DIFFERENT ART STYLES & MOVEMENTS Baroque

 Toward the end of the

Italian Renaissance Art
 From the 14th-17th century,
Italy underwent an
unprecedented age of
enlightenment known as
the Renaissance—a term derived
from the Italian
word Rinascimento, or “rebirth”
 Italian Renaissance artists like
Michelangelo, Leonardo da
Vinci, and Raphael found
inspiration in classical art from
Ancient Rome and Greece, adopting ancient interests
like balance, naturalism, and perspective.
 Humanist portrait painting, anatomically correct
sculpture, and harmonious, symmetrical architecture.
Renaissance,
the Baroque movement e
merged in Italy.
 Baroque art showcased
artistic interests in realism
and rich color as well as
emphasized extravagance.
 This opulence is evident in Baroque painting, sculpture,
and architecture.
 Painters like Caravaggio suggested drama through their
treatment of light and depiction of movement while
sculptors like Bernini achieved a sense of theatricality
through dynamic contours and intricate drapery.
 Architects across Europe embellished their designs with
ornamentation ranging from intricate carvings to
imposing columns.

The Calling of Saint Matthew

by Caravaggio (1599 –1600)

Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli (1486)

The Night Watch by Rembrandt
(1642)

Rococo
 The lighthearted and
The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495 – 1498) flirtatious Rococo movement
blossomed in 18th-
century France before spreading to
other European countries.
 The term Rococo derives
from rocaille, a method of
decoration using pebbles, seashells,
and cement to adorn grottoes and fountains in the
Renaissance.
 During the 1730s, the rocaille decoration inspired
scrolling curves in ornamental furniture and interior
Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1503 – 1506) design.
 In painting, this decorative style transferred to a love of
whimsical narratives, pastel colors, and fluid forms.

Progress of Love: The Meeting

by Jean-Honoré Fragonard,
1771-1773

The School of Athens by Raphael (1509 – 1511)

The Gracious Shepherd by

François Boucher, 1736-1739
 Romanticism
 Romanticism was a cultural
Odalisque by François Boucher, 1742- movement that emerged
1745 around 1780.
 An interest in aesthetic
austerity, and ideas in line
with the Enlightenment, an
intellectual, philosophical, it
is a literary movement that
Resting Girl (Louise placed emphasis on the individual.
O’Murphy) by Francois  Artists like Eugène Delacroix found inspiration in their
Boucher, 1751 own imaginations. This introspective approach lent itself
to an art form that predominantly explored the spiritual.

Neoclassicism
 Neoclassicism is an 18th-
century art movement
based on the ideals of art
from Rome and Ancient
Greece. Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich
 Its interest in simplicity (1818)
and harmony was partially
inspired as a negative
reaction to the overly frivolous aesthetic of the
decorative Rococo style.
 The discovery of Roman archaeological
cities Pompeii and Herculaneum (in 1738 and 1748,
respectively) helped galvanize the spirit of this
movement.

Francisco Goya, The Third of May 1808, 1814

The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David

Théodore Géricault, The Raft of Medusa, 1818-19.

Realism
 Realism is a genre of art that
started in France after the
French Revolution of 1848.
 Realist painters focused on
The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793) scenes of contemporary
people and daily life.
 French artists like Gustave
Courbet and Honoré Daumier, as well as international
artists like James Abbott McNeill Whistler, focused on
all social classes in their artwork.
 Depicted social issues stemming from the Industrial
Revolution.
 Photography was also an influence on this type of art,
pushing painters to produce realistic representations in
The Grande Odalisque by Ingres (1814) competition with this new technology.
  The original group, which included Claude
Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and
Frédéric Bazille, was formed in the early 1860s in
France.
 An initial underground exhibition, which took place in
1874, allowed rejected artists to gain public favor.
The Burial at Ornans by Gustave Courbet (1849 – 1850)

Impression, Sunrise by Monet (1872)

Camille Corot, Fontainebleau Oak Trees at Bas-Bréau, c1832

Bal du Moulin de la Galette by Renoir (1876). Pierre-Auguste

Renoir,

Camille Corot, View of the Forest of Fontainebleau, 1830

'Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge', Mary Cassatt. 1879.

Harvesters Resting (Ruth and Boaz). Jean-François Millet.

1850-53.

