1, 1)
Since the vectors v1 and v2 are orthogonal, =⇒ v1 v2T = 0

1 1
Modal matrix comprising of eigenvectors is given by M =
−1 1
1
√1

√
2 2
=⇒ Normalized modal matrix is given by N = √ −1 √1
2 2
1 −1
√ √
=⇒ N > = √12 √12
2 2
To obtain the canonical form, we calculate N T (AN ).
Now,
" √ #
1 √1 √3

2 1 2 √
2 2 2
AN = −1 √1
= √ −1 √3
1 2 √
2 2 2 2
1 −1 1 3
√ √ √ √ 1 0
T 2 2 2 2
=⇒ N (AN ) = √1 √1 −1 √3
=
2 2
√
2 2
0 3
∴ Canonical form is given by:
>
y12 + 3y22 = y1 y2 D y1 y2

Question-3(a) The adiabatic law for the expansion of air is P V 1/4 = K, where
K is a constant. If at a given time the volume is observed to be 50c.c. and the
pressure is 30kg per square centimetre, at what rate is the pressure changing
if the volume is decreasing at the rate of 2 c.c. per second?
[10 Marks]
Solution: P V 1.4 = K ⇒ K = 30(50)1.4 P = KV −1.4
dP dV
= K(−1.4)V−2·4 ·
dt dt
1.4
= −30(50)1.4 (−2)
(50)2.4
30 × 1.4 × 2
=
50
= 1.68
∴ The pressure in increasing at the rate of 1.68 kg/cm2 /sec.

Question-3(b) Determine the asymptotes of the curve x3 + x2 y − xy 2 − y 3 + 2xy +

2y 2 − 3x + y = 0.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Asymptotes parallel to coordinate axes: As the coefficients of highest degree

terms of x and y i. x3 and y 3 are constants, so the curvve has no asymptotes parallel to
x − axis or y − axis.
Oblique Asymptotes: Put x = 1, y = m in the third, second and first degree terms,
φ3 (m) = 1 + m − m2 − m3
φ2 (m) = 2m + 2m2
φ1 (m) = −3 + m
Slopes of the asymptotes are real roots of the equation: φ3 (n) = 0.
=⇒ 1 + m − m2 (1 + m) = 0
=⇒ (1 + m)(1 − m2 ) = 0
=⇒ m = 1, −1, −1
For m = 1:

2m+2m2
c = − φφ02 (m)
(m)
=− 1−2m−3m2
= −4
−4
=1
3
=⇒ y = x + 1
For, m = −1, c is given by:
c2 00
φ (m)
2! 3
+ cφ02 (m) + φ1 (m) = 0
c2
=⇒ 2
(−2 − 6m) + c(2 + 4m) + (−3 + m) = 0
c2
=⇒ 2
(4) + c(−2) + (−4) = 0 (∵ m = −1)
=⇒ 2c2 − 2c − 4 = 0
=⇒ c2 − c − 2 = 0
=⇒ (c − 2)(c + 1) = 0
=⇒ c = 2, −1
=⇒ y = −x + 2, y = −x − 1

s
Question-3(c) Evaluate: D
x sin(x + y)dxdy, where D is the region bounded by
π
0 6 x 6 π and 0 6 y 6 .
2
[10 Marks]
R π R π/2
Solution: Let I = x=0 y=0
x sin(x + y)dxdy
Rπ π/2
=⇒ I = − 0
x[cos(x + y)]y=0 dx
Rπ π

=⇒ I = − 0
x cos 2
+ x − cos(0 + x) dx
Rπ
=⇒ I = 0
x(sin x + cos x)dx
=⇒ I = π − 2
t
Question-3(d) Evaluate (x + y + z + 1)4 dxdydz over the region defined by
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 and x + y + z ≤ 1.
[10 Marks]
R 1 R 1−x R 1−x−y
Solution: Let I = x=0 y=0 z=0
(x + y + z + 1)4 dzdydx
R 1 R 1−x 1 1−x−y
=⇒ I = x=0 y=0 5
((x + y + z + 1)5 ]z=0 dydx
1
R 1 R 1−x
=⇒ I = 5 x=0 y=0
[25 − (x + y + 1)5 ]dydx
1
R1 y=1−x
=⇒ I = 5 0
32y − 16 (x + y + 1)6 y=0 dx
1
R1
32(1 − x) − 61 (2)6 + 16 (x + 1)6 dx

=⇒ I = 5 0
1
R 1 64
− 32x + 61 (x + 1)6 dx

=⇒ I = 5 0 3
64 1
1
=⇒ I = 3
x − 16x2 + 42
(x + 1)7 0
117
=⇒ I = 70
Question-4(a) Obtain the equations of the planes which pass through the
point (3, 0, 3), touch the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 and are parallel to the line
x = 2y = −z
[10 Marks]

