Contact Author: Didit Novianto, Department of Architecture,

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia Address Surabaya, Indonesia

Tel: +6281284377088 Fax: +62315996972
e-mail: didit.novianto@its.ac.id

Resilience and Transformation: The Impact of Coastal Infrastructure

Development on Taneyan Lanjhang in the Modernization of Bangkalan, Madura
Tony Hermawan1, Nyoman Brianti Kusuma1, Rusyda Tamma Hidayat2 Shoki Sudo3 Didit Novianto4
1
Undergraduate student, Department of Architecture, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember
2
Research Assistant, Department of Architecture, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember
3
Master student, Department of Architecture, Shibaura Institute of Technology
4
Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember

Abstract
Development of coastal infrastructure in Madura bring rapid development in the city of Bangkalan. Beetter
road network and connectivity accelerates rate of urbanization and modernization from big urban cities to nearby
smaller cities [1]. Against the backdrop of city development, urbanization, and modernization of Bangkalan lies
threatened existence of Taneyan Lanjhang, vernacular architecture indigenous to the island of Madura. Under the
rate of modernization hidden force which could transform or even erase the existence of traditional value
including vernacular architecture. This paper try to put Taneyan Lanjhang in the context of Bangkalan
development and modernization. Using combination of qualitative literature review and quantitative field
observation, this paper try to understand the transformation of Taneyan Lanjhang through time. Taneyan Lanjhang
transformation will shed light to the vulnerable and resilient architectural aspect of Taneyan Lanjhang which are
threatened to be transformed or erased ny the wave of modernization of Bangkalan. This study hope to bring more
understanding to the challenges faced by Taneyan Lanjhang therefore more sustainable strategy of development
will be implemented to protect the existence of Taneyan Lanjhang.

Keywords: Taneyan Lanjhang, Bangkalan, Urbanization, Coastal Development, Vulnerability and Resilience

1. Introduction
1.1. Research Context
Bangkalan Regency, located on the western edge of
Madura Island in the East Java province of Indonesia,
is a region with a rich coastal heritage. While the
regency itself boasts a direct coastline along the Java
Sea, its influence extends beyond the immediate
coastal areas, impacting even those villages that are
not directly on the coast. One such village is Alang-
Alang, situated in the Tragah sub-district of
Bangkalan. Though not directly on the shoreline,
Alang-Alang's proximity to the coast and its position Fig. 1 Map of Madura
within the Bangkalan Regency means it is not immune
to the broader maritime influences and the wave of
modernization sweeping the region.
in summary, even though Alang-Alang may not be
directly on the coastline, its connection to the coastal
heritage of Bangkalan Regency is significant. The
influence of the coast is evident in various aspects of
the village's life, including its economy, culture, and
traditions.

