9

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 6
GENERAL CLASSES AND
USES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
(WEEK 6)
Quarter 2 – Module 6: GENERAL CLASSES AND USES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Second Edition, Revised 2021

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 Module
GENERAL CLASSES AND USES
6 OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

What I Need to Know

Hello students! Your knowledge about matter is continuously growing. In fact,
in the previous modules you were introduced to ionic and covalent bonds, their
properties, how ions are formed and how amazing the carbon atom is. You have
learned a lot so far! Studying this module will certainly increase your understanding
about matter.
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Recognize general classes and uses of organic compounds

In this module, you are expected to learn the following:

• understand hydrocarbons and their uses;
• recognize Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Functional group; and
• construct Lewis Electron Dot Structure, Molecular, Condensed, and Extended
Structural Formulas

What I Know

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each question carefully and write the letter of the correct answer on
a separate paper.

1. Which of the following statements best describe organic compounds? Organic

compounds are _____.
A. produced by living things
B. composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen
C. substances that contain carbon atoms only
D. substances that contain carbon and oxygen
2. How do carbon atoms form many organic compounds? By _____.
A. attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds
B. sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements
C. transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements
D. forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements
3. What is the maximum number of bonds can a carbon atom form?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
4. What organic compound is used by embalmers in treating human cadavers?
A. acetone C. acetic acid
B. formaldehyde D. methyl alcohol

1
5. Which compound is an alcohol?
A. C.

B. D.

6. Which are TRUE about the use of isopropyl alcohol?

I. cleaner III. disinfectant
II. fuel IV. fertilizer
A. I and III only C. I and IV only
B. II and III only D. III and IV only
7. Ethene is a natural gas produced in plants, which acts as a natural ripening
agent of fruits. Which of the following organic compounds has the same ability
to ripen fruits?
A. acetylene C. pentyne
B. butane D. propene
8. Which group of hydrocarbon does the molecule with the
structure belong?
A. alcohol C. alkene
B. alkane D. alkyne
9. Jaime scratched herself when her arm bumped into the
concrete post. What do you think should she apply to make her bruises free
from harmful germs?
A. acetone C. water
B. formalin D. isopropyl alcohol
10. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds is highly flammable?
A. acetone, gasoline C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol
B. ethyl alcohol, water D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene
11. Honey is applying something to the ball bearings of the wheels of her bicycle
so that friction will be minimized. Which of the following material do you think
she is using?
A. kerosene C. lubricating oil
B. vinegar D. isopropyl alcohol
12. Which hydrocarbon compound has a triple bond in the molecule?
A. ethene C. methane
B. ethyne D. octane
13. How many types of bonds are there in the following
hydrocarbon compound?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

2
 14. Emmanuel Juan, a fisher man, went home with some of his catch and told his
son to cook the fish. But his son said, “father the stove ran out of fuel already”.
Then his father told him to buy some so that they could start cooking the fish.
Which organic compound do you think the boy will buy?
A. gasoline C. lubricating oil
B. kerosene D. isopropyl alcohol
15. Salvador must remove the red paint in the paintbrush so that he could still use
it again next time. What organic compound should he use to remove the paint
in the paintbrush?
A. formaldehyde C. acetic acid
B. kerosene D. lubricating oil

Lesson ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: ARE THEY

1 USEFUL?

What’s In
DIRECTIONS: Use the words inside the box to identify the pictures below. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

acetic acid acetone gasoline kerosene

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) naphthalene

Source:
Source: Source:
https://www.wonderopolis.org
https://akabanebussan. https://www.shutterstock.com
com

1._______________ 2. ______________ 3. ________________

Source: https://shopee.ph Source: https://www.hirunews.lk

Source: https://www.philippinedestiny.com

4. _____________ 5. ___________ 6. _____________

3
 What’s New

ACTIVITY 1: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: ARE THEY USEFUL?

Objective:
In this activity, you will be able to recognize the uses of common organic compounds.

Materials: answer sheet and pen

Procedures:
1. Using the pictures in WHAT’S IN, copy and complete the table on a separate
sheet of paper. Put check mark that indicates the uses of the compounds. (You
may check one or more columns)
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
USES Acetic
Acetone Gasoline Kerosene LPG Naphthalene
Acid
Antiseptic
Cleaner
Food
Fuel
Pesticide
Table 1: Organic Compounds and their uses
(* This activity is adapted, with minor modification, from Glencoe Physical Science Texas Edition.
(1997).Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., page 369)

2. Answer guide questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

2.1. Choose at least 3 organic compounds in item number 1 and complete the
table below.
COMPOUNDS USES

2.2. Why do you think these kinds of organic compounds are very important?
____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

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 What is It
Many organic compounds are formed because of the special characteristics of
the element carbon. A carbon atom has four (4) valence electrons. This kind of atomic
structure makes the carbon atom able to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other
elements and other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can also make many types of
arrangements: single bond, double bond, and triple bond. With these abilities of the
carbon atoms, chemical bonds between carbon atoms and other elements can form
different kinds of compounds with short and long, straight and branched chained
structures such as the following compounds.