Solution: The given line is x = 2y = −z =⇒ x2 = y1 = −2 z

... (i)
Any line parallel to (i) and passing through (3, 0, 3) is given by:
x−3 y−0 z−3
2
= 1
= −2
... (ii)
Now, the general form of the line (ii) is given by:

x − 3 = 2y, −2y = z − 3
=⇒ x − 2y − 3 = 2y + z − 3 ... (iii)
Now, any plane passing through line (iii) is given by:
(x − 2y − 3) + λ(2y + z − 3) = 0 ... (iv)
=⇒ x + (−2 + 2λ)y + λz + (−3 − 3λ) = 0.
Clearly, it will be the tangent plane to the given sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 = 0 if the

perpendicular distance of the plane form the centre (0, 0, 0) of the sphere is equal to the
radius of the sphere, i.e.,
|0 + 0 + 0 − 3 − 3λ|
p = 3 (∵ radius = 3)
1 + (−2 + 2λ)2 + λ2
√
⇒ 1 + λ = 5 + 5λ2 − 8λ
⇒ (1 + λ)2 = 5 + 5λ2 − 8λ
⇒ λ2 + 2λ + 1 = 5λ2 − 8λ + 5
⇒ 4λ2 − 10λ + 4 = 0
⇒ 2λ2 − 5λ + 2 = 0
⇒ 2λ(λ − 2) − 1(λ − 2) = 0
⇒ (2λ − 1)(λ − 2) = 0
⇒ λ = 2, 21
If λ = 2, then from (iv), we get
(x − 2y − 3) + 2(2y + z − 3) = 0
=⇒ x + 2y + 2z − 9 = 0 ... (v)
If λ = 12 , then from (iv), we get
(x − 2y − 3) + 12 (2y + z − 3) = 0
=⇒ 2x − 2y + z − 9 = 0 ... (vi)
Therefore, the required planes are given by equation (v) and equation (vi) above.

Question-4(b) The section of a cone whose vertex is P and guiding curve is

x2 y2
the eilipse 2 + 2 = 1, z = 0 by the plane x = 0 is a rectangular hyperbola.
a b
x2 y 2 + z 2
Show that the locus of P is 2 + = 1.
a b2
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the vertex P be (α, β, γ) and given guiding curve the ellipse
x2 y2
a2
+ b2 = 1, z = 0 ... (i)
Now, the equation of any line through P (α, β, γ) is given by:

x−α y−β z−γ
= = ...(ii)
l m n
It meets the plane z = 0
x−α y−β 0−γ
∴ l
= m
= n
−lγ −mγ
=⇒ x − α = n
, y−β = n
, z=0
lγ mγ
=⇒ x = α − n
, y=β− n
, z=0
This point lies on the ellipse given by (i),

1 lγ 2 1 mγ 2

∴ a2
α− n
+ b2
β− n
= 1 ... (iii)
Eliminating l, m and n from (ii) and (iii), we get:

2 2
1 (x−α)γ 1 (y−β)γ
a2 α − z−γ
+ b 2 β− z−γ
=1
1
a2
(αz − γx)2 + 1
b2
(βz − γy)2 = (z − γ)2 , which is the required
equation of the cone.
This meets the plane x = 0.
=⇒ 1
a2
(αz − 0)2 + 1
b2
(βz − γy)2 = (z − γ)2
α2 z 2 β 2 z 2 +γ 2 y 2 −2βγzy
=⇒ a2
+ b2
= z 2 + γ 2 − 2zγ
This will represent a rectangular hyperbola in yz − plane if coefficient of y 2 + coefficient

of z 2 = 0.
γ2 α2 β2
=⇒ b2
+ a2
+ b2
−1=0
α2 β 2 +γ 2
=⇒ a2
+ b2
−1=0
∴ The locus of P (α, β, γ) is given by:

x2 y 2 +z 2
a2
+ b2
=1
Question-4(c) Prove that the locus of the poles of the tangent planes of the
conicoid ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1 with respect to the conicoid αx2 + βy 2 + γz 2 = 1 is
α 2 x2 β 2 y 2 γ 2 z 2
the conicoid + + = 1.
a b c
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let the tangent plane of the conicoid ax2 + by 2 + cz = 1 be given by:
lx + my + nz = p ... (i)
l2 m2 n2
Then, a
+ b
+ c
= p2 ... (ii)
Let (a0 , b0 , c0 ) be the pole of the plane (ii) w.r.t
αx2 + βy 2 + γz 2 = 1.
=⇒ a0 αx + b0 βy + c0 γz = 1 ... (iii)
Comparing (i) and (iii), we get:

a0 α b0 β c0 γ 1
l
= m
= n
= p
... (iv)
Eliminating l, m and n from (ii) and (iv), we get:

(a0 αp)2 (b0 βp)2 (c0 γp)2
a
+ b
+ c
= p2
∴ The required locus of (a0 , b0 , c0 ) is given by:

2
(αx)2 (βy)2 (γz)
a
+ b
+ c
=1
Question-4(d) Show that the lines drawn from the origin parallel to
the normals to the central conicoid ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 = 1 at its points
of intersection with the planes2 lx + my + nz = p generate the cone
x2 y 2 z 2

2 lx my nz
p + + = + + .
a b c a b c
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let (α, β, γ) be the point of intersection of the conicoid and the given
plane, then we have:

aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 = 1 . . . (i),and
lα + mβ + nγ = p . . . (ii)
Also, the equations of the normals to the given conicoid at (α, β, γ) are:
x−α y−β z−γ
= =
aα bβ cγ
The equation of the line passing through the origin and parallel to this line is given by:
x y z
aα
= bβ
= cγ
. . . (iii)
From (i) and (ii), we have:

2
lα+mβ+nγ 2
aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 = p
=⇒ p2 (aα2 + bβ 2 + cγ 2 ) = (lα + mβ + nγ)2

2 2 2 2 2 2
i2
=⇒ p2 a aα + b bβ + c cγ = l(aα) a
+ m(bβ)
b
+ n(cγ)
c
h 2 i i2
2 (aα) (bβ)2 (cγ)2 l(aα) m(bβ) n(cγ)
=⇒ p a
+ b + c = a
+ b + c
Now, eliminating α, β and γ from this equation using (iii), we get:

