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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following physics project on FULL WAVE

RECTIFIER for
All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSE) 2023-
2024 original and authentic work of :-

NAME:-Ashit Lal Nag

CLASS: - XII – B

Of Pitts Modern School, Gomia

Roll No:-

To the best of my knowledge and has been satisfactorily done and

submitted under my supervision.

SUBJECT TEACHER EXAMINER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-

I would like to thank my school Pitts Modern

School, Gomia for giving me an opportunity to
carry out this project. I have learnt a lot in this
process and hope that the knowledge I have
gained will be helpful in future.

With great pleasure I would like to express my

deep sense of gratitude towards my parents for
their immense support and guidance. They
have helped me throughout. I would like to
thank both Mrs. VANDANA THAKUR for guiding
me on step by step basis and ensuring that I
completed all my experiments with ease.

I would be failing in my duty if I do not thank

my classmates for their creative and useful
ideas that I have tried to implement in this
project.

Last but not the least I am indebted to internet

sources such as Google, Wikipedia and many
more without which my project would not have
been complete.
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INDEX

➢ AIM
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ THEORYINVOLVED
➢ CIRCUITDIAGRAM
➢ WORKING
➢ OBSERVATION
➢ BIBLIOGRAPHY
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AIM

To construct a full wave

rectifier and show that the
Alternating Components are
rectified into a direct
current.
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INTRODUCTION:-

A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify all the

alternating current components in an alternating supply and make
it purely a direct current. The two alternating halves of an
alternation current are rectified in a full wave rectifier which is an
advantage over a half wave rectifier. Most electronic devices
cannot withstand very high voltage or alternating current due to its
intense high power. The use of batteries in all devices is not
practical as their replacement and durability is a huge problem as
the device has to be dismantled each time for such a replacement.
So these rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices like
TV’s, Radios, Chargers, and Lightings etc. There are several stages
in a rectifier. Based on their rectification they are classified into
two. The single staged & multi staged.
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In the multi staged rectifiers, more than two diodes are used and
these are used in the above-mentioned devices. The singled staged
rectifier has only 2diodes, the one we are to discuss in this project.
The multi diode rectifier has only 2 diodes, the one we are to
discuss in this project. The multi diode rectifiers has an efficiency
~94.6% while that of the single is only 81.2%
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THEORY INVOLVED:-

The input transformer steps down the A.C mains from 230V
(nominal) to 6V between the center tap and either of the twoends
of the secondary winding. The transformer has a capability of
delivering a current of 500 mA. The 6V A.C appearing across the
secondary is the RMS value of the wave form and peak value
Would be 6 2 8.4volts. The diodes rectify the A.C wave form
appearing across the secondary with the help of alternate forward
and reverse biasing. The capacitor further filters 99% of the
resident components and this is let to pass through the resistance
and emerges out as +ve and –ve. The bulb connected verifies the
output as it works on Direct Current and if used on an Alternating
Current, the fluctuation will burn out the bulb.
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Materials required in the construction:-

Connecting wires, a plug, single lead wire - 2m, 3 – nuts & Bolts
of 2 to 3 cm length, Circuit board of mica, a small box to place the
model, a transformer, A capacitor, A Resistor (1 K  ), P-N junction
diodes, Insulation tape, Blades, soldering wax, soldering lead,
soldering iron & sand paper.

Details of the materials used

i) Connecting wires and a plugA normal insulatedcopper

wire able to withstand 230 – 250 v is required.

ii) Single lead wireThin wire with one single strand of

copper well Insulated and able to conduct a current of 1
ampere or a D.C current efficiently.

iii) A circuit boardA normal board of mica facilitated with

clips to simplify the connection.

iv) Nuts and boltIn order to fix the board & transformer
firmly.Size2 – 3 cm.
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v) Soldering wax & leadThe wires are to be soldered

firmly to make the connection tight so for this a thin lead
wire is required to affix the connections and wax to make the
lead to hold on when soldered.

vi) A small boxTo place the equipments safely.

vii) A bulbTo test the output voltage whether Direct or not.

Specification2.2 –6 v it will get burnt on

application of A.C.

viii) A6-0-6 transformer

Transformer is a device used to change the voltage of an

alternating current. The transformer which converts low voltage
to high voltage is called a step up transformer whereas the one
which converts high voltage to low voltage is called a step down
transformer. It consists of a laminated core consisting of two
coils, a primary & a secondary coil. In a step up the number of
turns in the secondary is greater than that of the primary and the
reverse in a step down transformer. Here we use a step down
transformer which steps down 230V to 6V between the
secondary terminals and the center tap.

ix) A CAPACITOR
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The ability of a metal to store electric charges measures the

capacitances of a conductor. It provides high impedance to
Alternating Current and stores them while all the D.C
components are let to pass. There are different types of
capacitors –

a) PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

b) SPHERICAL CAPACITOR
c) CYLINDRICAL CAPACITOR

Here we deal with a Cylindrical Capacitor. It consists of two

coaxial conducting cylindrical shells.

