"Resilience and Transformation: The Impact of Coastal Infrastructure Development on

Taneyan Lanjhang in the Modernization of Bangkalan, Madura"

Tony Hermawan1, Nyoman Brianti Kusuma2, Rusyda Tamma Hidayat3 Shoki Sudo4 Didit Novianto5

1Undergraduate student, Department of Architecture, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember

21Undergraduate student, Department of Architecture, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember
3Research Assistant, Department of Architecture, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember
4Master student, Department of Architecture, Shibaura Institute of Technology
5Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember

Abstract
Development of coastal infrastructure in Madura bring rapid development in the city of Bangkalan.
Beetter road network and connectivity accelerates rate of urbanization and modernization from big urban cities to
nearby smaller cities [1]. Against the backdrop of city development, urbanization, and modernization of Bangkalan
lies threatened existence of Taneyan Lanjhang, vernacular architecture indigenous to the island of Madura. Under
the rate of modernization hidden force which could transform or even erase the existence of traditional value
including vernacular architecture. This paper try to put Taneyan Lanjhang in the context of Bangkalan development
and modernization. Using combination of qualitative literature review and quantitative field observation, this paper
try to understand the transformation of Taneyan Lanjhang through time. Taneyan Lanjhang transformation will shed
light to the vulnerable and resilient architectural aspect of Taneyan Lanjhang which are threatened to be transformed
or erased ny the wave of modernization of Bangkalan. This study hope to bring more understanding to the challenges
faced by Taneyan Lanjhang therefore more sustainable strategy of development will be implemented to protect the
existence of Taneyan Lanjhang.

Keywords: Taneyan Lanjhang, Bangkalan, Urbanization, Coastal Development, Vulnerability and Resilience

1. Introduction and its position within the Bangkalan Regency means it

1.1. Research Context
Bangkalan Regency, located on the western edge of
Madura Island in the East Java province of Indonesia, is
a region with a rich coastal heritage. While the regency
itself boasts a direct coastline along the Java Sea, its
influence extends beyond the immediate coastal areas,
impacting even those villages that are not directly on the
coast. One such village is Alang-Alang, situated in the
Tragah sub-district of Bangkalan. Though not directly
on the shoreline, Alang-Alang's proximity to the coast
is not immune to the broader maritime influences and
the wave of modernization sweeping the region.
in summary, even though Alang-Alang may not be
directly on the coastline, its connection to the coastal
heritage of Bangkalan Regency is significant. The
influence of the coast is evident in various aspects of the
village's life, including its economy, culture, and
traditions.

Contact Author: Didit Novianto, Department of Architecture,

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
Address Surabaya, Indonesia
Tel: +6281284377088 Fax: +62315996972
e-mail: didit.novianto@its.ac.id

