LWR 0009-12

Life and Works of Rizal

First Semester A.Y 2023-2024

Rizal’s Essays, Poems, and other Literary Works

Presented by:

BAYANG, Kimberly Marie

CORREA, Samantha R.

MALAZZAB, Javis Makie D.

TRINIDAD, Jomelyn B.

BSN 3-7 (GROUP 10)

Presented to:

Prof. Mark James B. Lota

9 December 2023

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 OUTLINE & TASK DISTRIBUTION

The discussion of the following topics will cover:

● When and where the literary works were written;
● Brief explanation and analysis;
● Essential part of the literary work with explanation; and,
● Implication to the current situation of the Philippines.

TOPICS MEMBER ASSIGNED

Articles and Essays (10) BAYANG, Kimberly Marie

● "El Amor Patrio" (The Love of
Country)
● "Come se gobiernan las Filipinas"
(Governing the Philippine islands)
● "Sa Mga Kababayan" (To My
Countrymen)
● "A La Defensa" (To La Defensa)
● "Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Tao" (The
Rights Of Man)
● "La Instruccion" (The Town Schools
in the Philippines)
● "The Philippines as a Spanish
Colony"
● "Constitution of La Liga Filipina"

● "La Vision Del Fray Rodriguez" MALAZZAB, Javis Makie D.

(The Vision of Fr. Rodriguez)
● “Manifesto to Some Filipinos”

Historical Commentaries (3)

● Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The
Philippines A Century Hence)
● Sobre La Indolencia De Los
Filipinas (The Indolence of the
Filipino)
● Manila en el mes Diciembre, 1872
(Manila in the Month of December,
1872)

Letters and Petitions (3)

● Tribute to Blumentritt (written on
the day of Rizal's execution)
● Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos

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 (To the Young Women of Malolos)
● Rizal's Letters (composed of
correspondence to Father Pablo
Pastells, his brother Paciano, and
other activists)

Speeches and Petitions (4) TRINIDAD, Jomelyn B.

● In honor of two Filipino painters,
Rizal's toast to Luna and Hidalgo
● Rizal's speech delivered at Cafe
Habanero
● Petition of the town of Calamba
● Order of the Marquis of Malinta

Poems (6)
● "Farewell to 1883"
● "Por la Educación Recibe Lustre la
Patria" (Through Education Is the
Nation Glorified)
● "Sa Aking mga Kabata" (To My
Fellow Youth)
● "Mi último adiós" (My Last
Farewell)
● "Goodbye to Leonor"

● "Himno Al Trabajo" (Dalit sa CORREA, Samantha R.

Paggawa; Hymn to Labor)

Plays (4)
● El Consejo de los Dioses (The
Council of the Gods)
● Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)
● San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint
Eustache, the martyr)
● Por Telefono (By Phone)

Musical Compositions (3)

● Kundiman ni Rizal
● Alin Mang Lahi
● Leonor

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 ARTICLES AND ESSAYS

"El Amor Patrio" (The Love of Country)

● El Amor Patrio (Love of Country) was penned in the first months he was overseas in
1882. It appeared in Diariong Filipino in Manila under the pseudonym Laong Laan on
20 August 1882. It was his first published work, and in many ways, spelled out what
he hoped and prayed for what would be the Philippines Jun 26, 2010
○ The work was sent to Basilio Teodoro, managing editor of Diariong Filipino, a
bilingual newspaper in the Philippines.
○ The article was initially published in the 20 August 1882 issue of Diariong
Filipino.
● "El Amor Patrio" is an essay expressing Rizal's intense feelings for his homeland.
○ Rizal wrote it at the age of twenty, early in his literary career.
○ The essay reflects Rizal's oratorical style, influenced by the Latin authors he
studied at the Ateneo.
○ The piece focuses on the political reality of the Philippines, emphasizing the
need to defend the fatherland even at the cost of life.
○ It also carries a religious dimension, with references to Jesus Christ as a model
for love of the fatherland.
● The essential part of "El Amor Patrio" lies in Rizal's passionate expression of love and
devotion to the Philippines.
○ The essay emphasizes the political and patriotic aspects of this love, urging
people to defend the country at all costs.
○ The religious dimension is evident, drawing parallels between the sacrifice of
Christ and the love for the fatherland.
○ Rizal's oratorical style, learned during his time at the Ateneo, contributes to
the intensity of the piece.
● It enduring and deep-seated love for the homeland among Filipinos.
○ It emphasizes the importance of defending the country and echoes a call for
unity.
○ Rizal's plea for a peaceful and productive path of progress, guided by science,
remains relevant.
○ The essay serves as a significant contribution to Filipino national
consciousness, promoting a sense of identity and shared responsibility.

"Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine Islands)

● Jose Rizal's article that was published in La Solidaridad on December 15, 1890, which
was entitled "Como Se Gobiernan Las Filipinas" (How One Governs in the
Philippines), "the causes of which the misgovernment and the slow death of the
country are attributed depend on who studies them."
● The article is a critical commentary on the governance of the Philippines during the
colonial period.

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 ○ It highlights concerns about the country's administration, attributing its issues
to a variety of factors, including the Colonial Ministry, the Captain General,
and the influence of different factions.
○ The author criticizes the lack of understanding and engagement by those in
power with the actual conditions and needs of the Philippines.
○ The tone is satirical and critical, exposing the perceived flaws in the colonial
government.
● The key aspect of the literary work lies in its critique of the colonial government
structure, particularly the roles of the Colonial Ministry and the Captain General.
○ It emphasizes the lack of qualifications, understanding, and responsibility in
the individuals occupying high positions of power in the Philippines.
○ The argument centers on the inherent problems in the governance system,
attributing the issues to the military-centric approach and political
maneuvering.

"Sa Mga Kababayan" (To My Countrymen)

● Another proclamation, entitled“Sa Mga Kababayan”(To my Countrymen) was written
in December 1891 explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
○ The editorial titled "Sa mga kababayan" was written for the sole issue of
"Kalayaan."
○ The context suggests that it was written during a period of Filipino struggle
against Spanish rule.
● The editorial expresses sentiments of disillusionment with Spanish rule in the
Philippines.
○ It critiques the perceived failures of La Solidaridad, a publication that worked
for Filipino rights, and highlights the unfulfilled promises and suffering of the
Filipino people.
○ The piece emphasizes a shift in perspective, urging Filipinos to take charge of
their destiny rather than relying on Spain for prosperity.
○ The tone is one of frustration and a call to action, encouraging a departure
from constant supplication and a move towards self-reliance and
empowerment.
● A crucial part of the editorial is the shift in perspective, where the author, likely
Marcelo H. del Pilar through Emilio Jacinto, challenges the idea of relying on Spain
for prosperity.
○ The excerpt emphasizes the weariness of constant supplication and the
realization that Filipinos must act on their own to achieve their welfare.
○ It points out the deception in the phrase "Mother Spain," portraying it as a
distraction and deceit, highlighting the oppressive nature of the colonial
relationship.
● While the editorial is rooted in the historical context of Filipino resistance against
Spanish colonization, one could draw parallels to the importance of self-determination
and empowerment in contemporary Filipino society.
● The theme of self-reliance and a critical perspective on external promises may
resonate with modern discussions on governance, national identity, and autonomy.

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"A La Defensa" (To La Defensa)
● A La Defensa (To La Defensa) This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by
Patricio de la Escosura published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue. Written on
April 30, 1889, Rizal's article refuted the views of Escosura, calling the readers'
attention to the insidious influences of the friars to the country.
● This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by Patricio de la Escosura published
by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue.
● Written on April 30, 1889, Rizal’s article refuted the views of Escosura, calling the
readers’ attention to the insidious influences of the friars to the country.

"Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Tao" (The Rights Of Man)

● This was Rizal's Tagalog translation of "The Rights of Man" which was proclaimed
by the French Revolution in 1789.
○ Within the span of 35 years of his life, Rizal experienced numerous human
rights violations and witnessed various abuses of power during the Spanish
colonization of the Philippines. His literary works addressing these issues
were written during the late 19th century, with specific incidents such as those
in Kalamba serving as inspiration for his writings.
● Rizal, as documented by Austin Craig, consistently advocated for the protection of the
human rights of Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period. One incident in
Kalamba, where there was an increase in taxation imposed by landlords on the
residents, exemplifies Rizal's proactive stance. He gathered the people, emphasized
the unfairness of the situation, and encouraged them to assert their rights.
Additionally, Rizal authored reports and articles that exposed the grievances of the
Filipino people, highlighting their industriousness, willingness to self-help, and
interest in education. These writings aimed to shed light on the injustices imposed by
the Spanish authorities.
● One crucial literary work is Rizal's report on the grievances of the people in Kalamba.
In this report, he articulated the concerns of the residents, emphasizing their right to
improve their lives through hard work and education. The report also expressed
confidence in the government's fairness, despite the risks involved in providing the
requested information.
● Rizal's writings continue to hold relevance in the context of the Philippines today. His
advocacy for human rights, social justice, and national awakening serves as a timeless
inspiration. The issues he addressed, such as oppression, abuse of power, and the
importance of citizen empowerment, resonate with ongoing struggles for justice and
equity in the modern Philippines. Rizal's legacy encourages Filipinos to remain
vigilant in safeguarding their rights and working towards a just and enlightened
society.