Organic compounds are group of compounds that contain the element

carbon. Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen combined with other
elements namely oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens (fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, and iodine) Ethyl alcohol, acetone, gasoline, naphthalene, acetic
acid, vanillin, acetylene, and esters are just a few examples of many useful organic
compounds. These kinds of compounds are produced by plants and animals. One
common organic compound is Ethanol which is also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol and
grain alcohol. It is a clear, colorless liquid and the principle ingredient in alcoholic
beverages like beer, wine, or brandy because it can readily dissolve in water and other
organic compounds. Ethanol also is an ingredient in a range of products, from personal
care and beauty products to paints and varnishes to fuel. It acts as an astringent to
help clean skin, as a preservative in lotions and to help ensure that lotion ingredients
do not separate, and it helps hairspray adhere to hair. It mixes easily with water and
many organic compounds, and makes an effective solvent for use in paints, lacquers
and varnish, as well as personal care and household cleaning products. As an additive
to cleaning products, ethanol is also used as a preservative because it is effective in
knocking out organisms that could pose a danger to consumers. However, there are
carbon-containing compounds that can be produced artificially. There are also organic
compounds that are produced from petroleum: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),
gasoline, lubricating oil, and kerosene. These compounds have different uses in the
community. These common organic compounds are very important because they have
many uses at home and in the industry.

Every kind of organic compound has specific properties or characteristics.

Although these compounds may show similarities in some properties, these
compounds do not have exactly the same properties. Gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil,
lubricating oil, vanillin, acetic acid, and ethyl alcohol are organic compounds with
different properties. Gasoline, for example, has a strong odor, is volatile, and highly
flammable. Organic compounds are also distinguished in these properties namely,
Flammability, Odor, Viscosity, and Volatility.

Flammability is the measure of how easily material burns. Kerosene and ethyl alcohol
are highly flammable. Flammable liquids such as kerosene is used as fuel for lamps
(gasera) and portable stove (kusinilya). Although ethyl alcohol is also flammable, it is
not used as fuel for stoves or lamps only. It is also used as a component of biofuels
for vehicles, as an ingredient for liquors, and as a disinfectant.

Odor is the smell of the compound. Every compound has its own specific odor.

5
Viscosity is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow. If the viscosity is high, the flow
of the liquid is slow, or the liquid is thick. Organic compounds differ in their viscosity.
If you compare a gasoline to lubricating oil, you can observe that lubricating oil is more
viscous than gasoline. Common uses of viscous materials or liquids are used to
lubricate parts of machines, instruments, or appliances such as motor of electric fan;
and protect metals from rusting.

Volatility is the measure of the tendency of a compound to evaporate or turn into

gaseous state.

It is important to have knowledge about the properties of these compounds so people

will be aware of their behavior, uses, and effects on people.

What’s More
DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect then
change the underlined word/s to make the sentence correct. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
2. Ethanol can be used in food preservation.
3. All organic compounds are produced naturally.
4. This diagram shows 4 single bonds.
5. Organic compounds are compounds that contains carbon only.
6. Covalent bond between atoms is formed by sharing of electrons.
7. A single bond is formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons.
8. A carbon atom bonded with other atoms forms four (4) covalent bonds.
9. & 10. If a grain of rice is dropped into a glass full of cooking oil, the rice
grain will reach the bottom of the glass fast. This illustrates the volatility
property of organic compounds.

What I Have Learned

DIRECTIONS: Choose the word or group of words inside the box that complete the
thought of the sentence. Write your answer on a separate sheet.

Carbon Carbon Compounds Single Bond Double Bond

Triple Bond Pair of Electrons One Two Three
Six electrons Carbon Hydrogen Artificially
Naturally Flammability Odor Viscosity Volatility

Most of the things around us are made up of (1) ______.The food we eat,
clothes we wear, and even the medicines we take when we are sick are generally
called (2) _____. A lot of things are made because of carbon’s interesting property –
to form bond/s to various elements. The bonds that a carbon can form with various
elements are (3) _____, (4) ______, and (5) ______. It is interesting to note that the
number of (6) _______ are the basis to identify the types of bonds formed by carbon.

6
In a single bond, it requires (7) ______ pair of electrons while the double and triple
bonds have (8) ______ and (9) ______ pair of electrons, respectively. So, how many
electrons are there in a triple bond? (10) _______
Oh! speaking of organic compounds, I remember that these are compounds
that contains (11) ______ and (12) ______. The common organic compounds are
ethanol, acetone, acetic acid or vinegar, and gasoline. Organic compounds are so
amazing because they can be produced (13) ______ and (14) ______. Although these
compounds may show similarities in some properties, these compounds do not have
exactly the same properties in terms of (15) ______, ______, ______, and _______.

Lesson

2
HYDROCARBONS

What’s In
DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
1. What types of bonds do non-metals form in compounds?
2. How do atoms of non-metal elements form their compounds?
3. What do you call the bond between the interaction of two (2) non-metals?