2 x2 y2 z2 nz 2
p a + b + c = lxa + my

b
+ c
Hence, the line given by (iii) generates the above conicoid.
12.2 Section-B
dy
Question-5(a) Solve: sec2 y + 2x tan y = x3
dx
[10 Marks]
dy
Solution: sec2 y dx + 2x tan y = x3 . . . (i)
Let tan y = z
dy dz
=⇒ sec2 y dx = dx
So, equation (i) becomes

dz
dx
+ 2xz = x3
ex
R
=⇒ IF = e2x dx = 2

The general solution of equation (i) is given by:
e2x e2x ˙
Z
z· = x3 dx
2 2
Z
1
= x3 e2x dx
2
1 e2x 3 2x
Z
2e
= · x − 3x dx
2 2 2
e2x 3 3
Z
= x − x2 e2x dx
4 4
ex 3 3 2x 2
Z 2x
e
= x − ·x − · 2xdx
4 4 2 2
e2x 3 3 2 2x
Z
= x − x e + xe2x dx
4 8
3 2x
3 2 2x e2x
Z 2x
xe e
= − xe + x− α
4 8 2 2
x3 e2x 3 2 2x xe2x e2x
= − xe + − +c
4 8 2 4
e2x x3 e2x 3 2 2x xe2x e2x
tan y = − xe + − +c
2 4 8 2 4
Question-5(b) Find the 2nd order ODE for which ex and x2 ex are solutions.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let y1 = x & y2 = x2 ex

Wronskian is
y1 y2
W (x) =
y10 y20
x x 2 ex
=
1 x2 ex + 2xex
= x x2 ex + 2xex − x2 ex

= x3 ex + 2x2 ex − x2 ex
= x3 ex + x2 ex ,
which is not identically equal to 0 on R in (−∞, ∞). The general solution of the required
differential equation can be written as:
y = c1 y 1 + c2 y 2
,
where C1 , C2 are arbitrary contants.

⇒ y = c1 ex + c2 x2 ex ... (i)
Difrerentiating eq (i) wrt x, we get:
dy
= c1 ex + c2 x2 ex + 2c2 xex
dx
⇒ y 0 = y + 2c2 xex
⇒ y 0 − y = 2c2 xex . . . (ii)
Again differentiating eq (ii) w.rt x, we get
y 00 − y 0 = 2c2 xex + 2c2 ex = y 0 − y + 2c2 ex
y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 2c2 ex . . . (iii)
Now, substituting (iii) in (ii), we get,

y 0 − y = x (y 00 − 2y 0 + y)
= xy 00 − 2xy 0 + xy
⇒ x − y 00 − (2x + 1)y 0 + (x + 1)y = 0,

which is the required differential equation.
Question-5(c) A uniform rectangular board, whose sides are 2a and 2b, rests
in limiting equilibrium in contact with two rough pegs in the same horizontal
line at a distance d apart. Show that the inclination θ of the side 2a to the
horizontal is given by the equation d cos λ[cos(λ + 2θ)] = a cos θ − b sin θ where λ
is the angle of friction.
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let ABCD be the rectangle resting on two pegs P and Q.

Suppose that the resultant of the reactions and the frictional forces at P and Q meet at
O. Then, the centre of gravity G of the rectangle must be vertically below O.
Let AN be the perpendicular from A on OG. Suppose that the normals at P and Q meet
at O0 .
The angles OP O0 and OQO0 are equal. Hence O, P , Q, O0 are concyclic. Again, O0 , P ,
A, Q are concyclic. Hence, O, O0 , A, P are concyclic.
It follows that:
∠OAO0 = λ
∠O0 AQ = ∠AQP = ∠QAN = θ
∠O0 OA = ∠O0 P A = π/2
Also trom the rectangle O0 P AP , O0 A = P Q.
We can now find AN in 2 ways:
AN = OA cos(λ + 2θ)
= O0 A cos λ cos(λ + 2θ)
= d cos λ cos(λ + 2θ)

Again,
AN = AG cos(∠GAQ + ∠QAN )
= AG cos ∠GAQ cos θ − AG sin ∠GAQ sin θk
= acosθ − b sin θ
Hence, d cos λ cos(λ + 2θ) = a cos θ − b sin θ.
Question-5(d) A particle rests in equilibrium under the attraction of two cen-

tres of force which attract directly as the distance, their intensities being µ
and µ0 . The particle is slightly displaced towards one of them, show that the
2π
time of small oscillation is p .
(µ + µ0 )
[10 Marks]
Solution: Suppose A and A0 are two centres of force, their intensities being µ and
µ0 respectively. Let a particle of mass m be in equilibrium at B under the attraction of
these two centres.
The forces of attraction at B due to the centres. A and A0 are mµa and mµ0 a0 respectively
in opposite directions.
As these two forces balance each other, therefore
mµa = mµ0 a0 ... (i)
Now, suppose the particle is slightly displaced towards A and then let go. Let P be the
position of the particle after time t, where BP = x.
The attraction at P due to centre A is mµAP = mµ(a − x) in the direction P A, i.e., in
the direction of x increasing.
Also, the attraction at P due to centre A0 is mµ0 A0 P = mµ0 (a0 + x) in the direction P A0 ,
i.e. in the direction of x decreasing.
Hence, by Newton’s 2nd law of motion, the equation of motion of particle at P is given by:
2
m ddt2x = mµ(a − x) − mµ0 (a0 + x) ... (ii)