'Tea' painted by Mary Cassatt, 1880

Post-Impressionism
 Originating from France,
this type of art developed
between 1886 and 1905 as
Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1: Portrait of the Artist's a response to the
Mother. James McNeill Whistler Impressionist movement.
 Artists reacted against the
need for naturalistic depictions of light and color in
Impressionism Impressionist art.
 Impressionist  Post-Impressionism covers many different types of art,
painters moved away from from the Pointillism of Georges Seurat to the Symbolism
realistic representations to use of Paul Gauguin.
visible brushstrokes, vivid  Not unified by a single style, artists were united by the
colors with little mixing, and inclusion of abstract elements and symbolic content in
open compositions to their artwork.
capture the emotion of light  Perhaps the most well-known Post-Impressionist
and movement. is Vincent van Gogh, who used color and his
 Impressionism started when a group of French artists brushstrokes not to convey the emotional qualities of the
broke with academic tradition by painting en plein air. landscape, but his own emotions and state of mind.
 The Kiss by Gustav Klimt. 1908
A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat
(1884 – 1886)

Gustav Klimt, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, 1907

Cubism
 Cubism is one of the most
The Yellow Christ by Paul Gauguin (1891)
important art movements of the
20th century.
 Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque developed Cubism in the
early 1900s, with the term being
coined by art critic Louis
Vauxcelles in 1907 to describe
the artists.
 Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, the two men—joined
“Self-Portrait with Palette,” by Paul Cézanne c. 1890. by other artists—would use geometric forms to build up
the final representation.
 Completely breaking from any
previous art movement, objects
were analyzed and broken apart,
only to be reassembled into an
abstract form.
 This reduction of images to
minimal lines and shapes was
“The Basket of Apples,” by Paul Cézanne. 1890-1894 part of the Cubist quest for
simplification.
 The minimalist outlook also trickled down into the color
Art Nouveau palette, with Cubists forgoing shadowing and using
 At the end of the 19th limited hues for a flattened appearance.
century, a movement of  Cubism opened the doors for later art movements, like
“new art” swept through Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism, by throwing out
Europe. the prescribed artist's rulebook.
 Characterized by an interest
in stylistically
reinterpreting the beauty of nature, artists from across the
continent adopted and adapted this avant-garde style.
 The French Art Nouveau style was embraced by artists
working in a range of mediums.
 Art Nouveau featured heavily
in architecture and decorative arts of the period.
 However, perhaps its most enduring legacy can be found Pablo Picasso, "Girl With Mandolin", 1910
in the poster—a commercial craft that Czech
artist Alphonse Mucha helped elevate as a modern art
form.

Clarinet and Bottle of Rum on the Mantlepiece. Georges

Braque. 1911.
  In a subversion of all aspects of Western civilization
(including its art), the ideals of Dada rejected all logic,
reason, rationality, and order—all considered pillars of
an evolved and advanced society since the days of the
Enlightenment.

Houses of l’Estaque. Georges Braque. 1908.

The Gift. Man Ray, 1921.

Juan Gris, The Table, 1914

Glass tears. Man Ray. 1932

Portrait of Picasso. Juan Gris. 1912

Futurism
 In the early 20th- DADA soulève tout by Tristan Tzara. 1921.
century, Futurists carved
out a place in history.
 A hallmark of Futurist art is
the depiction of speed and
movement.
 In particular, they adhered to
principles of “universal dynamism,” which meant that no Dada Event Poster by Tristan Tzara
single object is separate from its background or another
object. Bauhaus
 This is best exemplified in Giacomo Balla’s Dynamism  Ranging from paintings and graphics to architecture and
of a Dog on a Leash, where the motion of walking the interiors, Bauhaus art
dog is shown through the multiplying of the dog’s feet, dominated many outlets of
leash, and owner’s legs. experimental European art
throughout the 1920s and 1930s.
 Bauhaus—literally translated
to “construction house”—
originated as a German school of the
arts in the early 20th century.
 Founded by Walter Gropius, the school eventually
morphed into its own modern art movement
characterized by its unique approach to architecture and
design.
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by Umberto Boccioni
(1913)

Dada
 Dada was a 20th-century avant-
garde art movement (often
Yellow-Red-Blue, 1925 by Wassily Kandinsky
referred to as an “anti-art”
movement) born out of the
tumultuous societal landscape and
turmoil of WWI.
 Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer (1925) Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921

Art Deco
 Art Deco is a modernist
movement that emerged in 1920s
Europe.
 While many different
aesthetics compose the
movement, it is most
frequently characterized by Max Ernst, Napoleon in the Wilderness, 1941
streamlined, geometric forms
contrasted by rich Abstract Expressionism
ornamentation and linear decoration.  Abstract Expressionism is an American art movement
 Paintings produced in the Art Deco style typically and the first to explode on an
feature bold forms and busy compositions. international scale that
started after World War II.
 The genre developed in the
1940s and 1950.