Fig. 1 Map of Madura


Fig. 2 Map of Bangkalan
The construction of the Suramadu Bridge, the longest
in Indonesia, has intensified the interconnectedness of
the region, making places like Alang-Alang more
accessible and indirectly influencing their socio-
economic dynamics. With Bangkalan becoming a
primary gateway to Madura Island post the bridge's
inauguration, the ripple effects of coastal tourism,
marine activities, and modern infrastructure are felt
even in the hinterlands of the regency [2].
Madura Island, including areas like Alang-Alang, is
known for its unique housing style, Taneyan Lanjhang.
This traditional layout, deeply rooted in the island's
culture, might undergo transformations with the influx
of modern influences [3]
As Bangkalan navigates its path of modernization,
villages like Alang-Alang stand at a crossroads. While
they might benefit from the economic opportunities
brought about by increased accessibility and regional
development, there's also a need to preserve their
unique identity and traditions. The challenge lies in
ensuring that while Alang-Alang and similar villages
embrace the future, they do so without compromising
the essence of their past.
By focusing on Alang-Alang village in this manner,
you can delve deeper into the nuanced impacts of
coastal modernization on areas that are not directly on
the coast but are still influenced by their proximity and
regional dynamics. This approach allows for a more
localized and detailed exploration of the challenges and
opportunities faced by such villages in the wake of
broader regional development.
1.1. Taneyan Lanjhang
Taneyan Lanjhang are vernacular architecture
indegeneous to island of Madura. Taneyan Lanjhang
means Long Courtyard in local language. Central
courtyard are one of unique properties of this house.
The central courtyard served as the house complex
central axis with all the mass is organized and located
in reference to the courtyard. In one complex of
Taneyan Lanjhang there are 5 building masses with
each mass house one specific room. There are 2 mass
for bedroom, one mass for religious activity and kitchen,
one outdoor bathroom mass and one mass for livestock
coop. The detail of each mass will be explained in more
detailed manner in further chapter.
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Study Area
This study is conducted in the village of Alang –
alang which is located in subdistrict of Kragah in
Bangkalan regency. This village is chosen for the
sampling location due to its location in the Bangkalan.
This village is located in the middle region of
Bangkalan which is quite far from the center of
population of Bangkalan which is located in the coastal
area of Bangkalan. The existence of Taneyan Lanjhang
is still found in this village, Taneyan Lanjhang is found
scattered throughout the village. Due to its location,
Alang-alang village is not yet fully affected by the rapid
urbanization or modernization but still under the threat
of urbanization of the coastal area. [4]
2.2. Data collection
Field research is employed to study the properties of
Taneyan Lanjhang in closer detail. The field of
information is derived from field observation, interview
and field ]this sample is based on the age of the building,
aesthetic or architectural form and the material usage.
2.3. Comparative Studies
The baseline properties of Taneyan Lanjhang is
required for the comparison between the selected
sample. The baseline properties is formulated from the
oldest sample as the oldest is constructed before the
urbanization is prevalent in Bangkalan. The baseline
properties also compared with the literature studies.
The analysis of field information use quantitative
methods, this analysis will show the the transformation
of the sample from the baseline properties of Taneyan
Lanjhang. From this comparison is derived which
aspect of sample is changed or transformed from the
baseline properties. The frequency or the intensity of the
change in certain aspect throughout the sample will
determine which properties are vulnerable or resilient
from change. Qualitative study in the form of literature
study will be used to elaborate the factor behind the
change to further understand the transformation of
Taneyan Lanjhang.
3. Literature Study
3.1. The effect of coastal infrastructure and city
development and urbanization of Bangkalan
Coastal infrastructure of bangkalan has undergone Fig. 3 Spatial layout of Taneyan
significant development since the development of
preservation of vernacular architecture [8]. Which
Suramadu bridge. One of the key change from the
vernacular architecture is often undergoes significant
development of Suramadu bridge is connectivity of
alterations, transformations and in some cases relocated
Bangkalan to the nearby cities. The development of
forcibly during the process of urbanization [8].
road network amplify amount people movement from
a. Declined Interest in Vernacular Form
madura and to madura due to the ease and time
The declined interest of vernacular form in favour of
requirement needed for commuting between Madura
more modern form or aesthetics which caused by the
and Java [6]. The development of Suramadu bridge are
exchange of information which lead to changes in
inline with Eastern Java Province development plan
cultural value in rural area. The change of cultural value
which focuses on the growth of industrial based
create the notion that vernacular architecture are
economy and also the development of facilities in
architecture for the poor and increase interest in modern
Bangkalan. The development rate of bangkalan also due
architectural aesthetic which viewed as more elite [9].
to the close relationship and location with nearby
b. Abandonment of vernacular architecture.
metropolitan city of Surabaya.
Abandonment of verbacular architecture is
Another effect of road network development bring
phenomena caused by the shifting change in
by Suramadu bridge is urbanization. Suramadu bridge
demographics population in rural areas [10]. As
cut down the time required to travel to another city
younger populations leaving rural areas due to rapid rate
which used to rely on local ferry transportation [6].
of urbanization, maintaining vernacular architcture
Road network between Java and Madura allow form
become harder [10]. Lack of in inhabitation of
more rapid, frequent and massive migration of people
vernacular will leads to the irrelevance of venacular in
between two island. The increased of urbanization rate
modern context. Also without proper maintenance,
of bangkalan is also due to increased connectivity with
vernacular architecture will dissolve and along with it
Surabaya because the development and urbanization of
all the knowledge about that architecture also dissolve.
bigger city will diffuse to nearby smaller city [7].
Urbanization caused by the increased road network
4. Discussion and Result
conncectivity also could increase the modernization of
4.1 Baseline Properties of Taneyan Lanjhang
rural area. The new road to rural area will attract small
The fundamental essence of Taneyan
industry to open their business in rural area due to cheap
Lanjhang is rooted in a comprehensive framework
cost and open space which ultimately will increase
comprising three pivotal aspects: spatial layout and its
economic development of the rural area [7].
multifaceted application, the intricate architectural
3.2. Urbanization and its impact in Vernacular
configuration, significance within the communities it
Architecture of Bangkalan.
serves.
Urbanization is not limited to urban areas; it extends Table 1. Architectural aspect description
to rural regions as well, where both social and economic Architectural Aspect Description
development, along with infrastructure improvements, Spatial Layout Room layout of the house
have been taking place [1]. Growth will stimulate and function of each room
change in socio-economic conditions in rural areas this
include challenge to indigenous vernacular architecture Aesthetic of Architectural Aesthetic of roof, wall
Form and detail.
in the area.
Urbanization poses a significant threat to the
 Table 2. Taneyan Lanjhang Building Element and Description
No Element Plan Description
1 • According to local culture if
new household is added to the
family, parent built another
mass nest to their tongghu.
• The sequence of Tongghu
expansion start from west to
east, from the parent, eldest
and youngest daughter
• Tongghu consist of the master
Tongghu bedroom of Taneyan
Lanjhang and girls house