It does not dissipate any power & the energy stored in it equal to
½ CV2. In a capacitor Voltage does not change instantaneously. It
leads current & voltage by an angle different of 900.

Thecapacitorcanbeconnectedin2ways
1) In Series=
1 1 1 1 
  ..... 
C C1 C2 C3 
&
2) In Parallel=
(C=C1 +C2+C3 ……)

Here we use capacitor of 1000F & 25v.

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x) A Resistor

A resistor is an electronic component whose resistance value

tells us about the opposition it offers to the flow of electric
current. Resistance is measured in ohms ().

Resistancecanbeconnectedin2ways– In

series,
R=(R1+R2+R3 …..)
&
In Parallel
 1 1 
  1 1 ..... 
R
R1 R2 R3 

xi) P-N junction Diodes

When one side of a semiconductor crystal (Germanium or

silicon) is doped with acceptor impurity atoms and the other
side with donor impurity atoms a P-N junction is formed. It is
also called a semiconductor or crystal diode. When diffusion of
the two regions occurs a resultant potential barrier is created
between the two sides due to migration of electrons and holes.

When the diode is connected with P side to positive terminal of

a battery & N side to–ve terminal it is said to be forward biased
& reverse biased when reversed. In forward biasing the applied
positive potential repels the holes and turns a current is made to
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Flow overcoming the internal potential Barrier. While in reverse

biasing the –ve electrons 1st attract the holes and widen the
Barrier and then only the repulsion between the inner electrons
occur and current flows. So theoretically no current flows
through due to the widening of the Potential barrier but
practically a very small current does flows through.

Different types of diodes are present–

1. Zener diode
2. P-N junction diode
3. LED
4. LAD
5. Solar cell

Here we use a P-N junction diode. The grayish ring indicated

the N side and the Black coloration the P side.

xii) Finally, small equipments such as a soldering iron to

solder the lead, Blades, holders, insulation tapes – to
insulate the wire from shocking and sand paper – to rub
the oxidized wire ends are used.
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CIRCUITDIAGRAM:-

Connection details:

Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is given to

both the input wires of the transformer and the two ends of the
secondary coil is given to the P side of the two diodes and the N side
of the diodes are twined and then connected to one end of the
capacitor and the other end to the center tap lead and to the resistor.
Further, the other end of capacitor with the diode connection is
connected to the other end of the resistor. Connect 2 leads on both the
ends of the resistor to measure the output and this is connected to the
+ve & -ve terminals of the bulb.
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WORKING:-

1st when the A.C. is supplied to the transformer, it steps down the
230Vmain supply to6volts. It has a capability of delivering a current
of 500mA.The 6 volts A.C. appearing across the secondary is the
RMS value and the peak value is 62 =8.4volts. During the 1st
Half cycle of the A.C. input Diode D1 is forward biased and a current
‘I’ flows in the circuit in the direction S1D1ABEOS1. During this
time diode D2 is reverse biased. So it does not conduct any electric
current. During the next half cycle the diode D2 is forward and D1 is
reversed. Hence D2 conducts current in the direction S2D2ABEOS2
and D1 does not conduct any current. In subsequent half cycle so the
A.C current the above processes are repeated. In both the half cycles it
is clear that current flows through the resistor in only one direction
ABE. Even though the voltage across RL is unidirectional it will still
contain a few A.C components. This is filtered and made smooth
using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the A.C current. A resistor is
the used to adjust the output voltage .We can then test the o/p Voltage
using a multi-meter.

Efficiency of Rectification-

= D.C power output

Total A.C input
power

For a half wave rectifier, ~0.406=40.6%

For a full wave rectifier, the one used here is~0.812=81.2%
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By the use of more number of diodes the efficiency can be increase to

a maximum of 94.6%. Here we only use 2 diodes. The use of multiple
capacitors also nearly filters all A.C components from the supply and
resistance is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple
circuit, only one capacitor and a resistance is being used. But there
will be slight factor of A.C. current still left in the output but it is
negligible.

RECTIFIED VOLTAGE
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OBSERVATION:

Capacitance(C)(F) Resistance(R)(K  ) Output Voltage(DC)

1000 580 15.03
1000 259.6 13.51
1000 661.6 14.69
1000 563.6 14.68

Result:

A full Wave rectifier is constructed & output voltage for different

output resistance is measured and tabulated.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY:-

1)www.google.com

2)www.wikipedia.com

3)Ncert text book for class XII

4)Comprehensive practical book for

class XII