"La Instruccion" (The Town Schools in the Philippines)

● The concerns about the Spanish-administered education system in the Philippines
were expressed by Jose Rizal during the late 19th century. Rizal wrote about these
issues during his time in Europe, particularly in Spain, as part of his advocacy for
reforms in the Philippines.

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 ● Rizal's critique of the Spanish-administered education system in the Philippines is
grounded in several key observations. He highlights the inadequacy of the mandated
medium of instruction—Spanish—stating that it was not well understood by the
native population. The physical conditions of town schools, with limited access,
makeshift structures, and insufficient facilities, contribute to an environment that does
not foster a desire for learning.
● The curriculum's narrow focus on the basics (Reading, Writing, Arithmetic) and the
inclusion of gender-specific subjects for girls further restrict the educational
opportunities. Rizal criticizes the emphasis on rote memorization, the lack of practical
skills development, and the separation of boys and girls in the educational process.
● The essential part of Rizal's critique lies in his recommendations for reform. He
suggests the use of the native language for instruction, addressing the communication
barrier between teachers and students. Rizal also advocates for compulsory
elementary education in Philippine laws, emphasizing the importance of expanding
educational access and ensuring a broader curriculum that includes practical skills.
○ In this essay, Rizal exposed the depressed conditions of the town schools in
the Philippines, in terms of physical conditions, curriculum, methods and
principles of teaching
● Rizal's recommendations continue to have implications for the current education
system in the Philippines. The use of the native language for instruction has been
recognized as crucial in promoting effective learning. While the education system has
evolved, issues of accessibility, infrastructure, and curriculum limitations persist.
Rizal's call for compulsory elementary education remains relevant, reflecting the
ongoing need for policies that ensure widespread access to quality education and a
curriculum that prepares students for the challenges of the modern world.

"The Philippines as a Spanish Colony"

● The literary works discussed span several centuries, reflecting the evolution of
Philippine literature. The earliest period pertains to the pre-colonial era, emphasizing
oral traditions of ethnic groups during the time of conquest and conversion to
Christianity. The subsequent periods cover the Spanish colonial era, with significant
literary developments occurring in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Notable works
include the 17th-century devotional poetry by native writers, the rise of traditional
Tagalog poetry exemplified by Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas) in the 19th century, and
the emergence of the Filipino novel, particularly with Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo.
● The oral literature of Philippine ethnic groups faced suppression during the Spanish
colonization, as the conquerors aimed to replace native traditions with Christian
narratives. The introduction of religious texts like the Doctrina Christiana marked the
beginning of written literature, with native translators contributing to the
dissemination of Church doctrines. This led to the emergence of ladinos, native
poet-translators who published devotional poetry.
○ The 18th century saw the influence of secular literature from Spain, inspiring
the development of the komedya, a poetic-drama form, with Jose de la Cruz as
a prominent figure. Francisco Baltazar, known as Balagtas, mastered