Fig. 2 Map of Bangkalan
The construction of the Suramadu Bridge, the
longest in Indonesia, has intensified the
interconnectedness of the region, making places like
Alang-Alang more accessible and indirectly
influencing their socio-economic dynamics. With
Bangkalan becoming a primary gateway to Madura
Island post the bridge's inauguration, the ripple effects
of coastal tourism, marine activities, and modern
infrastructure are felt even in the hinterlands of the
regency [2].
Madura Island, including areas like Alang-Alang, is
known for its unique housing style, Taneyan Lanjhang.
This traditional layout, deeply rooted in the island's
culture, might undergo transformations with the influx
of modern influences [3]
As Bangkalan navigates its path of modernization,
villages like Alang-Alang stand at a crossroads. While
they might benefit from the economic opportunities
brought about by increased accessibility and regional
development, there's also a need to preserve their
unique identity and traditions. The challenge lies in
ensuring that while Alang-Alang and similar villages
embrace the future, they do so without compromising
the essence of their past.
By focusing on Alang-Alang village in this manner,
you can delve deeper into the nuanced impacts of
coastal modernization on areas that are not directly on
the coast Fig. 3 Spatial
but are layout ofbyTaneyan
still influenced their proximity and
Lanjhang
regional dynamics. This approach allows for a more
localized and detailed exploration of the challenges
and opportunities faced by such villages in the wake of
broader regional development.
1.1. Taneyan Lanjhang
Taneyan Lanjhang are vernacular architecture
indegeneous to island of Madura. Taneyan Lanjhang
means Long Courtyard in local language. Central
courtyard are one of unique properties of this house.
The central courtyard served as the house complex
central axis with all the mass is organized and located
in reference to the courtyard. In one complex of
Taneyan Lanjhang there are 5 building masses with
each mass house one specific room. There are 2 mass
for bedroom, one mass for religious activity and
kitchen, one outdoor bathroom mass and one mass for
livestock coop. The detail of each mass will be
explained in more detailed manner in further chapter.
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Study Area
This study is conducted in the village of Alang –
alang which is located in subdistrict of Kragah in
Bangkalan regency. This village is chosen for the
sampling location due to its location in the Bangkalan.
This village is located in the middle region of
Bangkalan which is quite far from the center of
population of Bangkalan which is located in the
coastal area of Bangkalan. The existence of Taneyan
Lanjhang is still found in this village, Taneyan
Lanjhang is found scattered throughout the village.
Due to its location, Alang-alang village is not yet fully
affected by the rapid urbanization or modernization but
still under the threat of urbanization of the coastal area.
2.2. Data collection
Field research is employed to study the properties
of Taneyan Lanjhang in closer detail. The field of
information is derived from field observation,
interview and field ]this sample is based on the age of
the building, aesthetic or architectural form and the
material usage.
2.3. Comparative Studies
The baseline properties of Taneyan Lanjhang is
required for the comparison between the selected
sample. The baseline properties is formulated from the
oldest sample as the oldest is constructed before the
urbanization is prevalent in Bangkalan. The baseline
properties also compared with the literature studies.
The analysis of field information use quantitative
methods, this analysis will show the the transformation
of the sample from the baseline properties of Taneyan
Lanjhang. From this comparison is derived which
aspect of sample is changed or transformed from the
baseline properties. The frequency or the intensity of
the change in certain aspect throughout the sample will
determine which properties are vulnerable or resilient
from change. Qualitative study in the form of literature
study will be used to elaborate the factor behind the
change to further understand the transformation of
Taneyan Lanjhang.
3. Literature Study
3.1. The effect of coastal infrastructure and city
development and urbanization of Bangkalan
Coastal infrastructure of bangkalan has undergone
significant development since the development of
Suramadu bridge. One of the key change from the
development of Suramadu bridge is connectivity of
Bangkalan to the nearby cities. The development of
road network amplify amount people movement from
madura and to madura due to the ease and time
requirement needed for commuting between Madura
and Java [5]. The development of Suramadu bridge are
inline with Eastern Java Province development plan
which focuses on the growth of industrial based
economy and also the development of facilities in
Bangkalan. The development rate of bangkalan also
due to the close relationship and location with nearby
metropolitan city of Surabaya.
Another effect of road network development bring
by Suramadu bridge is urbanization. Suramadu bridge
cut down the time required to travel to another city
which used to rely on local ferry transportation [5].
Road network between Java and Madura allow form
more rapid, frequent and massive migration of people
between two island. The increased of urbanization rate
of bangkalan is also due to increased connectivity with
Surabaya because the development and urbanization of
bigger city will diffuse to nearby smaller city [6].
Urbanization caused by the increased road network
conncectivity also could increase the modernization of
rural area. The new road to rural area will attract small
industry to open their business in rural area due to
cheap cost and open space which ultimately will
increase economic development of the rural area [6].
3.2. Urbanization and its impact in Vernacular
Architecture of Bangkalan.
Urbanization is not limited to urban areas; it
extends to rural regions as well, where both social and
economic development, along with infrastructure
improvements, have been taking place [1]. Growth will
stimulate change in socio-economic conditions in rural
areas this include challenge to indigenous vernacular
architecture in the area.
Urbanization poses a significant threat to the
preservation of vernacular architecture [7]. Which
vernacular architecture is often undergoes significant
alterations, transformations and in some cases
relocated forcibly during the process of urbanization
[7].
a. Declined Interest in Vernacular Form
The declined interest of vernacular form in favour
of more modern form or aesthetics which caused by
the exchange of information which lead to changes in
cultural value in rural area. The change of cultural
value create the notion that vernacular architecture are
architecture for the poor and increase interest in
modern architectural aesthetic which viewed as more
elite [8].
b. Abandonment of vernacular architecture.
Abandonment of verbacular architecture is
phenomena caused by the shifting change in
demographics population in rural areas [9]. As younger
populations leaving rural areas due to rapid rate of
urbanization, maintaining vernacular architcture
become harder [9]. Lack of in inhabitation of
vernacular will leads to the irrelevance of venacular in
modern context. Also without proper maintenance,
vernacular architecture will dissolve and along with it
all the knowledge about that architecture also dissolve.
4. Discussion and Result
4.1 Baseline Properties of Taneyan Lanjhang
The fundamental essence of Taneyan Lanjhang is
rooted in a comprehensive framework comprising
three pivotal aspects: spatial layout and its
multifaceted application, the intricate architectural
configuration, significance within the communities it
serves.
 Table 1. Architectural aspect description
Architectural Aspect Description
Spatial Layout Room layout of the house
and function of each room