What’s New
In studying Hydrocarbons, there are many ways in which we can represent the
bonding. It can be through CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA, EXPANDED
STRUCTURAL FORMULA, LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE, and
MOLECULAR FORMULA.
DIRECTIONS: Identify the type of formula. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

1. ____________________ 3. _____________________

Source: https://brainly.in/question/14641757 Source: https://chemistry.stackexchange.com

2. ________________________________ 4. ____________________

What is It
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
only. Methane, ethane, and butane are components of natural gas are common
hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are grouped into families namely, Alkanes, Alkenes,
and Alkynes. The compounds in each group have certain structures that make their

7
properties different from the other. So, before we immerse ourselves in the study of
hydrocarbons, let us be familiar with these following concepts:

• Octet Rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in
the valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react
and form more stable compounds. The molecules of the halogens, oxygen,
nitrogen, and carbon are known to obey the octet rule.

In general, the elements that obey this rule

include the s-block elements and the p-block
elements (except hydrogen, helium, and
lithium). The octet rule can be observed in the Source:
bonding between the carbon and oxygen https://en.wikipedia.org
atoms in a carbon dioxide molecule. Carbon and Oxygen atom bonding

• Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) a

system known as LEDS, proposed by Gilbert 8 8 8
N. Lewis. It is used to emphasize the atom’s
valence electrons. It is a shorthand method
which consist of a symbol of the element
surrounded by dots. The symbol represents
the nucleus of the atom while the dots
represent the valence electrons of the atom.
The illustrations on the right show the (a)
LEDS of methane before the combination
and the (b) LEDS of methane after
combination.

HOW TO MAKE THE LEWIS ELECTRON DOT

STUCTURE (LEDS)? Source: https://www.shaalaa.com
Let us use methane (CH4) as our basis for this topic. (a) LEDS of methane

1. Count the number of valence electron.

You knew that the carbon atom belongs to
Group 4 and it has four (4) valence electrons
and hydrogen atom belongs to Group 1 and
has one (1) valence electron.

C = 1 x 4 v.e. (valence electron) = 4 v.e. Source: https://flexbooks.ck12.org

H = 4 x 1 v.e. + = 4 v.e. (b) LEDS of methane
8 v.e.

Note: In the formula of Methane CH4, carbon has an imaginary subscript

number of 1 and there are 4 atoms (subscript number) of hydrogen.

2. Determine the central atom. The central atom is the one that all the other
atoms will be bonded to. It is usually the only element in the chemical
formula.

8
 In the formula of methane CH4, the central atom
is carbon because it is the only element in the
formula and there are four (4) atoms of
hydrogen. So in this case, you will put the
element symbol of carbon in the middle and it is
surrounded by the 4 element symbol of
hydrogen.
3. Put dots around the element symbol to represent the valence electrons.
There are 4 dots that surrounds carbon because it
belongs to Group 4 which has 4 valence electrons
and the hydrogen atoms will each have 1 dot because
hydrogen has 1 valence electron only.
4. Rearrange the dots to show bonding
between atoms.
5. Put all remaining valence electrons
as lone pairs.
In this example, we do not have lone
pairs of electrons because methane is
already stable.
6. Turn lone pairs into double or triple bonds to give an atom an octet (or
duet for hydrogen).
NOTE: Always check that all atoms in the structures will have eight (8)
electrons or achieved an octet.

• Expanded Structural Formula is a formula for a molecular compound that

indicates the atoms present and the bonding sequence of the atoms. The covalent
bonds between atoms are shown as lines connecting the symbols of the bonded
atoms. This formula gives a clear illustration about the structure of a compound.
The number of dashes indicate whether the bond is a single, double, or triple
covalent bond. The illustration on the right shows the structural formula of methane.
• Molecular Formula consists of the chemical symbols for the elements followed by
numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms of each element present in the
molecule. Molecular formulas are compact and easy to communicate; however,
they lack the information about bonding and atomic arrangement that is provided in
a structural formula.
• Condensed Formula is a formula for a molecular compound that indicates the
bonding sequence without showing all the bonds. It should be clear that the carbon
atoms are bonded together in sequence, and each carbon is bonded to the
hydrogen atoms next to the formula.
Let us have an example. Make the Lewis Electron Dot Structure, Expanded
Structural Formula, and Condensed Structural Formula of Pentane.

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C5H12

C = 5 X 4 v.e. = 20 v.e.
Step 1: Count the number of valence H = 12 X 1 v.e. = + 12 v.e.
electron. 32 v.e.

9
 Step 2: Determine the central atom
Our central atom in this example is carbon
because it has lesser number than
hydrogen.

Step 3: Put dots around the element

symbol to represent the valence
electrons. Each carbon has 4 dots around
it because carbon has 4 valence electrons
while every atom of hydrogen has 1
valence electron.