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 traditional Tagalog poetry in the 19th century. His narrative poem, Florante at
Laura, reflects the complexities of Filipino society and tyranny.
○ The shift to prose occurred with Pedro Paterno's Ninay, the first Filipino novel
written in Spanish. Jose Rizal, the national hero, chose the realistic novel as a
medium, using Spanish to challenge the oppressors directly. Rizal's Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo became powerful critiques of corruption and
oppression, influencing revolutionary sentiments.
● An essential part of this literary evolution is the role of native writers and translators
in preserving and adapting traditional forms. Gaspar Aquino de Belen's Mahal Na
Pasion ni Jesu Christo, a Tagalog poem, marked the intersection of native expression
and the influence of Christianity. Balagtas, caught between two cultures, contributed
Florante at Laura, serving as a bridge between the native and colonial/classical
traditions.
○ Rizal's novels became essential for their realistic portrayal of societal issues
and the call for reforms. The novels ignited revolutionary fervor, prompting a
violent response to oppression. The prominence of native languages in
revolutionary literature, as seen in Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto's
works, reflects the commitment to communicate in the language of the people.
● The dominance of Rizal's figure in Philippine literature signifies the lasting impact of
his ideas on education, human dignity, and national identity. The decline of Spanish
and the rise of nativism in the early 20th century contributed to a renaissance of
literature in native languages. The acknowledgment of indigenous languages and
literature remains a significant aspect of Philippine cultural identity.
○ The themes of oppression, corruption, and the quest for societal improvement
depicted in historical literary works have enduring relevance. The call for
reforms and social justice continues to resonate in contemporary Philippine
literature, reflecting the ongoing struggle for human rights and equality. The
rich tapestry of Philippine literature serves as a repository of cultural memory
and a source of inspiration for navigating the challenges of the present day.

"Constitution of La Liga Filipina"

● La Liga Filipina was founded by José Rizal on July 3, 1892, in the house of Doroteo
Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila.
○ This was deemed the most important writing Rizal had made during his Hong
Kong stay. Though it was Jose Ma. Basa who conceived the establishment of
Liga Filipina (Philippine League), his friend and namesake Jose Rizal was the
one who wrote its constitution and founded it.
● La Liga Filipina emerged as a response to the need for a new organization that would
actively involve the people in the reform movement against Spanish colonial rule. It
was conceived as a secret society that drew inspiration from the earlier movements
like La Solidaridad and the Propaganda movement. The goals of La Liga were to
promote mutual aid, self-help, scholarship funds, legal aid, and cooperative ventures,
aiming to empower Filipinos in advocating for reforms.
● However, the Spanish authorities perceived the league as a threat, leading to the arrest
of José Rizal on July 6, 1892. Rizal's exile to Dapitan marked a period of inactivity

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 for the organization. Yet, despite Rizal's absence, the league was reorganized during
his exile, with Domingo Franco and Andrés Bonifacio playing crucial roles.
● The essential part of La Liga Filipina lies in its vision to mobilize the Filipino people
actively in the pursuit of reforms. It was designed as a platform for mutual support,
education, and financial assistance. The league symbolized the collective aspirations
of Filipinos to address social issues and advocate for their rights.
○ The dissolution of La Liga, triggered by the arrest of Rizal and internal
leadership conflicts, led to a significant development. The split within the
membership resulted in two groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios, pledging continued support for La Solidaridad, while the
radicals, led by Bonifacio, shifted focus to a new secret society—the
Katipunan.
● The history of La Liga Filipina reflects the resilience and determination of Filipinos to
organize and fight for their rights against oppressive regimes. The league's
transformation into the Katipunan, a more radical and militant group, suggests the
evolution of strategies in the pursuit of national independence.
○ In the present context, the legacy of La Liga underscores the importance of
unity and collective action in addressing societal issues. The spirit of mutual
aid and self-help resonates in contemporary movements advocating for social
justice, emphasizing the ongoing struggle for the fulfillment of the Filipino
people's aspirations for a just and equitable society. The historical transition
from La Liga to the Katipunan also serves as a reminder of the dynamic nature
of resistance movements and the need for adaptability in the face of evolving
challenges.

"La Vision Del Fray Rodriguez" (The Vision of Fr. Rodriguez)

● Jose Rizal, upon receipt of the news concerning Fray Rodriguez’ bitter attack on his
novel Noli Me Tangere, wrote this defense under his pseudonym “Dimas Alang.”
● Published in Barcelona, it is a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between the
Catholic saint Augustine and Rodriguez.
● In this pamphlet, Rizal demonstrated his profound knowledge in religion and his
biting satire.
○ He used his knowledge about paganism to counteract the ideologies of Fr.
Rodriguez.
● Some of the main points of the article:
○ Priests live a comfortable life because of the money religious people give to
the church.
■ “One night, seated in a comfortable armchair and pleased with himself
and his supper, Friar Jose Rodriguez was dreaming of the money he
was drawing from Filipino pockets from the sale of his little books…”
○ Priests do not respect and honor their saints and religion, but rather they enjoy
belittling and trampling over the weaker ones.
■ “Has your haughtiness come to such a pitch that not only do you
pretend that you are feared and loved by governors and governed alike,
but that you neither recognize nor respect me (Augustine), whose name

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 you dishonor and whose merits you cheapen? How do I find you?
Arrogant to the poor and fawning to those who are not afraid of you!”
○ Augustine, in the fiction, told Rodriguez that he (Augustine) was
commissioned by God to tell him (Rodriguez) of his stupidity and his penance
on earth that he (Rodriguez) shall continue to write more stupidity so that all
men may laugh at him.
■ “There is hardly any difference—empty heads and bloated stomachs!
No wonder up there, they always tease me because of you all,
particularly of you.”