where the forces in the direction of x increasing has been taken with +ve sign and thee
force in the direction of x decreasing has been taken with −ve sign.
Simplifying equation (ii), we get
2
m ddt2x = m (µa − µx − µ0 a0 − µ0 x)
d2 x
=⇒ dt2
= − (µ + µ0 ) x [∵ mµa = mµ0 a0 ]
This is the equation of motion with centre at the origin. Hence the motion of particle is
2π
SHM with centre at B and its time period is √µ+µ 0.
H
Question-5(e) Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for c [(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy]
where C is the closed curve of the region bounded by y = x and y = x2 .
[10 Marks]
Solution: By Green’s theorem in plane, we have:

s ∂N ∂M H
R ∂x
− ∂y
dxdy = C
M dx + N dy
Here, M = xy + y 2 .
The curves y = x and y = x2 intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1). We have,

x ∂N ∂M
xd 2
d 2

− dxdy = x − xy + y dxdy
∂x ∂y dx dx
R
x
R
= (2x − x − 2y)dxdy
x
R
= (x − 2y)dxdy
R
Z 1 Z x
= (x − 2y)dydx
x=0 y=x2
Z 1
= [xy − y 2 ]xy=x2 dx
Z0 1
2
x − x2 − x3 + x4 dx

=
Z0 1
= x4 − x3 dx
0
5 1
x x4
= −
5 4 0
1 1
= − −0
5 4
4−5 −1
= =
20 20
Now, let us evaluate the line integral along C. The line integral along C = line integral
along y = x2 + line integral along y = X = I1 + I2
Along y = x2 , dy = 2xdx
Z 1
x.x2 + x4 dx + x2 2xdx

I1 =
Z0 1 Z 1
2 4
x2 2xdx

I1 = x · x + x dx +
Z0 1 0
x3 + x4 + 2x3 dx

=
Z0 1
= (3x3 + x4 )dx
0
4 1
x x5
= 3 +
4 5 0
1 1
=3 +
4 5
19
=
20
Along y = X, dy = dx
Z 1
x2 + x2 dx + x2 dx

I2 = −
Z 10
1
= 3x2 dx = − x3 0
0
=1

∴ I1 + I2 = 19
20
− 1 = −1
20
Hence, the theorem is verified.
Question-6(a) Solve: (y 3 − 2yx2 ) dx + (2xy 2 − x3 ) dy = 0
[10 Marks]
Solution: (y 3 − 2yx2 ) dx + (2xy 2 − x3 ) dy = 0 . . . (i)
Equation (i) is a homogeneous equation. Comparing equation (i) with M dx + N dy, we

get: M = y 3 − 2yx2 , N = 2xy 2 − x3
M x + N y = xy 3 − 2yx3 + 2xy 3 − yx3

= 3xy 3 − 3yx3
= 3xy y 2 − x2

1 1
=
Mx + Ny 3xy (y 2 − x2 )
1
Multiplying eq (i) by 3xy(y 2 −x2 )
, we get
y 3 −2yx2 2xy 2 −x3
3xy(y 2 −x2 )
dx + 3xy(y 2 −x2 )
dy =0
y 2 −2x2 2y 2 −x2
=⇒ 3x(y 2 −x2 )
dx + 3y(y 2 −x2 )
dy = 0 ... (ii)
Comparing eq (ii) with P dx + Qdy = 0, we get

y 2 −2x2 2y 2 −x2
P = 3xy 2 −3x3
, Q= 3y 3 −3x2 y
∂P 6xy ∂Q 6xy
=⇒ ∂y
= (3y 2 −3x2 )2
, ∂x
= (3y 2 −3x2 )2
∂p ∂Q
=⇒ ∂y
= ∂x
∴ Eq (ii) is exact.
Solution is given by:
R R
y=constant
P dx + ( terms in Q containing x) dy = c1
y 2 −2x2 2
R R
=⇒ 3xy 2 −3x3
dx + 3y
dy = c1
R 2
y −2x 2 R 2dy
=⇒ 3x(y 2 −x2 )
dx + 3y
= c1
dx 1 xdx 2 dy
R R R
=⇒ 3x
− 3 y 2 −x2
+ 3 y
= c1
Let y 2 − x2 = t
=⇒ −2xdx = dx

1 1 dt
+ 23 log y = c1
R
=⇒ 3
log x + 3 2·t
1
=⇒ 3
log x + 61 log t + 23 log y = C1
=⇒ 2 log x + log (y 2 − x2 ) + 4 log y = 6c1
=⇒ log x2 (y 2 − x2 ) y 4 = log(c2 ). where 6c1 = log c2
=⇒ x2 y 4 (y 2 − x2 ) = c2 ,
which is the required solution.
2
dy dy
Question-6(b) Solve: −2 cos hx + 1 = 0
dx dx
[8 Marks]
Solution: 2
dy dy
−2 cos hx + 1 = 0
dx dx
dy
Let =p
dx
p2 − 2p cos hx + 1 = 0
Solving for p √
2 cosh x ±4 cos h2 x − 4
p=
2
√
p = cosh x ± cos h2 x − 1
p = cosh x ± sin hx
p = cos m + sin hx & p = cos hx − sin hx
dy dy
= cosh x + sin hx & = cos hx − sin hx
dx dx
integrating above,
y = sin hx + cos hx + C1 ; y = sin mx − cosh x + C2
Hence, general solution is
(y − sin hx − cos hx − C1 ) (y − sin mx + cosh x − C2 ) = 0

e − e−x e + e−x e − e−x e + e−x
x x x x
⇒ y− − − C1 y− + − C2 = 0
2 2 2 2
ex ex e−x e−x