Step 4: Rearrange the dots to show

bonding between atoms.
Step 5 & 6 are not applicable because
we do not have lone pairs (extra) of
electrons and all the carbon atoms LEWIS ELECTRON DOT
have attained octet. STRUCTURE OF PENTANE

ADDITIONAL STEPS
Step 7: Change the dots in to a short
single line to represent single bond,
resulting to the formation of Expanded
Structural Formula EXPANDED STRUCTURAL
FORMULA OF PENTANE
Step 8: Divide the Expanded Structural
Formula by parts base on the carbon atom
and the hydrogen atom that attaches to the
carbon.
Step 9: Count how many carbon and
hydrogen atoms are in each part.
Step 10: To form the Condensed Structural
Formula, write the symbol of the carbon
atom first, followed by the symbol of
hydrogen. The number of hydrogens is the
subscript. It is okay not to write the CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 CH3
subscript of carbon atom. CONDENSED STRUCTURAL
3
FORMULA OF PENTANE

10
 What’s More
DIRECTIONS: Make the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS), Expanded
Structural Formula, and Condensed Structural Formula of a HEXANE and
HEPTANE. Show the step-by-step process. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

1.) MOLECULAR FORMULA OF 2.) MOLECULAR FORMULA OF

HEXANE: C6H14 HEPTANE: C7H16
Lewis Electron Dot Structure: Lewis Electron Dot Structure:
Expanded Structural Formula: Expanded Structural Formula:
Condensed Structural Formula: Condensed Structural Formula:

What I Have Learned

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions to summarize the lesson. Refer to the
given formula and write your answer on a separate sheet.

1. Is the molecular formula correct? Why or why not?

2. Write the correct expanded structural formula of
this hydrocarbon
3. Write the Lewis Electron Dot Structure of this
hydrocarbon.
4. Write the Condensed Structural Formula of this hydrocarbon.

Lesson HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes,

3 Alkenes, Alkynes

What’s In

Hello students! I bet that you have learned a lot about the carbon and
hydrocarbons. Look at the pictures below, are the hydrocarbons similar? If your
answer is NO, then your answer is correct. Let us continue our journey as we learn
more about this.

Source: https://byjus.com

Source: https://byjus.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

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 What’s New
ACTIVITY 2: THE HYDROCARBONS
Objectives:
• Recognize common kinds of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes and their uses.
• Identify the types of bonds formed in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
• Relate the structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes to their properties.
Materials: answer sheet and pen
Procedure
1) Study Tables 2 to 4 to answer the questions in this activity.
BOILING
NAME PHASE CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
POINT (oC)

Methane Gas CH4 -169

Ethane Gas CH3CH3 -89
Propane Gas CH3CH2CH3 -42
Butane Gas CH3CH2CH2 CH3 -0.5
Pentane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 36
Hexane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 69
Heptane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 98
Octane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 126
Nonane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 151
Decane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 174.1
Table 2. Alkanes

BOILING
NAME PHASE CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
POINT (oC)

Ethene Gas CH2=CH2 -104

Propene Gas CH2=CHCH3 -47
1-Butene Gas CH2=CHCH2CH3 -6
1-Pentene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 30
1-Hexene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 63
Table 3. Alkenes

BOILING
NAME PHASE CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
POINT (oC)

Ethyne Gas C2H2 -84

12
 Propyne Gas CH≡C-CH3 -47
2-Butyne Gas CH3 C≡C-CH3 8.08
Pentyne Liquid HC≡ C CH2CH2 CH3 40.2
Table 4. Alkynes

2) Answer the following GUIDE QUESTIONS. Write your answers on a separate

sheet.
2.1 What are the types of bonds present in the following: alkanes, alkenes, and
alkynes?

2.2 Using Tables 2 to 4, what pattern do you observe in terms of the Phase,
Number of carbon atoms, Structure, and Boiling point of the alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes? Explain the patterns you observe.

2.3 Why do you think some hydrocarbons are gases and others are liquids?

What is It
HYDROCARBON is a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of
the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The carbon atoms join together to form
the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many
different configurations. Depending on the properties, hydrocarbons are divided into
two groups: ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON (open chain compounds) and CYCLIC
HYDROCARBON (close chain compounds).
Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas.
They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as raw materials for the production
of plastics, fibers, rubbers, solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals.
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS are divided into three main groups according to the
types of bonds they contain: Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes.

ALKANE
Alkanes are hydrocarbon compounds that only
have single bonds in the compounds. Alkanes are
also known as saturated hydrocarbons because
additional hydrogen atoms can no longer bond in the
compound. All alkanes have molecular formulas that
satisfy the general expression CnH2n + 2 (n is the
number of carbon atoms). The first alkane is
methane. The Expanded Structural Formula is shown
Expanded Structural Formula of
at the right indicates one (1) carbon atom and four (4) Methane
hydrogen atoms. Its molecular formula is CH4. Now let Source: https://www.jewishpublicaffairs.org/

us figure out if it fits to the general formula of alkanes.

13
 Now look at the general formula, do
you notice something? To get the
molecular formula of an alkane, all
you need to know is to get the
number of carbon atoms. It is now
your turn to compute for the
molecular formulas of the rest of the
alkanes (refer table 2).
General Formula: CnH2n + 2
Number of Carbon atoms (n) = 1
Number of Hydrogen atoms = 2n + 2
= (2 x 1) + 2
=2+2
=4
Molecular Formula of methane = CH4

In cases where two alkyl groups are attached

to the parent chain, name each and locate
each with a number. This branched compound
is named as 2,5 – methylheptane.