Manifesto to Some Filipinos

● Jose Rizal wrote this essay to condemn the actions of the Katipunan in their attempt to
stage a bloody rebellion against Spanish authorities due to the perceived injustices of
Spain against the Filipino people.
● This essay discusses:
○ Rizal elaborates on how he wanted no part of the rebellion, on how such
actions would have largely negative consequences and that a better path to
take would be that of education and hard work so as to earn liberation rather
than fight for it.
○ Rizal mentions the need for reform and education, because institutions in the
country are for Spaniards and illustrados only.
○ For him the Filipino people weren’t ready due to the continued repercussions
of the 333 years of Spanish colonial rule which in large part, while
modernizing the country, left most of its people divided, uneducated and
incapable of properly running a country (Delmendo, 1998).
○ It has been speculated that if the reforms Rizal had spoken of had actually
taken place the Philippines would probably not have become independent but
rather would have become a province of Spain with its people being
considered Spanish citizens.

OTHER ARTICLES AND ESSAYS OF RIZAL:

● "Colonisation Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles De Iles Philippines"
(Colonization Of British North Borneo By Families From The Philippine Islands)
● "Proyecto De Colonization Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos" (Project Of
The Colonization Of British North Borneo By The Filipinos)
● "Revista De Madrid" (Review of Madrid)
● "Los Viajes" (Travels)
● "La Verdad Para Todos" (The Truth for All)
● "Unfortunate Philippines"
● "Pensamientos De Un Filipino" (Reflections of a Filipino)
● "Note on the Maremagnum"
● "Los Agricultores Filipinos" (Filipino Farmers)
● "Una Visita A La Victoria Gaol" (A Visit to Victoria Gaol)
● "How to Deceive the Native Land"
● "To Barrantes on the Tagalog Theater"
● "Felicitation"

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 ● "Una Profanacion" (A Desecration/A Profanation)
● "Verdades Nuevas" (New Facts/New Truths)
● "Crueldad" (Cruelty)
● "Diferencias" (Differences)
● "Inconsequencias" (Inconsequences)
● "Llanto Y Risas" (Tears and Laughter)
● "Ingratitudes" (Ingratitude)
● "Cosas de Filipinas" (Things About the Philippines)
● "Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala" (On The New Orthography of The
Tagalog Language)
● "A La Nacion Espanola" (To the Spanish Nation)
● "Defensa Del Noli" (Reply to Barrantes' Criticism of the Noli Me Tangere)
● "Nameless"
● "Let Us be Just"
● "Philippine Affairs"
● "More on the Negros Affair"
● "Cowardly Revenge"
● "A Reply to Mr. Isabelo de los Reyes' Las Luchas de Nuestros Dias"
● "How the Philippines is Governed"
● "On the Calamba Incidents"
● "Executives of the town of Calamba"
● "La Mano Roja" (The Red Hand)
● "Pobres Frailes" (Poor Friars)
● "By-laws of the Association of Dapitan Farmers"
● "Date for My Defense"
● "Additions to My Defense"
● "Notes on Melanesia, Malaysia, and Polynesia"
● "Estado de religiosidad de los pueblos en Filipinas" (The Religiosity of the Filipino
People)
● "Colonisation Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles De Iles Philippines"
(Colonization Of British North Borneo By Families From The Philippine Islands)
● "Proyecto De Colonization Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos" (Project Of
The Colonization Of British North Borneo By The Filipinos)

HISTORICAL COMMENTARIES

Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The Philippines A Century Hence)

● This is a socio-political essay written in four parts (September 1889- January 1890) in
the magazine La Solidaridad by José Rizal. It is written to forecast the situation of the
Philippines for the next 100 years.
● Some of the key points of this article:
○ Spanish colonization resulted in the loss of identity, cultural degradation, and
exploitation of the Filipinos.
○ Spaniards used their religion and imposed it on the Filipinos to control them
socially and politically.