Aesthetic of Architectural Aesthetic of roof, wall and

Form detail.

Table 2. Taneyan Lanjhang Building Element and Description

No Element Plan Description
1  The sequence of Tongghu
expansion start from west to
east, from the parent, eldest
and youngest daughter
 Tongghu consist of the master
bedroom of Taneyan
Lanjhang and girls house
Tongghu
2  Langgar are the sacred
space used for religious
activity of the household
 Langgar always facing
the west direction which
Langgar is direction of qibla
3
 Daphor or Dapur is used for
domestic activities such as
cooking or eating
 Daphor is located next to
Langgar
 Daphor also served as food
Daphor storage space
4
 Kandhang are used to house
livestock such as cow, sheep,
goat and farming equipment
 Kandhang is located mostly
location in the opposite the
Kandhang Langgar
5  Taneyan are the main aspect
of Taneyan Lanjhang
 Taneyan means central
courtyard in local language
use for outdoor activity
Taneyan  For farmer household,
Taneyan used for drying the
harvest.
 6 
Outdoor Bathroom
4.2 Finding
a. Transformation of Form and Aesthetic
Fig. 4 Traditional roof style of Taneyan Lanjhang
The transformation of the form and aesthetic of
Taneyan Lanjhang, particularly in its roof style, is a
distinctive feature that sets it apart from other
architectural styles. The Taneyan Lanjhang roof has a
unique twin prism shape. The number of prisms in the
roof depends on the number of rooms in the
Tongghuh.
The twin prism shape of the roof is not only
aesthetically pleasing but also serves functional and
cultural purposes. It's an architectural feature that has
evolved over time and carries significance within the
Taneyan culture. The number of prisms in the roof
typically reflects the size and layout of the building,
with each prism often corresponding to a room within
the structure.
Fig. 5 Traditional details of Taneyan Lanjhang
Another aesthetic aspect which found in traditional
Taneyan Lanjhang is lies on the detail of the wooden
wall and detail.
Fig. 6 Tongghu mass which has
more modern roof consruction
One of the examples of form and aesthetic
The separation of toilet and
bathroom is based on Islamic
custom which considered
toilet as dirty space which is
unfit for ablution ritual
 Located outdoors to protect
privacy of Tongghu, to
prevent guest from entering
the Tongghu based on Islamic
custom
transformations is in the transformation of roof style
and form. In many modern Taneyan Lanjhang used
more modern style and form, modern style of roof use
simple gable roof.
Another example, it is very visible that façade style
and details undergone very distinct change from the
Fig. 7 Taneyan Lanjhang which has
more modern aesthetic
traditional style. The usage of detail such as
Corinthian-like style of column and Classical Greek
inspired architecture style. According to statement
gathered from many owner of this style of house. This
style of Taneyan Lanjhang is a symbol of the owner
prosperity and wealt and this new style is also
considered more modern than the traditional style.
Fig. 8 Taneyan Lanjhang which has
more modern yet older aesthetic
We also found some older Taneyan Lanjhang which
has similar older aesthetic yet still considered modern.
The aesthetic is very different from the traditional
Taneyan Lanjhang. Usage of more colorful floor tiles
and more modern cement column style is present.
From this observation we hypothesized that the
aesthetic of Taneyan Lanjhang is very dynamic which
follow the trendy aesthetic in certain era.
b. Transformation of Material