2 • Langgar are the sacred

space used for religious
activity of the household
• Langgar always facing
the west direction which
is direction of qibla

Langgar

3
• Daphor or Dapur is used
for domestic activities such
as cooking or eating
• Daphor is located next to
Langgar

Daphor

4 • Kandhang are used to

house livestock such as
cow
Kandhang also used to
store farming equipment

Kandhang
 5 • Taneyan are the main
aspect of Taneyan
Lanjhang
• Taneyan means central
courtyard in local
language use for outdoor
activity
Taneyan

6 • The separation of toilet

and bathroom is based on
Islamic custom which
considered toilet as dirty
space which is unfit for
ablution ritual
• Located outdoors to
protect privacy of
Tongghu, to prevent
guest from entering the
Tongghu based on
Islamic custom (#Ref
Outdoor Bathroom setiani)

with each prism often corresponding to a room within

4.2 Finding the structure.
a. Transformation of Form and Aesthetic Fig. 5 Traditional details of Taneyan Lanjhang
Another aesthetic aspect which found in traditional

Taneyan Lanjhang is lies on the detail of the wooden

wall and detail.
Fig. 4 Traditional roof style of Taneyan Lanjhang

The transformation of the form and aesthetic of

Taneyan Lanjhang, particularly in its roof style, is a
distinctive feature that sets it apart from other
architectural styles. The Taneyan Lanjhang roof has a
unique twin prism shape. The number of prisms in the
roof depends on the number of rooms in the Tongghuh.
The twin prism shape of the roof is not only
aesthetically pleasing but also serves functional and
Fig. 6 Tongghu mass which has
cultural purposes. It's an architectural feature that has
more modern roof consruction
evolved over time and carries significance within the
One of the examples of form and aesthetic
Taneyan culture. The number of prisms in the roof
transformations is in the transformation of roof style
typically reflects the size and layout of the building,
and form. In many modern Taneyan Lanjhang used
more modern style and form, modern style of roof use
Fig. 7 Taneyan Lanjhang which has more
modern aesthetic
simple gable roof.
On the example shown above, it is very visible that
façade style and details undergone very distinct change
from the traditional style. The usage of detail such as
Corinthian-like style of column and Classical Greek
inspired architecture style. According to statement
gathered from many owner of this style of house. This
style of Taneyan Lanjhang is a symbol of the owner
prosperity and wealt and this new style is also
considered more modern than the traditional style.
Fig. 8 Taneyan Lanjhang which has more
modern yet older aesthetic
We also found some older Taneyan Lanjhang which
has similar older aesthetic yet still considered modern.
The aesthetic is very different from the traditional
Taneyan Lanjhang. Usage of more colorful floor tiles
and more modern cement column style is present. From
this observation we hypothesized that the aesthetic of
Taneyan Lanjhang is very dynamic which follow the
trendy aesthetic in certain era.
b. Transformation of Material
Fig. 9 Traditional Taneyan Lanjhang
which still use traditional materials
Traditional Taneyan Lanjhang used traditional
materials which made from organic materials. Wood is
often used for structural or enclosure materials.
Wooden wall is used in the main wall of the Tongguh
and also the structural column or structure of the roof.
Wall made from the weaving of bamboo also used to
enclose the periphery wall of Kandhang, Langgar or
Dapor.
Fig. 9 Taneyan Lanjhang which has more modern yet
older aesthetic
The modern Taneyan Lanjhang abandoned
organic material in favor of more durable and readily
available materials such as brick, cement, or steel.
Modern Taneyan Lanjhang use brick and mortar
construction. Modern roof structure use hollow steel
structure rather than wooden structure. Usage of
modern tiles for its floor and wall ornament is also
prevalent in modern Taneyan Lanjhang
The availability of cheaper alternative to organic
material such of wood is one of factor of its
abandonment and its scarity. Also, durable materials
such as brick is considered superior and more modern
material than organic material such as wood or bamboo.
c. Transformation of Function
 Although the change in spatial layout is rare from
our field observation. We notice some Taneyan
Lanjhang house with some additional room function or
the change in the usage of the room which are different
from the traditional Taneyan Lanjhang.
Fig. 11 The adaptation of terrace for workspace
(blocked by screen)
In one of Taneyan Lanjhang we observed. We find