⇒ y− − − C1 y+ + − C2 = 0
2 2 2 2
⇒ (y − ex − C1 ) y + e−x − C2 = 0


d3 y d2 y dy
Question-6(c) Solve: 3
+ 3 2
+ 3 + y = x2 e−x
dx dx dx
[10 Marks]
d3 y d2 y dy
Solution: Given: 3
+ 3 2
+ 3 + y = x2 e−x
dx dx dx
2
=⇒ (D3 + 3D2 + 3D + 1) y = x2 e−x
The auxiliary equation is:
D3 + 3D2 + 3D + 1 = 0
=⇒ (D + 1)3 = 0
=⇒ D = −1, −1, −1
CF is given by:
yc = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x2 ) e−x
Now, we calculate PI (particular integral),

1
yp = x2 e−x
D3
+ 3D2 + 3D + 1
1
= x2 e−x
(D + 1)3
1
= e−x 3
x2
(D − 1 + 1)
1
= ex 3 x2
D
1 x3
= ex 2
D 3
e x 1 x4
=
3 D 4
ex 1 4
= x
12 D
ex x5
=
12 5
x5 ex
=
60
The complete solution is given by:
y = yc + yp
x5 ex
=⇒ y = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x2 ) e−x + 60
.

2 d2 y dy
Question-6(d) Show that ex is a solution of 2
− 4x + (4x2 − 2) y = 0. Find
dx dx
a second independent solution.
[12 Marks]
2 2
Solution: Given: y = ex ⇒ y 0 = ex · 2x
h i
2 2 2
y 00 = 2 ex + 2x2 ex = 2ex (1 + 2x2 )
Substituting these in the given differential equation, we get:
d2 y dy 2
x2 2 x2 2
x2
− 4x + 4x − 2 y = 2e (1 + 2x ) − 4x · e · 2x + 4x − 2 e
dx2 dx
2 2 2

= 4x2 − 8x2 + 4x2 ex + 2ex − 2ex
=0
2
Hence, y = ex is a solution of given DE.
2
∴ y = u = ex is a part of complimentary function of the given DE.
Comparing given DE with

d2 y dy
+ P + Qy = R
dx2 dx
P = −4x, Q = 4x2 − 2, R = 0
Let y = uv be the general solution, then v is obtained by
d2 v 2 du
dv
dx2
+ P+ u
· dx
= Ru dx

2 du 2
=⇒ P + u
· dx
= −4x + ex22 2xex = 0
d2 v
∴ dx2
=0
dv
=⇒ dx
= c1
v = c1 x + c2
Hence, the complete solution is:
y = uv
2
=⇒ y = ex (c1 x + c2 )

Question-7(a) A solid hemisphere is supported by a string fixed to a point on

its rim and to a point on a smooth vertical wall with which the curved surface
of the sphere is in contact. If θ and φ are the inclinations of the string and
3
the plane base of the hemisphere to the vertical, prove that tan φ = + tan θ.
8
[10 Marks]
Solution: Let O be the point of suspension in the wall, AB the base of the hemisphere,
C its centre, G its centre of gravity, M the point of contact of the hemisphere and the
wall and OA the string.
Let l be the length of the string OA and let a be the radius of the hemisphere.
3a
∴ CA = a and CG =
8
since O is a fixed point, so all the distances will be measured from this point O.
Let d be the depth of G below O.
∴ d = OM + F G = OL + LM + CG sin φ
3a
= l cos θ + AC cos φ + sin φ
8
3a
⇒ d = l cos θ + a cos φ + sin φ . . . (1)
8
The normal reaction at M is perpendicular to the wall.
∴ M C is horizontal.
Let the system be given a small virtual displacement such that θ becomes θ + δθ and φ
becomes φ + δφ
W , the weight of the hemisphere will be the only force doing work. The reaction at M
does not appear in the equation of virtual work.
∴ Equation of virtual work is W.δ(d) = 0
or
δ(d) = 0 [∵ W 6= 0]

or

3a
δ l cos θ + a cos φ + sin φ = 0
8
or
3a
−l sin θ · δθ − a sin φδφ + cos φδφ = 0
8
3
∴ l sin θ.δθ = cos φ − sin φ · aδφ . . . (2)
8
Again,
a = CM = CE + EM = CE + AL [∵ EM = AL]
= CA sin φ + OA sin θ
= a sin φ + l sin θ
or
l sin θ = a − a sin φ
Differentiating,
l cos θ · δθ = −a cos φδφ . . . (3)
Dividing (2) by (3), we get

3
tan θ = − + tan φ
8
3
Hence tan φ = + tan θ
8
a4

Question-7(b) A particle moves with a central acceleration µ γ + 3 being
√ γ
projected from an apse at a distance a with a velocity 2 µa.
√
Prove that its path is γ 2 (2 + cos 3θ) = 3a2 .
[10 Marks]
a4

1
Solution: Here, F = µ r + 3 = µ (u−1 + a4 u3 ) . . . (1) where u =
r r
Differential equation of central orbit is
d2 u (u−1 + a4 u3 )

2 F −3 4

h u+ 2 = 2 =µ = µ u + u u . . . (2)
dθ u u2
du
Multiplying by 2 , we get
dθ
du d2 u