Another branch of alkane contains two 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

identical alkyl groups which are attached to a
carbon atom. In this case, the prefix di (2) is
used. Consider the structure below.
2,5 – methylheptane

Both alkyl groups are located on the second

carbon atom. Thus, the name would be
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2,2 – dimethylheptane. The number that
includes the location of energy group is
separated by a comma (,).
2,2 – dimethylheptane

NAMING TheOF IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system is
ALKANES
used for the naming of organic compounds. Generally, the name should end with the
syllable of the family or group where it belongs. All alkane compounds end with -ane,
alkenes with -ene, and alkynes with -yne. Straight chain alkanes take the suffix “ane”
and the prefix depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain.

For branched alkane, you need to consider the longest continuous chain (parent
chain) of carbon in the structure and the alkyl group. An alkyl group is basically an
alkane minus one of its hydrogen atoms.

or CH3 (Methyl)
Remove one
hydrogen H
Methane

14
 As an example, consider the branched chain
alkane below and follow the step-by-step
procedure to come up with the name.

1. Locate the parent chain or the longest

continuous chain of carbon.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org
2. Name the carbon atoms of the parent chain
starting from whichever end of the
chain gives the location of the first
branch.
3. The branch is closer to the left end,
so start numbering from left to right. 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. Name the parent chain. Since it has 6 carbon atoms, therefore, it is a hexane.

5. Name the alkyl group attached to the branch. The branch CH3 on the second carbon
is named methyl.
methyl + hexane = methylhexane
6. Attach the name of the alkyl group as
a prefix of the parent chain.
7. Place the location number of the alkyl group in front of the resulting name.

Since the alkyl group is on the second carbon, the name of the branched alkane
would be 2-methylhexane (note that a hyphen (-) is used to separate the number
from the word). Sometimes, a Condensed Structural Formula is used instead of
Extended Structural Formula. Consider the example below.
Notice that the numbering of carbon atom
is reversed. It is because the first branch C2H5
which is methyl (CH3), is attached to the
parent chain is located at the right end.
So, the numbering starts from right to left. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The alkyl names are assembled in
alphabetical order. Again, use a hyphen
to separate the number from the words.
CH3
4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

ALKENE
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon double
bonds in their structures. The name of alkene compounds ends in –ene. Alkenes
belong to the class of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Table 3 shows the list
of alkenes. However, the list continues like table 2 for alkanes. You just need to change
the -ane from alkane compounds to -ene to form the names for alkene compounds.
Also, there are numbers before the names of the alkene compounds. What does the
number signify? The number determines the location of the double bond.

15
 Let us take the Condensed Structural
Formula of 1-Butene as an example on the CH2=CH CH2 CH3
right. You already knew that butene is an
alkene that has four (4) carbon atoms, and
the double bond is located between the first 1 2 3 4
and the second carbon.
So, if you change the position of the double bond and place it between the second
and the third carbon, will it be 1-Butene still? If your answer is no, you are correct. It
now called as 2-Butene.

NOTE: Changing the position of the double bond means difference in the
Condensed Structural Formula and Expanded Structural Formula.

NAMING OF ALKENES
To name alkenes, the rules used in naming alkanes will be applied. However, the
parent carbon chain must include the double bond even if it takes it shorter than the
others. Again, numbering of the parent carbon chain starts from whichever end gives
the double-bonded carbon. The location number should be given as to where the
double bond is. Let us take this
an example:
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 = CH2
6 5 4 3 2 1
The double bond is located at the right end of the parent carbon chain and the
location number is on the first carbon. Thus, the name of the alkene will be
1-hexene.
Let us consider another example. This C2 CH5 CH3
time, it is a branched alkene. Applying
the rules, it will be named as CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH = C CH3
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5-ethyl-2-methyloctene.
The simplest alkenes are ethene, CH2CH2, and
propene, CH2CHCH3. Alkenes are characterized by
the general molecular formula CnH2n (n is the
number of carbon atoms). The Expanded
Structural Formula is shown at the right indicates
two (2) carbon atoms and four (4) hydrogen atoms
and a double bond between the carbon atoms. Its
molecular formula is C2H4. Now let us figure out if it Source: https://en.wikipedia.org
fits to the general formula of alkenes.
General Formula: CnH2n
Number of Carbon atoms (n) = 2 Number of Hydrogen atoms = 2n = 2 x 2
=4
Molecular Formula of ethene = C2H4

In cases where an alkene has two or more

double bonds, the prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, CH2 = CH CH = CH CH3
and so on are used as part of the parent carbon 1 2 3 4 5
chain name 1,3-pentadiene

16
 ALKYNE
Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynes are also
unsaturated hydrocarbon just like alkene due to the presence of at least one triple
bond between carbon atoms. Open chain alkynes have a general formula CnH2n – 2
(n is the number of carbon atoms). The most common alkyne compound is
ethyne or acetylene.