the change in the usage of the room in Tongghu section
of the house. In traditional house, the terrace of
Tongghu is used as domestic and social activities. In
mentioned Taneyan Lanjhang, the terrace of the
Tongghu I used for working space for the household
tailoring business. The addition of screen and sewing
machines is observed due to the need of the household
business
Fig. 12 Vacant Tongghu become household storage
In another house, the older Thonggu which is still
original (traditional) is used as tool shed and household
storage. The Tongghu is used to be inhabited by the
current owner parent and after they passed away the
Tongghu is vacant. The current owner felt more
comfortable living in more modern Tongghu due to
having brick wall rather than wooden and bamboo wall.
Brick wall is also more suitable for the Air
Conditioning installed in current owner bedroom.
In another example, we also observed the addition
of building mass used for general store owned by the
household. The addition of the store is relatively new
to support the economic activities of the household.
d. Transformation of Spatial Layout
Fig. 13 The absence of Kandhang in Taneyan
Lanjhang
The information we gathered from field
observations indicates slow changes in the relevance of
Kandhang. In more modern Taneyan Lanjhang
Kandhang is losing its relevance to the household,
many Kandhang we found empty and only used to store
household unused inventories rather than for livestock
and harvested stock. In certain Taneyan Lanjhang, we
found that Kandhang is erased completely from
complex. This change in spatial layout is due to
decreasing amount of Taneyan Lanjhang owner which
work as agriculture farmer. Many owner choose
another line of work, with majority of them choose to
work in more urban areas nearby the cities.
The change also occurred due to necessity and
land scarcity. We find in one complex which has bigger
kitchen which located in unusual locations. This change
has to do with the family need for bigger kitchen
capacity for their business and they don’t have enough
land to extend the existing kitchen in the direction
traditional expansion direction.
We also observe the change in how the occupant
use the space inside housing complex. The main family
occupy the room which traditionally reserved for guest
and the main bedroom are reserved for storage.
4.3 Discussion
A. Vulnerable Aspect of Taneyan Lanjhang
1. Form and Aesthetic
The absence of interest in local and vernacular style
and aesthetics in Taneyan Lanjhang is very apparent
from our observations. This absence of interest marked
by change in cultural appreciation on vernacular value
aesthetic. Rapid urbanization which often accelerated
by Madura people tendency to left Madura to work[11]
is ripe condition for increasing rate of information and
cultural exchange in local people communities.
Taneyan Lanjhang suffers from archaism which the
image of vernacular is considered image of
backwardness and outdated way of living [12]. The
aestethic of original Taneyan Lanjhang failed to convey
the image of prestige the current generation imagine.
Maintenance also become the obstacle for the
adaptation of traditional aesthetic due to the heavy use
pf organic material such as wood. Organic matrerial
such as wood become very expensive and harder to
maintain. The scarcity of skilled carpenter which
specialized in Taneyan Lanjhang also made the
Taneyan Lanjhang harder to maintain.
2. Spatial Function Relevancy
Taneyan Lanjhang is constructed by the community
of agricultural farmer. The function of its room also
follow the pattern and lifestyle of a farmer.
Urbanization brought change into the lifestyle of
villager of Alang - alang. More available of work
choice or possibilities affected to the amount of farmer
regeneration in each generation. Taneyan Lanjhang
needs to be modified or adapted to statisfy the modern
lifestyle requirement. This become an issue if the
adaptation has gone too far which eliminates unique
identity of Taneyan Lanjhang in the favour of
convinienc.
3. Abandonment of Taneyan Lanjhang
` Urbanization is causing significant upheaval in the
population and family dynamics of villages. In the
traditional setting, daughters typically assumed the role
of housewives, residing in the Taneyan Lanjhang
complex with their families. However, an increasing
number of young people, including women, are opting
to depart from their villages in pursuit of better
opportunities. Consequently, they are leaving their
Taneyan Lanjhang complexes behind, often in the care
of their aging parents. This shift in family structures