Traditional Taneyan Lanjhang used traditional
materials which made from organic materials. Wood is
often used for structural or enclosure materials.
Wooden wall is used in the main wall of the Tongguh
and also the structural column or structure of the roof.
Wall made from the weaving of bamboo also used to
enclose the periphery wall of Kandhang, Langgar or
Dapor.
Fig. 10 Taneyan Lanjhang with brick and mortar
construction
The modern Taneyan Lanjhang abandoned organic
material in favor of more durable and readily available
materials such as brick, cement, or steel. Modern
Taneyan Lanjhang use brick and mortar construction.
Modern roof structure use hollow steel structure rather
than wooden structure. Usage of modern tiles for its
floor and wall ornament is also prevalent in modern
Taneyan Lanjhang
The availability of cheaper alternative to organic
material such of wood is one of factor of its
abandonment and its scarity. Also, durable materials
such as brick is considered superior and more modern
material than organic material such as wood or
bamboo.
c. Transformation of Function
Although the change in spatial layout is rare from
our field observation. We notice some Taneyan
Lanjhang house with some additional room function
or the change in the usage of the room which are
different from the traditional Taneyan Lanjhang.
Fig. 11 The adaptation of terrace for workspace
(blocked by screen)
In one of Taneyan Lanjhang we observed. We find
the change in the usage of the room in Tongghu
section of the house. In traditional house, the terrace
of Tongghu is used as domestic and social activities.
In mentioned Taneyan Lanjhang, the terrace of the
Tongghu I used for working space for the household
tailoring business. The addition of screen and sewing
machines is observed due to the need of the household
business
Fig. 12 Vacant Tongghu become household storage
In another house, the older Thonggu which is still
original (traditional) is used as tool shed and
household storage. The Tongghu is used to be
inhabited by the current owner parent and after they
passed away the Tongghu is vacant. The current owner
felt more comfortable living in more modern Tongghu
due to having brick wall rather than wooden and
bamboo wall. Brick wall is also more suitable for the
Air Conditioning installed in current owner bedroom.
In another example, we also observed the addition
of building mass used for general store owned by the
household. The addition of the store is relatively new
to support the economic activities of the household.
d. Transformation of Spatial Layou
Fig. 13 The absence of Kandhang in Taneyan
Lanjhang
The information we gathered from field
observations indicates slow changes in the relevance
of Kandhang. In more modern Taneyan Lanjhang
Kandhang is losing its relevance to the household,
many Kandhang we found empty and only used to
store household unused inventories rather than for
livestock and harvested stock. In certain Taneyan
Lanjhang, we found that Kandhang is erased
completely from complex. This change in spatial
layout is due to decreasing amount of Taneyan
Lanjhang owner which work as agriculture farmer.
Many owner choose another line of work, with
majority of them choose to work in more urban areas
nearby the cities.
The change also occurred due to necessity and land
scarcity. We find in one complex which has bigger
kitchen which located in unusual locations. This
change has to do with the family need for bigger
kitchen capacity for their business and they don’t have
enough land to extend the existing kitchen in the
direction traditional expansion direction.
 We also observe the change in how the occupant
use the space inside housing complex. The main
family occupy the room which traditionally reserved
for guest and the main bedroom are reserved for
storage.
4.3 Discussion
A. Vulnerable Aspect of Taneyan Lanjhang
1. Form and Aesthetic
The absence of interest in local and vernacular style
and aesthetics in Taneyan Lanjhang is very apparent
from our observations. This absence of interest
marked by change in cultural appreciation on
vernacular value aesthetic. Rapid urbanization which
often accelerated by Madura people tendency to left
