Lec-9 - CE 201 - Concrete@CE-22 - 2022

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CE-201

Asst Prof Nur


CE Dept, MIST
e-mail: nur@ce.mist.ac.bd
Concrete

An artificial stone-like material used for various


structural purposes. It is made by mixing cement and
various aggregates, such as sand, pebbles, gravel, shale,
etc., with water and allowing the mixture to harden
by hydration.

Concrete is everywhere. Roads, sidewalks, houses,


bridges, skyscrapers, pipes, dams, canals, missile silos,
nuclear waste containment and various types of
structures.
Concrete
1. When was concrete first made?
– 9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 1756 1824
2. What are the possible components of concrete?
– water cement gravel sand air steel rods
3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete?
4. What role does water play in producing concrete?
5. Why does concrete harden?
6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly?
7. How can you make concrete set:
– faster? / slower?
8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in
either?
9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch
(psi))
– 50,000 20,000 5000 2000
Concrete
1. When was concrete first made?
9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 1756 1824
2. Circle the possible components of concrete.
water cement gravel sand air
3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete?
It acts as a primary binder to join the aggregate into a solid mass.
4. What role does water play in producing concrete?
Water is required for the cement to hydrate and solidify.
5. Why does concrete harden?
The chemical process called cement hydration produces crystals
that interlock and bind together.
6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly?
It takes time for the hydrated cement crystals to form
7. How can you make concrete set:
faster? add calcium chloride or "accelerator"
slower? add sugar or "set retarder"
8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in either?
It is stronger in compression.
9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch (psi))?
50,000 20,000 5000 2000
Concrete
➢ Slightly more than a ton of concrete is produced every year
for each person on the planet, approx. 6 billion tons per yr.
➢ By weight, one-half to two-thirds of our infrastructures are
made of concrete such as: roads, bridges, buildings,
airports, sewers, canals, dams, and subways.
➢ Approximately 60% of our concrete highways need repair
and 40% of our concrete highway bridges are structurally
deficient or functionally obsolete.
➢ Large cities lose up to 30% of their daily water supply due
to leaks in concrete water pipes.
➢ It has been estimated that the necessary repairs and
improvements to our infrastructures will cost $3.3 trillion
over a nineteen-year period. $1 trillion of that is needed for
repairing.
Concrete
❖ Most widely used construction material
❖ Concrete is one of the most frequently used building
materials. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of
steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Globally,
the ready-mix concrete industry, the largest segment of the
concrete market, is projected to exceed $600 billion in
revenue by 2025.
❖ Reasons of widely use:
➢ Possesses excellent resistance to water. The use of plain
concrete for dams, canal linings and pavements is now a
common sight almost everywhere in the world.
➢ The ease with which structural concrete elements can be
formed into a variety of shapes and sizes.
➢ Usually the cheapest and most readily available material on
job.
Components of Concrete
Concrete is composed mainly of cement (commonly Portland
cement), aggregate, water, and chemical admixtures.

Portland Cement Coarse Aggregate

Fine Aggregate Chemical Admixtures


Concrete

• A mixture of:
– Portland Cement
– Fine Aggregate
– Coarse Aggregate
– Water
– Air
• Cement and water combine,
changing from a moist,
plastic consistency to a
strong, durable rock-like
construction material by
means of a chemical
reaction called “hydration”
Concrete
Concrete has many applications and is used to make pavements,
pipe, structures, foundations, roads, bridges/overpasses, walls and
footings.
Ingredients of Concrete
• Cement • Water
– We need to learn what are – Drinking water is the best
available in our market • Admixtures
– ASTM Type I, II, … – Basic needs first
– CEM I, II, …. – Then spices
– Composite Cement – Admixtures are spices to
• Water. satisfy the local conditions
• Aggregates – Spices increase taste?
– Fine Agg • Mix Ratio (vol. or wt.) ?
– Coarse Agg – C : FA : CA
• Admixtures. – 1: 2 : 4
• Concrete is a composite – 1: 3 : 6
material that consists of a • w/c ratio = 0.5 (wt.) ?
binding medium embedded • Agg/cement = ?
with fine aggregate and • Concrete >> Mortar >>
coarse aggregate Grout?
Types of Concrete
Types of Concrete
Based on compressive strength
• Low-strength concrete: less than 20 MPa (3000 psi)
• Moderate-strength concrete: 20 to 40 Mpa (3000 to 6000 psi)
• High-strength concrete: more than 40 MPa (6000 psi)
Ingredients
Cement 255 356 510
Water 178 178 178
Fine Agg 801 848 890
Coarse Agg 1169 1032 872
Cement Paste Proportion
Percent by mass 18 22.1 28.1
Percent by volume 26 29.3 34.3
Water/cement by mass 0.70 0.50 0.35
Strength, MPa 18 30 60
Types of Concrete

❖According to binding material used in concrete.