2 du −3 4
du
h 2u + 2 = 2µ u + a u
dθ dθ dθ2 dθ

Integrating, we get
" 2 #
1 −2 a4 u2

2 2 du
h u + = 2µ − u + +c
dθ 2 2
or
" 2 #
du
v 2 = h2 + u2 = µ −u−2 + a4 u2 + c . . . (3)

dθ
Initially, at an apse,
1 du √
u= , = 0 and v = 2a µ [Given]
a dθ
From (3),
h2
∴ 4a2 µ = = µ (−a2 + a2 ) + c
a2
∴ h2 = 4µa4 and c = 4µa2
Putting the values of h2 and c in (3), we get

" #
2
du
4µa4 + u2 = µ (−u−2 + a4 u2 ) + 4µa2
dθ
or
2
4 du 1
4a =− 2
+ a4 u2 − 4a4 u2 + 4a2
dθ u
−1 + a4 u4 − 4a4 u4 + 4a2 u2
=
u2
−1 − 3a u + 4a2 u2
4 4
=
u2
2 2
√ 2 2

2 2
−1 − 3a u − √ + √
3 3
=
u2
2 2
√ 2 2

1 2
√ − 3a u − √
3 3
= 2
u
or
" 2 2 #1/2
√

1 2
√ − 3a2 u2 − √
du 3 3
2a2 =±
dθ u
or
√ 2
2 3a udu √
− s 2 2 = 3dθ
1 √ 2
√ − 3a2 u2 − √
3 3

√ 2 √
[Taking -ve sign] Put 3a2 u2 − √ = t so that 2 3a2 udu = dt
3
dt √
∴ − s 2 = 3dθ
1
√ − t2
3
√ √
Integrating, cos−1 (t 3) = 3θ + A . . . (4)
1 1
Initially, when u = , i.e., t = √ , θ = 0 ∴ A=0
a 3
From (4),
√ √
∴ cos−1 (t 3) = 3θ
or
√ √
t 3 = cos 30
or
√ √ 2 2 √

2
3 3a u − √ = cos 3θ
3
or
√
3a2 u2 − 2 = cos 3θ
or
√
3a2 u2 = 2 + cos 3θ
√

2 2 1
Hence, 3a = r [2 + cos 3θ] which is the required path. ∵ u =
r
Question-7(c) A shell, lying in a straight smooth horizontal tube, suddenly

explodes and breaks into portions of masses m and m0 . If d is the distance
apart of the masses after a time t, show that the work done by the explosion
1 mm0 d2
is · .
2 m + m0 t2
[10 Marks]
Solution: Since, the shell is lying in the tube, its velocity before explosion is zero.
Let u1 and u2 be the velocities, of the masses m and m0 respectively after explosion.
Then, the relative velocity of the masses after explosion is u1 + u2 . Since, the tube is
smooth and horizontal, u1 + u2 will remain constant.
∴ (u1 + u2 ) t = d − (i)
Also, by the principle of conservation of linear momentum, we have,

mu1 − m0 u2 = 0
⇒ mu1 = m0 u2 − (ii)
Substituting, for u2 from (ii) in (i) we get,
m0 + m

mu1
u1 + t = d u1 t=d
m0 m0
dm0
=⇒ u1 =
(m0 + m) t
from (ii)
m
∴ u2 = u1
m0
m m0 d
= 0
m (m + m0 ) t
md
u2 =
(m + m0 ) t
Now, the work done by the explosion = the kinetic energy released due to the explosion
1 1
= mu21 + m0 u22
2 2
m02 d2 m 2 d2

1 1 0
= m + m
2 (m + m0 )2 t2 2 (m + m0 )2 t2
1 d2 1 02 0 2

= 2 mm + m m
2 t (m + m0 )2
1 d2 mm0
= 2 [m0 + m]
2 t (m + m0 )2
1 d2 mm0
= 2
2 t (m + m0 )
Question-7(d) A hollow conical vessel floats in water with its vertex down-
wards and a certain depth of its axis immersed. When water is poured into
it up to the level originally immersed, it sinks till its mouth is on a level with
the surface of the water. What portion of axis was originally immersed?
[10 Marks]
Solution: According to Law of buoyancy,

Upward force on a body = weight of fluid displaced by immersed part of body.

Let W be weight of cone with height H and semi-vertical angle α, then

1
upward force = π(htanα)2 × hρg
3
[ weight of fluid = vol. of body submerged×density ×g ]
1
∴ W = πh3 tan2 αρg − (1)
3
Now,
Total weight = Total upward force
⇒ W + Weight of water = Vol. of body submerged×density×g

1 1
⇒ W + π(h tan α)2 × hρg = π(H tan α)2 Hρg
3 3
where W =Weight of cone,
1
π(htanα)2 × hρg =Weight of water in cone,
3
1
π(H tan α)2 Hρg =Total upward force
3
1 1
⇒ 2 × πh3 tan2 αρg = πH 3 tan2 αρg [from (1)]
3 3
⇒ 2h3 = H 3
1/3
h 1
⇒ =
H 2

Question-8(a) Show that Ā = (6xy + z 3 ) î+(3x2 − z) ĵ+(3xz 2 − y) k̂ is irrotational.