Madura to work[10] is ripe condition for increasing
rate of information and cultural exchange in local
people communities. Taneyan Lanjhang suffers from
archaism which the image of vernacular is considered
image of backwardness and outdated way of living
[11]. The aestethic of original Taneyan Lanjhang
failed to convey the image of prestige the current
generation imagine. Maintenance also become the
obstacle for the adaptation of traditional aesthetic due
to the heavy use pf organic material such as wood.
Organic matrerial such as wood become very
expensive and harder to maintain. The scarcity of
skilled carpenter which specialized in Taneyan
Lanjhang also made the Taneyan Lanjhang harder to
maintain.
2. Spatial Function Relevancy
Taneyan Lanjhang is constructed by the
community of agricultural farmer. The function of its
room also follow the pattern and lifestyle of a farmer.
Urbanization brought change into the lifestyle of
villager of Alang - alang. More available of work
choice or possibilities affected to the amount of farmer
regeneration in each generation. Taneyan Lanjhang
needs to be modified or adapted to statisfy the modern
lifestyle requirement. This become an issue if the
adaptation has gone too far which eliminates unique
identity of Taneyan Lanjhang in the favour of
convinienc.
3. Abandonment of Taneyan Lanjhang
` Urbanization is causing significant upheaval in
the population and family dynamics of villages. In the
traditional setting, daughters typically assumed the
role of housewives, residing in the Taneyan Lanjhang
complex with their families. However, an increasing
number of young people, including women, are opting
to depart from their villages in pursuit of better
opportunities. Consequently, they are leaving their
Taneyan Lanjhang complexes behind, often in the care
of their aging parents. This shift in family structures
and the pervasive influence of urbanization is not only
reshaping housing patterns and architectural design
but also plays a pivotal role in the transformation and,
potentially, the diminishing of traditional vernacular
architectural styles in Indonesia [12]. The evolving
social landscape is altering the very essence of how
people live and the physical fabric of their
communities, presenting a challenge to the
preservation of Indonesia's rich architectural heritage.
B. Resilient Aspect of Taneyan Lanjhang
1. Spatial Layout
Spatial Layout of Taneyan Lanjhang is the most
apparent feature of the house complex. In all of our
data gathered all the house have the same layout, there
is still slight variation but all the house maintain the
same layout and spatial organization. Spatial layout
and orientation are deep rooted in religious value of
Islam[13]. This phenomenon could be understood
because the close relationship between Madura people
and Islam [13]. This practice is not just about
appreciating their heritage but also an expression of
their deep respect to Islam.
From a spatial perspective, Taneyan Lanjhang
presents a distinctive system that carefully balances
the degree of privacy within its layout. Remarkably,
nearly all activities conducted within the complex,
with the exception of those taking place in the
bedroom or bathroom, remain visible from any point
within the structure. This design characteristic
promotes a sense of openness and interconnectedness,
fostering a communal atmosphere where interactions
are facilitated and encouraged and yet still offer clear
boundary between each complex.
Spatial Layout of Taneyan Lanjhang are very
compatible with social nature of Madura people.
Unlike Javanese people which put more emphasize on
communality and social, Madura people are more
individualistic. A clear boundary between what is
inside and outside of a family is important for Madura
people and family is also important for Madura People
[10]. Taneyan Lanjhang offer degree of separation and
boundary between each family yet still offer very
social space for their family.
In stark contrast to the intricate and often
demanding expertise required for various other
vernacular architectural forms, the implementation of
Taneyan Lanjhang's spatial layout is notably simple
and straightforward. In fact, recreating the spatial