General Formula: CnH2n – 2

Number of Carbon atoms (n) = 2
Number of Hydrogen atoms = 2n-2
= (2 x 2) - 2
=4-2
Ethyne or commonly known as
Molecular Formula = C2H2
acetylene is an alkyne hydrocarbon
of ethyne
with a chemical formula C2H2.
This organic compound is commonly used as fuel in an oxy-acetylene welding torch.
Ethyne (acetylene) is also produced when Calcium carbide, CaC2, reacts with water
in the air. It can hasten the ripening of fruits. That is why fruit vendors use calcium
carbide in ripening their fruits in just a few days.
NAMING OF ALKYNES
The rule in naming alkynes is the same as those in alkanes and alkenes but
should end with a suffix yne. Below are examples of alkynes.

HC ≡ C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 1-hexyne

CH3
CH3 CH C ≡ C CH2 CH2 CH3 2-methyl-4-heptyne

CH3 C ≡ C C ≡ C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 2,4-nonadiyne

What’s More
A. DIRECTIONS: Name the following hydrocarbons. Write your answer on your
answer sheets.
1. H3C CH CH3 3. H H H H H H
CH2 CH3 H–C=C–C–C–C–C–H
2. CH3 CH ≡ CH C ≡ CH CH2 CH3 H H H H

17
B. DIRECTIONS: Draw the EXTENDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the following
hydrocarbons. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1.) 2,3,4,5,6,7 – hexamethyloctane 3.) 3 – methylocta-1,4-diyne
2.) 5 – methyl-3-octene 4.) 4 – pentyne

What I Have Learned

DIRECTIONS: Copy and complete the table below. Write your answer on a separate
sheet.
HYDROCARBON 1. ALKANE 2. 3.
TYPES OF BOND 4. 5. has double bond 6.
EXAMPLE 7. 8. 9.butyne
GEN. FORMULA 10. 11. 12.

Lesson
HYDROCARBONS: Functional
4 Groups

What’s In
ACTIVITY 3: THE HYDROCARBONS: Functional Groups
Objectives:
• Recognize kinds of functional group in a hydrocarbon.
• Identify the types of bonds formed in alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones.
• Relate the structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes to their properties.
Materials: answer sheet and pen
Procedures:
1. Look at the Extended Structural Formulas below.
2. Notice the type of bonds that each formula has.

ETHYL ALCOHOL ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL METHYL ALCOHOL

FORMALDEHYDE ACETONE

18
Answer the guide questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What types of bonds are present in ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and in
isopropyl alcohol?
2. Why are these alcohols important?
3. What are the common uses of acetone and formalin?
4. What types of bonds do the common compounds have in their structures?
5. Formalin and acetone are common carbonyl containing compounds. Why do
you think they both belong in the group of carbonyl containing compounds?

What is It
The structure, properties, and chemical reactions of
organic compounds are determined by Functional groups. Functional group is a
group of atoms that are bonded to the molecule. This group is responsible for the
characteristics or property of that compound. Functional groups hold onto their
properties regardless of the molecule in which they are found. They are formed
through a base molecule and a hydrocarbon group.

A. HYDROXYL GROUP
ALCOHOL
Alcohols have hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a single bond alkyl group,
alkane. If you are going to observe the structures of ethyl, isopropyl, and methyl
alcohol, you will notice the hydroxyl group (-OH) in their structures. Alcohols are
chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the compound. They have special uses such
as a reagent, solvent, and disinfectant. Some are used as cleaning agents, fuel, a few
alcohols are used as fuel for portable stoves or other types of burners, and others are
used as a main component (ethyl alcohol) of liquor and other alcoholic drinks.

B. CARBONYL GROUP
ALDEHYDES
The functional group of aldehyde is composed of carbonyl bonded to a
hydrogen atom and a hydrocarbon group. The simplest aldehyde is the formaldehyde
or methanal. Aldehydes contribute favorable odors of essential oils like cilantro and
vanillin. The formaldehyde or methanal is used as disinfectant and a preservative with
a pungent odor common in hospitals and morgues.

KETONES
A ketone is a functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two
other carbon atoms. Ketones differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl is placed
between two carbons rather than at the end of a carbon chain. Acetone or propanone
is the simplest example of a ketone.
Carbonyl compounds like acetone, and formaldehyde have a carbonyl
functional group, C=O, which is chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the compound.
These common carbonyl compounds also have important uses: acetone is used as a
cleaning agent like a nail polish remover, and formaldehyde is used in preserving
organic materials like an animal specimen. This is also the compound used in
embalming human cadavers. Acetone and formalin are examples of simple carbonyl
containing compounds which have common uses. Carbonyl containing compounds

19
are organic compounds that contain carbonyl functional group, which is composed of
a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O.

What’s More
DIRECTIONS: Read each sentence and write you answer on the answer sheet.

1. What organic compound is used by embalmers in treating human cadavers?

2. Jaime scratched herself when her arm bumped into the concrete post. What do
you think should she apply to make her bruises free from harmful germs?
3. What type of carboxyl group that has two carbon atoms that are attached to it?
4. It is responsible for the characteristics or property of organic compound.
5. It is the hydroxyl group of alcohol.

