Pre-lab

Dr. Nermine Nosseir

PhD, Anatomy & Embryology
MSc, Leadership In Health Profession Education
 The Skeleton (I)
By the end of this lab student should be able to:
- Classify bone according to :
• shape,
• structure
• development.

- Classify the skeleton into axial and appendicular

- Identify bones of the upper and lower limb.

- Identify bones of the axial skeleton

Skeleton system is divided into:

1- Axial skeleton

II- Appendicular skeleton

• Forms the
longitudinal part
of the body
• Divided into three
parts
• Skull
• Vertebral
Column
• Rib Cage
I - THE AXIAL SKELETON;
It includes the skull, hyoid bone,
vertebral column, ribs and the
sternum.
A) The skull: consists of cranium
& mandible

B) The vertebral column: consists

of 33 vertebrae

C) The ribs: 12 pairs of ribs &

costal cartilage.

D ) The sternum: part of thoracic

cage
The vertebrae are arranged
into 5 regions:
1) Cervical (7).

2) Thoracic (12).

3) Lumbar (5).

4) Sacral (five fused vertebrae

forming the sacrum).

5) Coccygeal (2- 4 vertebrae

forming the coccyx).
II- The Appendicular
skeleton:
It includes
a- The bones of the upper
limb and shoulder girdle
b- The bones of lower limb
and pelvic girdle.
- The shoulder girdle is
formed of clavicle & scapula.
Clavicle articulates with the
sternum.
-The pelvic girdle formed of
hip bones which articulate
with sacrum
Bones of the upper limb
Humerus (bone of the arm)
a- Radius, b- Ulna.
(Bones of forearm).
(Bones of the hand).
Carpals:
8 short bones.
Metacarpals:
They are 5 elongated bones,
numbered one to five from lateral
to medial.
Phalanges:
They are 3 in each finger, except
the thumb which has 2 phalanges
Bones of the lower limb
Femur (bone of the thigh)
a- Tibia, b- Fibula.
(Bones of leg)
(Bones of the foot). .
Tarsals:
7 short bones.
Metatarsals:
They are 5 elongated bones,
numbered from medial to lateral.
Phalanges:
they are 3 in each toe, except the big
toe which has 2 phalanges
 Classification of bones according to shape

1- Long

2- Short
Carpal and Tarsal

3- Flat
scapula, sternum, skull cap (vault) for protection

4- Irregular
Vertebrae , hip bone & some bones of skull
 Long Bone
• They have two ends (epiphysis).

• The shaft (diaphysis) contains a bone

marrow cavity.
• A plate or disc of cartilage
(epiphyseal plate) lies between the
diaphysis and epiphysis from which
new bone is formed and will cause
growth of bone in length.
• The part of diaphysis nearest to the
epiphysis is known as metaphysis
Classification of bones according to development
1) Membranous bones:
They develop in a membrane of
connective tissue e.g. bones of
the vault of the skull, and the
shaft clavicle (except its sternal
and acromial ends).

2) Cartilaginous bones:
They develop in a cartilage
model, and then are replaced by
bone.
e.g. long bones of limbs
and vertebral column.
 Classification of bones according to structure
1)Compact bones:
Hard, dense, ivory like and
usually present on the surface
of the bones.

2) Cancellous (spongy)
bones:
It consists of irregular
trabeculae with visible spaces
that form a spongy network
usually present inside most of
the bones.
THANK YOU