arrangement of Taneyan Lanjhang primarily involves
a straightforward orientation towards the west, making
it an accessible and easily replicable architectural
design. The uncomplicated nature of the layout and its
clear-cut rules simplifies the process of knowledge
transfer significantly.
2. Flexibile Potential of Courtyard
All of our Taneyan Lanjhang sample still preserves
the existence of courtyard. Even in the newest
building, the cental courtyard is still present. We see
this preservation of identity is related to the potential
of the courtyard to support the modern lofestyle. From
the study of chinese vernacular aechitecture, courtyard
is also well integrated into modern lifestyle [14].
5. Conclusions
The drive for coastal infrastructure development,
while undoubtedly fostering modernity and urban
growth, simultaneously threatens the existence of
traditional vernacular architecture. The juxtaposition
of these two forces underscores a complex challenge
that many regions around the world face today. The
allure of progress and economic development often
comes at the cost of losing the unique architectural
heritage that has shaped these coastal areas for
generations.
Over the course of its evolution, it becomes
abundantly clear that Taneyan Lanjhang has been
significantly influenced and transformed by the forces
of modernity. Taneyan Lanjhang, as an architectural
style, is engaged in a continuous struggle to preserve
its intrinsic essence and resist becoming obsolete in its
traditional form. In this pursuit, it grapples with the
challenge of aligning itself with the contemporary
society and lifestyle of the Madura people in the
region. However, it's through adaptation and
transformation that Taneyan Lanjhang not only
survives but also manages to secure its place amid the
waves of modernity sweeping across Bangkalan.
Remarkably, Taneyan Lanjhang's architectural
components possess a remarkable degree of flexibility
that allows for adaptation and transformation. This
inherent adaptability permits various modern
modifications to be integrated without erasing the core
identity of Taneyan Lanjhang. As a result, the distinct
identity of Taneyan Lanjhang remains visible and
safeguarded even in the face of contemporary
alterations.
The act of protecting and preserving the
architectural elements that are integral to Taneyan
Lanjhang's identity underscores the profound
commitment of the Madura people, particularly those
residing in Bangkalan, to safeguard their heritage and
maintain a deep respect for their cultural identity. This
dedication resonates with the unwavering
determination to ensure that their cultural heritage
endures the test of time and doesn't become a mere
relic of the past. In the face of the relentless march of
modernity, Taneyan Lanjhang serves as a resilient
emblem of cultural continuity, exemplifying the power
of adaptation and preservation in the preservation of
tradition and identity.
Balancing the need for modern infrastructure with
the preservation of vernacular architecture requires a
delicate and thoughtful approach. It is imperative that
communities, urban planners, and architects consider
the cultural and historical significance of these
architectural styles. By integrating modernity with the
preservation of traditional design elements, we can
create a harmonious coexistence that not only
accommodates the demands of the contemporary
world but also pays tribute to the rich architectural
legacy of these coastal regions.
Ultimately, the continued existence of traditional
vernacular architecture within the changing landscape
of coastal development is not just a matter of
aesthetics but also a reflection of the cultural identity
and historical continuity of these communities. It is
vital that we find ways to protect and celebrate these
architectural treasures, even as we embrace the
benefits of progress and coastal city development.
6. Acknowledgement
This paper is a culmination of efforts, graciously
submitted to the JST Sakura Science Program, under
the esteemed recommendation of Prof. Weijun Gao
Also thank you to Institute Technology of Sepuluh
Nopember to fund and support this research.
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