What I Have Learned

DIRECTIONS: Copy and complete the table below. Write your answer on a separate
sheet.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8
9. 10. 11. use to
remove nail
polish

1&2. Types of Functional Groups

3-5. Types of each Functional Groups
6-8. Examples of each Functional Groups
9-10. Uses of the examples of the functional group

What I Can Do

PERFORMANCE TASK: MODEL / DIAGRAM CONSTRUCTION

DIRECTIONS: Using the materials available at home, construct the EXTENDED
STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the following:
2,6,7 – hexamethylheptane
3 – methyl-4-hexene
2 – methylpenta-1,4-diyne

RUBRICS 10 pts. 20 pts. 30 pts.

ACCURACY OF Less than 10% of Less than 50% of At least 90% of the
CONTENT the lesson is the lesson is lesson is shown in
shown in the shown in the the diagram
diagram diagram

20
LABELS Important items in Many important All important items
the diagram are items in the in the diagram are
not labelled diagram are clearly labelled
clearly labelled
CREATIVITY The materials of The materials of The materials of
the diagram are the diagram are the diagram are
not coordinated. not so well well coordinated.
The diagram is coordinated. The The diagram is
done poorly. The diagram is neat and well-
output is presented nicely. presented. The
constructed for the The output is just output is visually
sake of okay appealing
compliance

21
 Assessment

DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which alkene will most likely have the highest boiling point?
A. ethene B. hexene C. pentene D. propene

2. Maria Paula wants to preserve a fish for her project in Biology class. What kind
of compound should she use to preserve the animal?
A. acetic acid B. acetone C. formaldehyde D.methyl alcohol

3. Veronica wants to change her nail polish because it does not look good with
her new dress. What must she use to remove her fingers’ old nail polish?
A. acetic acid B. acetone C. formaldehyde D.lubricating oil

4. Which hydrocarbon compound has a double bond in the molecule?

A. ethane B. methane C. propene D. propyne

5. Which are TRUE about the use of ethyl alcohol?

I. medicine III. disinfectant
II. fuel IV. fertilizer
A. I and II only C. I and IV only
B. II and III only D. III and IV only

6. What happens to the boiling point of hydrocarbon compounds when the number
of carbon atoms increases?
A. decreases C. remains the same
B. increases D. increases then decreases

7. Which group of hydrocarbon does the molecule

with the structure belong?
A. alcohol C. alkene
B. alkane D. alkyne

8. How many types of bonds are there in the following

hydrocarbon compound?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
9. Emmanuel Juan cut his finger accidentally when he was cutting his nails. He
has to apply something on his wound so that it will not get infected. Which
compounds should he use?
A. acetone C. kerosene
B. formalin D. isopropyl alcohol

22
10. Juan Miguel wants to protect his bicycle’s parts from rusting fast. Which of the
following material do you think will Miguel use?
A. kerosene C. lubricating oil
B. vinegar D. isopropyl alcohol

11. Juan Victor’s grandmother was cooking their supper when she suddenly
stopped and said, “Oh, the tank is already empty!” Then her grandmother asked
him to buy another tank. What did Victor’s grandmother ask him to buy?
A. gasoline C. lubricating oil
B. water D. liquefied petroleum gas

12. Marcy’s car stopped at the middle of the road. She found out that her car has
ran out of fuel. Which compound must she buy?
A. kerosene C. water
B. gasoline D. lubricating oil

13. Which of the following compounds is a carbonyl compound?

A. C.

B. D.

14. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds is highly flammable?

A. acetone, gasoline C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol
B. ethyl alcohol, water D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene
15. How do carbon atoms form many organic compounds? By _____.
A. attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds
B. sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements
C. transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements
D. forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements

23
References:
A. Books

• Aquino, Marites D. et. al. 2017. Science Links Worktext for Scientific
and Technological Literacy. Philippines: Rex Bookstore
• Clark, Jim. 2002. Longman GCSE Chemistry. Philippines: Pearson
Longman
• Petrucci, Ralph H., et. al., 2011. General Chemistry 10th Edition.
Philippines: Pearson Education Inc.
• Ungson, Olivia B., 2006. Science Fundamentals for High School III
CHEMISTRY revised edition. Philippines: Trinitas Publishing Inc.
• SCIENCE 9 Learners Module, Department of Education, Republic of
the Philippines

B. Images
• https://shopee.ph/15ML-30ML-NAIL-POLISH-REMOVE-ACETONE-
12PCS-i.83581201.2301182784
• https://akabanebussan.com/product/datu-puti-vinegar-385ml/
• https://www.philippinedestiny.com/2019/06/cooking-in-Philippines-with-
LPG.html
• https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-gasoline-made-of
• https://www.hirunews.lk/english/192872/cabinet-approves-reduction-of-
kerosene-price
• https://www.shutterstock.com/search/mothballs
• https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-structural-formula-for-
methane
• https://www.shaalaa.com/question-bank-solutions/explain-bonding-
methane-molecule-using-electron-dot-structure-concept-covalent-
bond_18457
• https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-
flexbook-2.0/section/6.1/primary/lesson/carbon-bonding-ms-ps
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule
• https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/48159/what-is-the-
difference-between-alkanes-and-polymers
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Butane-condensed-structural-
formulae.png
• https://brainly.in/question/14641757
• https://byjus.com/ethane-formula/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethene_structural.svg
• https://byjus.com/chemistry/acetylene-formula/
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Molecular-structure-of-butene-and-
methylpropene_fig1_316567849
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methylhexane