and the pervasive influence of urbanization is not only
reshaping housing patterns and architectural design but
also plays a pivotal role in the transformation and,
potentially, the diminishing of traditional vernacular
architectural styles in Indonesia [13]. The evolving
social landscape is altering the very essence of how
people live and the physical fabric of their communities,
presenting a challenge to the preservation of
Indonesia's rich architectural heritage.
B. Resilient Aspect of Taneyan Lanjhang
1. Spatial Layout
Spatial Layout of Taneyan Lanjhang is the most
apparent feature of the house complex. In all of our data
gathered all the house have the same layout, there is
still slight variation but all the house maintain the same
layout and spatial organization. Spatial layout and
orientation are deep rooted in religious value of
Islam[14]. This phenomenon could be understood
because the close relationship between Madura people
and Islam [14]. This practice is not just about
appreciating their heritage but also an expression of
their deep respect to Islam.
From a spatial perspective, Taneyan Lanjhang
presents a distinctive system that carefully balances the
degree of privacy within its layout. Remarkably, nearly
all activities conducted within the complex, with the
exception of those taking place in the bedroom or
bathroom, remain visible from any point within the
structure. This design characteristic promotes a sense
of openness and interconnectedness, fostering a
communal atmosphere where interactions are
facilitated and encouraged.
Paradoxically, the mass configuration of Taneyan
Lanjhang still manages to provide a degree of privacy
from external observers. The layout effectively shields
the interior from prying eyes and external scrutiny,
creating a protective envelope that maintains a level of
seclusion and security. This duality in the architectural
design, where internal activities are observable yet
external privacy is preserved, underscores the ingenuity
of Taneyan Lanjhang's spatial organization. It
successfully strikes a harmonious balance between
community engagement and individual privacy,
offering a unique and versatile environment that
accommodates the needs of its occupants. This nuanced
approach to spatial design exemplifies the richness and
thoughtfulness inherent in traditional Indonesian
architecture.
Spatial Layout of Taneyan Lanjhang are very
compatible with social nature of Madura people.
Unlike Javanese people which put more emphasize on
communality and social, Madura people are more
individualistic. A clear boundary between what is
inside and outside of a family is important for Madura
people and family is also important for Madura People
[11]. Taneyan Lanjhang offer degree of separation and
boundary between each family yet still offer very social
space for their family.
In stark contrast to the intricate and often demanding
expertise required for various other vernacular
architectural forms, the implementation of Taneyan
Lanjhang's spatial layout is notably simple and
straightforward. In fact, recreating the spatial
arrangement of Taneyan Lanjhang primarily involves a
straightforward orientation towards the west, making it
an accessible and easily replicable architectural design.
The uncomplicated nature of the layout and its clear-
cut rules simplifies the process of knowledge transfer
significantly.
This simplicity not only enhances the ease with
which individuals can grasp and replicate the
architectural style but also contributes to its widespread
adoption and preservation. The straightforward spatial
design of Taneyan Lanjhang, coupled with its
uncomplicated rules, serves as a model for how
traditional architectural knowledge can be effectively
conveyed from one generation to the next. It
emphasizes the accessibility and adaptability of this
architectural heritage, enabling it to continue thriving
and evolving in the face of changing times and needs.
2. Flexibility Potential of Courtyard
All of our Taneyan Lanjhang sample still preserves
the existence of courtyard. Even in the newest building,
the cental courtyard is still present. We see this
preservation of identity is related to the potential of the
courtyard to support the modern lofestyle. From the
study of chinese vernacular aechitecture, courtyard is
also well integrated into modern lifestyle [15].
In the present context, the architectural layout of
Taneyan Lanjhang, distinguished by its central
courtyard, serves as a remarkable testament to the
insightful design principles inherent in this traditional