– Cement concrete, Lime concrete.
❖According to design of Concrete.
– Plain concrete, RCC, PCC
❖According to Purpose of concrete.
- Vacuum, Air entrained, Light weight etc.
Terminologies for Fresh Concrete
• Workability • Workability
– Consistence (Degree of • Amount of useful
wetness) internal work necessary
– Factors to produce full
• Water, agg, agg/cement
compaction
– Measurement of
workability (e.g. Slump • Workability is inverse
test) of energy required
• Segregation • Energy/work is required
– Opposite of Cohesion to overcome internal
• Bleeding friction between the
– Or Water gain
individual particles
Strength ratio

10% reduction of
density leads to 50%
reduction of strength

Density ratio
Factor Affecting Workability of Concrete

• Advise • Water content


– Pls read pp. 63-64 of • Aggregate
Concrete Technology (by – Agg type
Neville and Brooks) – Grading ***
– Try to memorize with
understanding • Agg/cement ratio
– Effect of grading on – Inverse relation
workability is best • Admixture
described here • Fineness of cement
– Factors are interacting.
– Why? How?
Effect of Grading of Aggregate
on Workability
• Four interacting factors • Agg/cement ratio
– Surface area, – Well graded agg and
– Agg/cement, cement paste exactly
– Segregation potential, necessary to coat the
– Amount of fines particles
• Surface Area – Excess agg produces
– Smaller particles need harsh and unworkable
more cement paste and mix
water – Excess cement increase
– But fine particle (less than workability
150 micron) act as – Excess mortar improves
lubricant workability
Effect of Grading of Aggregate
on Workability
• Segregation Potential • Amount of fines in agg
– Well graded agg lead to a – Less than 300 micron
dense concrete
– But small particles can For a satisfactorily workable mix
segregate in dry state without harshness
creating voids in agg
– Relation of segregation Maximum Absolute volume of
with workability. aggregate size fines as fraction of
(mm) volume of concrete
• Segregation leads to 8 0.165
less workable mix 16 0.14
32 0.125
63 0.11
Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate
Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregate
Slump Test
➢ Slump test is a laboratory or at site test used to measure
the consistency of concrete.
➢ Slump test shows an indication of the uniformity of
concrete in different batches.
➢ The shape of the concrete slumps shows the information
on the workability and quality of concrete.
Slump Test

True Slump

Slump Test Shear Slump

Disadvantage
• Lean Mix > Shear type or
collapse at low w/c ratio
Collapse Slump
Degree of workability depends on w/c
within a range
Segregation

• For full compaction of • Remedies


concrete, mix should be – Proper gradation and mix
cohesive ratios
• Segregation is opposite of – Mixing, handling and
cohesion placing, transporting,
• Three forms of Segregation compacting and finishing
– 1. Coarser Particles travel of concrete.
long distance – Adding air entraining
• Lean and dry mix agents, admixtures and
– 2. Separation of grout pozzolanic materials in
• High w/c ratio the mix segregation
– 3. Water gain or Bleeding controlled to some extent
Bleeding or Water Gain

• A form of segregation • Remedies


of water from mix – Make rich mix
• Measure settlement per – Add Pozzolanas or fly
unit height of concrete ash in addition to cement
• Causes – Wait for evaporation
– high w/c ratio and/or – Increase alkali content
(but)
– High agg/cement ratio
– Increase C3A content
• Or Lean mix
(but)
• Results
– Formation of weak layer
– Dusty surface on top
(laitance)
– Reduction of strength
Strength of Concrete

• Factors affecting • Primary factor is


strength of concrete • POROSITY
– w/c ratio, degree of – The relative volume of
compaction pores or voids in the
cement paste
– Agg/cement ratio
– Agg properties • Then
– Flaws and
• Shape of agg
– Discontinuities
• Size and grading of
agg • Stress concentration is
– Age the mechanism
Compaction of Concrete

Fully compacted
concrete

Concrete
Density of Concrete

10% reduction of
density leads to 50%
reduction of strength
Porosity in Concrete
• Three forms of H2O in Concrete
– Combined Water >> 23% dry cement mass
– Gel Water >> 28% of cement gel volume
– Capillary Water >> minimum 18.5% of dry cement vol.

• Combined water: combined physically or chemically with


C-S-H Gel

• Gel water: held physically or adsorbed on surfaces of C-S-H


Gel, gel pore dia = 2 nm

• Capillary water: dry cement vol + H2O vol > C-S-H Gel >>
minimum capillary pore = 18.5%; capillary pore dia = 1000
nm
Porosity in Concrete

Total porosity
Porosity
(%)

Degree of
Hydration

Capillary porosity

Water/Cement ratio
Porosity in Concrete
Porosity in Concrete

(a) Concrete (b)


Porosity in Concrete

Concrete
Porosity in Concrete

Mix proportion =
1:2:4
w/c = 0.55
70% hydration

Concrete
Some Facts about Porosity
• Cement paste contains an interconnected system of pores,
when partially hydrated
– >> lower strength, higher permeability >> vulnerable
to chemical, freezing-thawing
• Pore system become segmented/isolated when degree of
hydration is sufficiently high
Query ?
Thank You
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete

• Workability
• Tests for workability of concrete
• Slump Test and Compacting factor Test
• Segregation and Bleeding
• Determination of Compressive and Flexural strength as per BIS
• Properties of Hardened concrete
• Determination of Compressive and Flexural strength
• Stress-strain curve for concrete
• Determination of Young’s Modulus.
Unit Special Concretes

• Light weight concretes


• High strength concrete
• Fibre reinforced concrete
• Ferrocement
• Ready mix concrete
• SIFCON
• Shotcrete
• Polymer concrete
• High performance concrete
• Geopolymer Concrete

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