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 ○ In response to colonial abuses, Filipinos became aware to defend their national
identity and resist oppression.
○ Rizal criticized the ruling class because of inequality, injustice, and corruption.
○ Rizal encouraged Filipinos to address social and political issues through
reforms.
○ Rizal questioned the uncertain future of the Philippines, raising question about
whether it will remain a Spanish colony, gain autonomy, or seel independence.
○ Rizal emphasized the importance of national unity and solidarity among
Filipinos to preserve their national identity.
○ Rizal warned against the dangers of tyrannical rule and the potential for
resistance from the people.
○ Rizal called for a government that respects the rights of citizens and works
towards the common good.

Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas (The Indolence of the Filipino)

● An exploratory essay written by Jose Rizal to explain the alleged idleness of Filipino
people during the Spanish colonization.
● Rizal pointed out that long before the coming of the Spaniards, the FIlipinos were
industrious and hardworking.
● Factors that made Filipinos indolent:
○ Gallen trade limited the transactions of the Philippines to neighboring
countries as business was only conducted with Spain through Mexico.
○ Spain implemented forced labor, diminishing the natives’ love of work.
○ Natives were killed, their houses burned, and their lands destroyed by the
foreign invaders and pirates because Spain, who ruled the Philippines that
time, did not protect them.
○ Schools only taught religion to the students. Agriculture, industry, and other
fields, badly needed at that time, were not in the curriculum.
○ Forced labor during Spanish colonization included personal things that people
can do for themselves, such as dressing and fanning.
○ Gambling was established and widely propagated such as cockfights and other
sortings of bets and gambles.
○ Friars taught naive Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man to enter heaven,
for them to remain poor.
○ Taxes were extremely high.
● “An hour’s work under that burning sun, in the midst of pernicious influences
springing from nature in activity, is equal to a day’s labor in a temperate climate.”
● “A man in the Philippines is an individual; he is not merely a citizen of a country.”
○ In the absence of unity and oneness, the people did not have the power to fight
the hostile attacks of the government and of the other forces of society. There
would also be no voice, no leader to sow progress and to cultivate it, so that it
may be reaped in due time. In such a condition, the Philippines remained a
country that was lifeless, dead, simply existing and not living.

Manila en el mes Diciembre, 1872 (Manila in the Month of December, 1872)

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 ● Rizal wrote this to provide insights into the changes and challenges faced by Filipinos
during December 1872 in Manila.
● First, it is not a political treatise, as most Rizal manuscripts are wont to be, and was
therefore kept below the radar. Second, it was called a rough draft and thus it
remained in the eyes of publishers as work unfinished or in progress. Finally, it was
misidentified in a volume classified as political and historical (Flores, 2015).
● At the time, assuming he wrote it in 1872, he was then an “externe” at Ateneo. That
year, Burgos, Gomez and Zamora were executed by garrote in Bagumbayan.
● Key Points:
○ Rizal described the decline in the liveliness of festivities and a lack of
spontaneous gaiety during December, where it usually had pre-Christmas
masses, music, orchestras, dinners, and banquets.
○ Despite outward celebrations, the people of Manila seem to carry an inner
sadness and mourning, possibly connected to political events involving
governor-general, military, and friars.
○ Instances of violence and repression during the period, with mentions of house
searches and persecution of individuals subscribing to European periodicals.
○ Illustrates the atmosphere of fear and censorship, where certain names and
pictures were taboo.
○ Narrates instances where accusations of being a filibuster could lead to arrests
and exile without due process.
○ Issues a cautionary note to readers, advising those who prefer a peaceful
existence to avoid uncovering the mysteries and to live circumspectly.

OTHER HISTORICAL COMMENTARIES OF RIZAL

● Ma-Yi
● La Politica Colonial on Filipinas (Colonial Policy in the Philippines)
● Tawalisi of Ibn Batuta
● Historia de la Familia Rizal de la Calamba (The History of the Rizal Family of
Calamba)
● Los Pueblos del Archipelago Indico (The People of the Indian Archipelago)

LETTERS AND PETITIONS

Tribute to Blumentritt (written on the day of Rizal's execution)

● This is written by Jose Rizal to pay homage to his friend and mentor, Ferdinand
Blumentritt.
● Key Points:
○ Highlights Blumentritt’s scholarly achievements, particularly his knowledge of
Philippine language and culture.
○ Reflects their intellectual exchange and discussions, particularly on topics
related to the Philippines.
○ Credits Blumentritt for defending the Filipinos against unfair criticisms and
promoting a better understanding of their culture.
○ Discusses Blumentritt's efforts to bridge the gap between Filipinos and

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 Europeans through cultural understanding.

Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos (To the Young Women of Malolos)

● Published in 1889, this letter was directed towards their endeavors hailing from
Malolos, lauding their endeavors in establishing a girls’ school and urging them to
embrace education and advocate for their rights.
● The messages of Jose Rizal's Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos are empowerment
through education, courage in the face of adversity, challenge to gender norms,
advocacy for social change, solidarity and unity, and nationalism and patriotism.
● Key Points:
○ The letter fervently advocates for the transformative power of learning, urging
women to seek knowledge as a means to unlock their potential. Through
education, they are encouraged to cultivate critical thinking, allowing them to
analyze situations and ideas more discerningly.
○ Despite facing formidable resistance from Spanish authorities, these women
dared to challenge the status quo. Rizal's praise underscores the importance of
resilience in the face of adversity—an inspiring testament to their
determination to elevate their community through education.
○ Rizal's message ignites a revolutionary spark that illuminates the potential for
women beyond traditional roles. By asserting women's right to education, he
disrupts the barriers that historically limited their opportunities, setting a
precedent for equality and empowerment.
○ He envisions educated women as potent forces for positive change, capable of
reshaping norms and fostering progress.
○ Rizal envisions an improved Philippines where intelligent and educated
women play pivotal roles. Rizal maintains the conviction that an educated
female populace contributes significantly to the nation's advancement.

Rizal's Letters (composed of correspondence to Father Pablo Pastells, his brother

Paciano, and other activists)
● October 12, 1886 - Rizal to his brother Paciano about the adversaries regarding the
cost of printing of Noli Me Tangere.
○ “I don’t therefore dare ask you for this amount, for I consider it big for a work
that may perchance produce more grief than joy. For this reason, I shall wait
for chance, for the lottery, and see if I win… It is very painful for me to give
up publishing this work on which I have worked day and night for a period of
many months and on which I have pinned great hopes. With this I wish to
make myself known, for I suppose that it would not pass unnoticed; on the
contrary, it will be the object of much discussion.”
● June 20, 1892 - “A los Filipino”
○ The letter was written because Rizal fully expected to be sentenced to death on
returning to the Philippines. It includes the much-quoted passage: “I wish to
show those who deny us patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and
our convictions. What matters death if one dies for what one loves, for native
land and adored beings?” It ends with: “Publish these letters after my death.”
● November 11, 1893 - Rizal to Fr. Pablo Pastells

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 ○ In the second of five letters Rizal wrote from his Dapitan exile to his former
teacher, he makes an impassioned defense of the small or modest cause.
Pastells had chided Rizal for wasting his talents (on reformist and separatist
initiatives).
○ Rizal replies: “It is very possible that there may be better ones than those I
have embraced, but my cause is good and this is enough for me. Others
undoubtedly will yield more profit, more renown, more honors, more glories,
but the cane, on being born in this land, is for the purpose of supporting nipa
huts and not the heavy bulk of the buildings of Europe … But He who has
arranged it thus sees what the future brings, does not err in any of His acts, and
knows very well for what use are even the smallest things.”

SPEECHES AND PETITIONS

In honor of two Filipino painters, Rizal's toast to Luna and Hidalgo

● On June 25, 1884, Jose Rizal delivered a momentous toast in Madrid, honoring the
triumphs of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo at the National Exposition of Fine Arts.
● Key Points
○ Celebrating Artistic Achievement: Rizal lauded Luna and Hidalgo's
victories not just as individual triumphs, but as victories for the Philippines.
○ Forging National Identity: Beyond artistic prowess, Rizal emphasized the
shared Filipino identity of Luna and Hidalgo despite their distinct artistic
styles.
○ A Veiled Critique: While outwardly praising Spain, Rizal subtly critiqued the
colonial system through metaphors and references.
● Implications for the current situation
○ Celebrating Filipino Talent: It serves as a constant reminder of the
exceptional talent and capabilities of Filipinos across various fields.
○ Building National Unity: The call for unity remains crucial for addressing
contemporary challenges facing the Philippines.
○ Pursuing Justice and Equality: Rizal's critique of colonialism resonates with
contemporary struggles for social justice and equality in the Philippines.