structure. The courtyard, being a defining feature, not
only facilitates the ingress of copious natural light and
ventilation but also encapsulates a built-in versatility.
This malleability gains particular prominence when
considered within the context of modern requisites, as
the courtyard can be repurposed to fulfill an array of
functions.
This adaptability is of paramount importance, as it
underscores the courtyard's ability to harmoniously
coexist with the demands of the contemporary world
while preserving its rich historical legacy. It can
seamlessly transform into a communal space for
gatherings, a lush and serene oasis amidst the bustling
urban landscape, or a vibrant hub for a diverse array of
activities. Thus, the courtyard within Taneyan
Lanjhang's architectural design stands as a compelling
example of how tradition and innovation can converge
to address the ever-evolving needs of society, ensuring
the preservation of its invaluable heritage while
catering to the dynamic and multifaceted requirements
of the modern era. This exemplifies the timeless
relevance and adaptability of this architectural gem,
bridging the past and the present in a harmonious and
functional way.
5. Conclusions
The drive for coastal infrastructure development,
while undoubtedly fostering modernity and urban
growth, simultaneously threatens the existence of
traditional vernacular architecture. The juxtaposition of
these two forces underscores a complex challenge that
many regions around the world face today. The allure
of progress and economic development often comes at
the cost of losing the unique architectural heritage that
has shaped these coastal areas for generations.
Over the course of its evolution, it becomes
abundantly clear that Taneyan Lanjhang has been
significantly influenced and transformed by the forces
of modernity. Taneyan Lanjhang, as an architectural
style, is engaged in a continuous struggle to preserve its
intrinsic essence and resist becoming obsolete in its
traditional form. In this pursuit, it grapples with the
challenge of aligning itself with the contemporary
society and lifestyle of the Madura people in the region.
However, it's through adaptation and transformation
that Taneyan Lanjhang not only survives but also
manages to secure its place amid the waves of
modernity sweeping across Bangkalan.
Remarkably, Taneyan Lanjhang's
architectural components possess a remarkable degree
of flexibility that allows for adaptation and
transformation. This inherent adaptability permits
various modern modifications to be integrated without
erasing the core identity of Taneyan Lanjhang. As a
result, the distinct identity of Taneyan Lanjhang
remains visible and safeguarded even in the face of
contemporary alterations.
The act of protecting and preserving the
architectural elements that are integral to Taneyan
Lanjhang's identity underscores the profound
commitment of the Madura people, particularly those
residing in Bangkalan, to safeguard their heritage and
maintain a deep respect for their cultural identity. This
dedication resonates with the unwavering
determination to ensure that their cultural heritage
endures the test of time and doesn't become a mere relic
of the past. In the face of the relentless march of
modernity, Taneyan Lanjhang serves as a resilient
emblem of cultural continuity, exemplifying the power
of adaptation and preservation in the preservation of
tradition and identity.
Balancing the need for modern infrastructure with
the preservation of vernacular architecture requires a
delicate and thoughtful approach. It is imperative that
communities, urban planners, and architects consider
the cultural and historical significance of these
architectural styles. By integrating modernity with the
preservation of traditional design elements, we can
create a harmonious coexistence that not only
accommodates the demands of the contemporary world
but also pays tribute to the rich architectural legacy of
these coastal regions.
Ultimately, the continued existence of traditional
vernacular architecture within the changing landscape
of coastal development is not just a matter of aesthetics
but also a reflection of the cultural identity and
historical continuity of these communities. It is vital
that we find ways to protect and celebrate these
architectural treasures, even as we embrace the benefits
of progress and coastal city development.
6. Acknowledgement
This paper is a culmination of efforts, graciously
submitted to the JST Sakura Science Program, under
the esteemed recommendation of Prof. Weijun Gao
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