Find a scalar function φ such that Ā = grad φ.
[10 Marks]
Solution: ~ = (6xy + z 3 ) î + (3x2 − z) ̂ + (3xz 2 − y) k

Given that A
ı̂ ̂ k̂
~= ∂ ∂ ∂
curlA
∂x ∂y ∂z
(6xy + z 3 ) (3x2 − z) (3xz 2 − y)
= î(−1 + 1) + ̂ 3z 2 − 3z 2 + k̂(6x − 6x)

= ı̂(0) + ĵ(0) + k̂(0)

=0
~ is irrotational.
∴ The vector A
~ = grad φ i.e A
Let A ~ = ∇φ
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
⇒ 6xy + z 3 î + 3x2 − z ̂ + 3xz 2 − y k̂ =

î + ̂ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ
= 6xy + z 3 − (i)
∂x
∂φ
= 3x2 − z − (ii)
∂y
∂φ
= 3xz 2 − y − (iii)
∂z
(i) partially w.r.t x treating y, z as constants.
(i) ≡ φ = 3x2 y + z 3 x + f1 (y, z) − (iv)
(ii) partially w.r.t y treating x, z as constant.
φ = 3x2 y − zy + f2 (x, z) − (v)
iii) partially w.r.t z treating x, y as constant.
(iii) ≡ φ = xz 3 − yz + f3 (x, y) − (vi)
(iv), (v), (vi) each represents φ.These agree if we choose:
f1 (y, z) = −yz, f2 (x, z) = xz 2 ,f3 (x, y) = 3x2 y
∴ φ = 3x2 y + xz 3 − yz + C where C is an arbitrary constant.

Question-8(b) Let ψ(x, y, z) be a scalar function. Find grad ψ and ∇2 ψ in

spherical coordinates.
[8 Marks]
1 ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ
Solution: We know that, ∇ψ = grad ψ = e1 + e2 + e3 − (i)
h1 ∂u1 h2 ∂u2 h3 ∂u3
for spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ)
u1 = r, u2 = θ , u3 = φ
e1 = er , e2 = eθ , e3 = eφ
h1 = hr , h2 = hθ , h3 = hφ = r sin θ
∴ From (i)
1 ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ 1 ∂ψ
∇ψ = er + eθ + eφ = er + eθ + eφ
1 ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
We know that,

2 1 ∂ h2 h3 ∂ψ ∂ h3 h1 ∂ψ ∂ h, h2 ∂ψ
∇ Ψ= · + + ·
h, h2 h3 ∂u1 h1 ∂u1 ∂u2 h2 ∂u2 ∂u3 h3 ∂u3

1 ∂ (r)(r sin θ) ∂ψ ∂ r sin θ(t) ∂ψ ∂ (1)(r) ∂ψ
= + · +
(1)(r)(r sin θ) ∂r (1) ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ

1 ∂ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ 1 ∂ψ
= 2
r2 sin θ · + sin θ · + ·
r sin θ ∂r ∂r ∂θ ∂θ ∂φ sin θ ∂φ

1 ∂ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ 1 ∂ ∂ψ
= sin θ r + sin θ +
r2 sin θ ∂r ∂r ∂θ ∂θ sin θ ∂φ ∂φ
∂ 2ψ

1 ∂ 2 ∂ψ 1 ∂ ∂ψ 1
= r · + sin θ · + ·
r2 ∂r ∂r r2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r2 sin2 θ ∂φ2
Question-8(c) Verify Stokes’ theorem for Ā = (y − z + 2)î + (yz + 4)ĵ − xz k̂ where

Ṡ is the surface of the cube x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x = 2, y = 2, z = 2 above the
xy-plane.
[12 Marks]
Solution: The xy - plane cuts the surface of the cube in a square. Thus, the curve C
bounding the surface S is the square.

Say OABD, in the xy - plane whose vertices in the xy-plane are the points.
O(0, 0), A(2, 0), B(2, 2), D(0, 2)
Then, I Z
~
F · dr = [(y − z + 2)ı̂ + (yz + 4)̂ − xz k̂] · (dxı̂ + dy ĵ + dz k̂)
Zc
= (y − z + 2)dx + (yz + 4)dy − xzdz
Zc
= (y + z)dx + 4dy (∵ on c, z = 0&dz = 0)
Zc Z Z Z
= + + +
OA AB BD DO
= I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 − (i)
Along OA:
y = 0, dy = 0 & x varies from 0 to 2

Z
∴ I1 = (y + 2)dx + 4dy
OA
Z 2
⇒ 2 · dx = [2x]20 = 4
0
Along AB :
x = 2,dx = 0 & y varies from 0 to 2
Z
∴ I2 = (y + 2)dx + 4dy
AB
Z 2
⇒ 4 · dy = [4y]20 = 8
0
Along BD:
y = 2, dy = 0 & x varies from 2 to 0
Z
∴ I3 = (y + 2)dx + 4 · dy
BD
Z 0
4 · dx = [4x]02 = −8
2