C. Electronic
• https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/ethanol/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qox3ntVY_5M&t=51s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeHFU7SjJ9M&t=1s

24
 25
MODULE 6
LESSON 1 WHAT’S MORE
LESSON 1 WHAT’S IN 1. True 6. True
1. Gasoline 4. Acetone 2. True 7. True
2. Acetic acid 5. Kerosene 3. False, Not all 8. True
3. Naphthalene 6. LPG 4. False, 2 double bonds 9. Slowly
5. False, hydrogen 10. Viscosity
WHAT’S NEW
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
USES Acetic
Acetone Gasoline Kerosene LPG Naphthalene
Acid
Antiseptic /
Cleaner / /
Food /
Fuel / / / /
Pesticide /
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
2.1
COMPOUNDS USES
Acetic acid Used as component of vinegar (4% by
volume)
Acetone Used to remove nail polish
Gasoline Fuel for vehicles
Kerosene Fuel for lamps (gasera) and portable
cooking stove (kusinilya)
LPG (liquefied Fuel for gas stove and cars
petroleum gas)
Naphthalene pesticides
2.2 These common organic compounds are very important because they have many
uses at home and in the industry.
LESSON 1 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. Carbon 6. Pair of electrons 11. Carbon
2. Carbon Compounds 7. 1 12. Hydrogen
3. Single Bond 8. 2 13. Naturally
4. Double Bond 9. 3 14. Artificially
5. Triple Bond 10. 6 electrons 15. Flammability, Odor,
Viscosity, Volatility
Answer Key
 26
LESSON 2 WHAT’S IN
1. Single, Double, Triple Bonds 3. Covalent bond
2. By sharing of elements with the same element or other element
WHAT’ S NEW
1. Condensed Structural Formula 3. Molecular Formula
2. Lewis Electron Dot Structure 4. Expanded Structural Formula
WHAT’S MORE
C6H14 C7H16
LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
EXTENDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA EXTENDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. NO 2. 3. 4.
CH3 CH3
 27
LESSON 3 WHAT’S NEW
GUIDE QUESTIONS
2.1. Compounds in the alkanes group only have single bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkenes have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the compounds.
Alkynes have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the compounds.
2.2. The physical state of the alkanes from methane to butane is gas, and from pentane
to octane: liquid. The reason for this is related to the structure of the compounds. If the
molecule of the compound is small, it interacts less with each other. Just like methane,
it is likely to be a gaseous compound. When the molecules become bigger in size or
structure, they can closely interact with each other, and they will become more likely to
be liquid just like in the case of octane. Octane molecule has a very long chained
structure that makes it too heavy to be a gaseous compound. The trend in the phase of
the compounds is also the same with the alkenes and the alkynes. The phase of the
alkenes and alkynes is a gas when the molecules are small and becomes liquid as the
molecules become bigger. The trend in the structures of the compounds in alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes is the same. The size of the structures of the compounds is
increasing because the compounds become bigger or longer. The trend in the boiling
point of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is also in an increasing
pattern. This is because of their structures. As the structures of the compounds become
bigger, they also interact more with each other. Bigger molecules that interact with each
other more strongly require higher temperature to evaporate. That is why they have a
higher boiling point.
2.3 The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and liquids is because of
the structure or the size of the molecules of the compounds. When the molecules are
small, they tend to interact less among each other. Smaller molecules are usually
gases. And when molecules have bigger structures, they interact more with each other.
Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in liquid state.
WHAT’S MORE
A. 1.) 2-methylbutane 2.) 2,4-diheptyne 3.) 1-hexene
B.
 28
LESSON 4
WHAT’S IN
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. The structures of the alcohols in this activity only have single bonds.
2. Alcohols are important because they can be used as disinfectant/antiseptic, they fuel
lamps and portable stoves and most specially, they are main ingredients of liquors.
3. Acetone is commonly used as solvent and nail polish remover. Formaldehyde is
used as a preserving agent and disinfectant.
4. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde all have single and double
bonds.
5. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde both have carbonyl functional
group. These make them carbonyl containing compounds.
WHAT’S MORE
1. formalin 3. Ketones 5. -OH
2. Ethyl / Isopropyl alcohol 4. Functional group
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. Hydroxyl Group 6. Ethyl Alcohol
2. Carbonyl Group 7. Formaldehyde
3. Alcohol 8. Acetone
4. Aldehyde 9. Disinfectant
5. Ketone 10. Use in morgues
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Cebu City Division

Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu
Telephone Nos.: (063) 255 – 1516, (032)253 - 9095
E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph

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