Autu
 This style of art takes the spontaneity of Surrealism and
injects it with the dark mood of trauma that lingered
post-War.
 Jackson Pollock is a leader of the movement, with
his drip paintings spotlighting the spontaneous creation
Tamara in a Green Bugatti by Tamara de Lempicka (1929) and gestural paint application
that defines the genre.
Surrealism  The term “Abstract
 Imaginative imagery spurred by the subconscious is a Expressionism,” though
hallmark of this type of art, closely married to Pollock’s
which started in the work, isn’t limited to one
1920s. specific style.
 The movement began
when a group of visual
artists adopted

for creativity.
“Th
automatism, a technique that relied on the subconscious

 Surrealists often challenged perceptions and reality in

their artwork.
 Part of this came from the juxtaposition of a realistic
painting style with unconventional, and unrealistic, Clyfford Still. 1953.
subject matters.

The Treachery of Images by René Magritte (1929)

Clyfford Still, PH-164, 1937.

Max Ernst, Oedipus Rex, 1922

Mark Rothko, Orange and Tan, 1954

 Van Gogh’s Bedroom in Arles (1888)

Mark Rothko, No. 14, 1951, c. 1949-1951

Pop Art
 Rising up in the 1950s, Pop Art is a pivotal movement
Lichtenstein’s Bedroom at Arles (1992)
that heralds the onset
of contemporary art.
Installation Art
 This post-war style emerged in
 In the middle of the 20th
Britain and America, including
century, avant-garde artists in
imagery from advertising, comic
America and Europe began
books, and everyday objects.
producing Installation Art.
 Often satirical, Pop Art
 Installations are three-
emphasized banal elements of common goods and is
dimensional constructions that
frequently thought of as a reaction against the
play with space to interactively
subconscious elements of Abstract Expressionism.
engage viewers.
 Often large-scale and site-specific, these works of art
transform museums, galleries, and even outdoor
locations into immersive environments.

Marilyn Monroe. Andy Warhol. 1967.

Mirror Rooms by Yayoi Kusama

Banana by Andy Warhol. 1966.

Louise Bourgeois, Spiral woman, 1984

Flag, Jasper Johns. 1954-55.

Louise Bourgeois, Cell (Glass spheres and hands), 1990-93.

Target with Four Faces, 1955.

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone

Living by Damien Hirst. 1991.
Drowning Girl by Roy Lichtenstein. 1963.
 Mother and Child (Divided) by Damien Hirst Relish by Ralph Going. 1994.
exhibition copy 2007 (original 1993)

Kinetic Art
 In the early 1900s, artists
began to experiment further
with art in motion, with
sculptural machine and
mobiles pushing kinetic art
forward. Untitled; Annika by Yigal Ozeri. 2019.
 Russian artists Vladimir
Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko were the first creators
of sculptural mobiles, something that would later be
perfected by Alexander Calder.
 In contemporary terms, kinetic art encompasses
sculptures and installations that have movement as their
primary consideration. Untitled; Erna in the Water by Yigal Ozeri. 2020.
 American artist Anthony Howe is a leading figure in the
contemporary movement.

Photorealism
 Photorealism is a style of
art that is concerned
with the technical
ability to wow viewers.
 Primarily an American art
movement, it gained
momentum in the late 1960s and 1970s as a reaction
against Abstract Expressionism.
 Artists were most concerned with replicating a
photograph to the best of their ability, carefully planning
out their work to great effect and eschewing the
spontaneity that is the hallmark of Abstract
Expressionism.

Hyperrealism
 is an advancement of the
artistic style, where painting
and sculpture are executed in
a manner to provoke a
superior emotional response
and to arrive at higher levels
of realism due to technical
developments.
 A common thread is that all
works must start with a
photographic reference point.

Donut by Ralph Going. 1995.