Along DO:
x = 0, dx = 0 & y varics . From 2 to 0
Z
∴ I4 = (y + 2)dx + 4 · dy
DO
Z 0
⇒ 4 · dy = [4y]02 = −8
2
Z
∴ (i) ≡ F~ · dr = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
=4+8−8−8
= −4 − (ii)
Now,
ı̂ ̂ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
y − z + 2 yz + 4 −xz
= î(0 − y) + ̂(−1 + z) + k̂(0 − 1)
= −yı̂ + (−1 + z)̂ − k̂
n̂ = unit normal vector to S = k̂
dxdy
∴ dS = = dxdy
|n · k̂|
(∇ × F ) · n̂ = [(−y î + (−1 + z)̂ − k̂] · k̂
= −1
x Z 2 Z 2
~
(∇ × F ) · n̂ds = (−1)dxdy
S x=0 y=0
Z 2
=− [y]20 dx
x=0
Z 2
⇒ −2 dx = −2[x]20 = −4 − (iii)
0
∴ From (2) and (3)
s
(∇ × F~ ) · n̂dS = F~ · dr = −4
R
S
Hence the stokes theorem is verified.
Question-8(d) Show that, if r̄ = x(s)î + y(s)ĵ + z(s)k̂ is a space curve,

dr̄ d2 r̄ d3 r̄ τ
· 2 × 3 = 2 , where τ is the torsion and ρ the radius of curvature.
ds ds ds ρ
[10 Marks]

d~r d2~r
Solution: We know that τ = and κN = 2 ,
ds ds
here, κ is the curvature
Now,
d~r d2~r
× = τ × κN
ds ds2
= κ(τ × N )
= κB (∵ τ × N = B)
d~r d2~r
∴ κ= ×
ds ds2
d3~r

d d~r
=
ds2 ds ds2
d
= (κN )
ds
dN dκ
=κ· + N
ds ds
dκ dN
= κ(τ B − kT ) + N ∵ = τ B − κT
ds ds
dκ
= κτ B − κ2 T + N
ds
d2~r d3~r

d~r 2 dκ
· × =T · κN × κτ B − κ T + N
ds ds2 ds3 ds

2 3 dκ
=T · κ (N × τ B) − κ · (N × T ) + κ · (N × N )
ds

dκ
=T · κ2 τ (N × B) − κ3 (−B) + κ (0) (∵ N × T = −B, N × N = 0)
ds
2 3

=T · κ τ (T ) + κ B (∵ N × B = T )
= κ2 τ (T · T ) − κ3 (T · B)(∵ T · T = 1andT · B = 0)
= κ2 τ (1) − κ3 (0)
= κ2 τ.
We know that, radius of the curvature 0 ρ0 is the reciprocal of curvature κ. i.e
1 1
ρ= ⇒κ=
κ ρ
2 3

d~r d ~r d ~r 1
∴ · 2
× 3 = 2τ
ds ds ds ρ

405

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2

Preface to the First Edition

IFoS Maths Paper-I 3

IFoS Maths Paper-I 4

Ordinary Differential Equations: Formulation of differential equations, order and degree,

IFoS Maths Paper-I 5

Complex Analysis: Analytic function, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Cauchy’s theorem,

Numerical Analysis and Computer programming: Numerical methods: Solution of

IFoS Maths Paper-I 6

Question-1(a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and I + A be a non-singular

Solution: Given A is a skew-symmetric matrix and I + A is a non-singular matrix.

Thus, M = (I − A)(I + A)−1 is orthagonal.

Question-1(b) By applying elementary row operations on the matrix

reduce it to a row-reduced echelon matrix. Hence find the rank of A.

Solution: Given, f (x + y) = f (x)f (y).

IFoS Maths Paper-I 2

⇒ f (0) = f (0) · f (0)

Question-1(d) Find the Taylor’s series expansion for the function

Solution: Taylor series: If a function f is defined on [a, a + h] such that

IFoS Maths Paper-I 3

IFoS Maths Paper-I 4

Question-2(a) Let T : R3 → R3 be defined by T(x, y, z) = (2x, −3y, x+y), and B1 =

Question-2(b) Using Lagrange’s multiplier, show that the rectangular solid

Solution: Let diameter of sphere be D, which is fixed. Let x, y, z be dimensions of

(Diagonal of Rectangular solid = Diameter of the sphere)

IFoS Maths Paper-I 5

We use Lagrange’s multiplier method to maximize V = xyz for critical points,

Subtracting equation (1) from (2) and (3), we get

Solution: Given l + m + n = 0 ⇒ n = −(1 + m) Using it in,

IFoS Maths Paper-I 6

∴ (l1 m2 − l2 m1 )2 = (l1 m2 + l2 m1 )2 − 4(l1 m2 )(l2 m1 )

Question-3(a) Find the asymptotes of the curve x3 + 3x2 y − 4y 3 − x + y + 3 = 0.

Slopes of the asymptotes are real roots of eqn, φ3 (m) = 0

For m = −1/2 ( repeated root), the value of c is given by

IFoS Maths Paper-I 7

Question-3(b) When is a matrix A said to be similar to another matrix B?

Solution: Similarity of Matrices: Let A and B be square matrices of order n.

IFoS Maths Paper-I 8

Question-3(c) A point P moves on the plane xa + yb + zc = 1, which is fixed. The

Solution: The eqn of the plane is

IFoS Maths Paper-I 9

Hence, required locus is given by:

Question-4(a) Let P be the vertex of the enveloping cone of the ellipsoid

Solution: Let P (x, y, z) be the vertex of enveloping cone.

IFoS Maths Paper-I 10

⇒ A5 − 4A3 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A − 10I

= 0 − 8A2 − 10 · A + 11A2 − A − 10I

IFoS Maths Paper-I 11

Question-4(c) (i) Evaluate

IFoS Maths Paper-I 12

Question-5(a) Solve the initial value problem:

IFoS Maths Paper-I 13

Question-5(b) Solve the differential equation:

Solution: Given D.E. can be written as

IFoS Maths Paper-I 14

Hence, General Solution is

Question-5(c) If the radial and transverse velocities of a particle are pro-

Solution: Here it is given that radial velocity is proportional to transverse velocity