Rizal's speech delivered at Cafe Habanero

● Delivered on December 31, 1891, at a gathering of the Filipino colony in Madrid,
Rizal's Cafe Habanero speech reflects on the transformation of the colony and its role
in achieving Philippine independence.
● Key Points
○ Historical context: Rizal traces the history of the Filipino colony,
highlighting its initial struggles and gradual development.
○ Call for unity and solidarity: Rizal stresses the crucial role of unity and
solidarity among Filipinos in achieving their goals.
○ Dedication to the motherland: Rizal reminds the Filipinos of their
responsibility towards their homeland.
○ Confidence in Filipino potential: The speech expresses unwavering faith in

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 the capabilities of Filipinos.
○ Political implications: The speech subtly critiques the Spanish colonial
system and calls for reforms.
○ Timeless message: The speech's themes of unity, solidarity, dedication, and
self-belief remain relevant for Filipinos today.
● Implications for the current situation
○ Unity and solidarity: In the face of contemporary challenges, Rizal's call for
unity and solidarity remains crucial.
○ Education and empowerment: Rizal's emphasis on education and
preparation resonates with the need for Filipinos to continuously strive for
knowledge and self-improvement.
○ National identity: The speech encourages Filipinos to celebrate their heritage
and maintain a strong sense of national identity in today's globalized world.

Petition of the town of Calamba

● The Petition of the Town of Calamba, drafted by Jose Rizal in 1888, serves as a
powerful document showcasing the injustices suffered by the tenants under the
Dominican friars who owned the hacienda.
● Rizal drafted the petition to address these grievances and seek justice for the tenants.
He gathered signatures from over 800 residents, demonstrating the widespread nature
of the injustices.
● Key Points
○ Detailed list of grievances: It details several grievances, including:
■ Unjust land taxes and rentals
■ Lack of receipts and accountability
■ Unequal treatment and abuse
■ Impediments to agricultural development
○ Unified voice of the community
○ Appeal to justice and authority
○ Rizal's role as advocate
● Implications for the current situation
○ Continuing struggle for land rights
○ Importance of collective action
○ Advocacy for the marginalized
○ Historical context for contemporary issues

Order of the Marquis of Malinta

● "Order of the Marquis of Malinta," written by Jose Rizal, is a satirical piece that
mocks the absurdity and exploitation inherent in Spanish colonial rule. It purports to
be a decree issued by a fictional "Marquis of Malinta," a figure who embodies the
greed and hypocrisy of the colonial regime.
● Key Points
○ Establishment of "chapdikit" houses
○ Prohibition of discussing "morality"
○ Self-proclaimed titles

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 ● Implications for the current situation
○ Critique of Authoritarianism
○ Importance of Civic Engagement
○ Struggle for Equality

POEMS

"Farewell to 1883"
● "Farewell to 1883" is a speech written by Jose Rizal on December 31, 1883, reflecting
on the past year and looking forward to the future.
● Key Points
○ Personal reflections: Rizal reviews his personal experiences in 1883,
including his studies in Madrid, his travels to Europe, and his interactions with
his family and friends.
○ Social and political commentary: Rizal offers thoughtful observations on the
state of Philippine society under Spanish colonial rule.
○ Vision for the future: Rizal expresses hope and optimism for the future of the
Philippines.
● Implications for the current situation
○ Continuing struggle for social justice
○ Importance of education and enlightenment
○ Aspirations for national freedom and self-determination

"Por la Educación Recibe Lustre la Patria" (Through Education Is the Nation

Glorified)
● This poem, written by Jose Rizal in 1883, emphasizes the importance of education in
achieving national progress and glory.
● Key Points
○ Emphasis on education as a tool for progress: The poem repeatedly
highlights the transformative power of education.
○ Call for national unity and shared responsibility: The poem stresses the
need for collective effort and cooperation in promoting education.
○ Critique of the colonial system: While not explicitly stated, the poem subtly
critiques the limitations of education under Spanish rule.
● Implications for the current situation
○ Highlighting the importance of education: Even after gaining independence,
the Philippines faces challenges in ensuring quality education for all.
○ Promoting national unity and collaboration: Despite diverse backgrounds
and challenges, Filipinos share a common goal of building a better nation.
○ Continuing the struggle for educational reform: While significant progress
has been made, the Philippine education system still faces challenges like
inequality, limited resources, and outdated curriculum.

"Sa Aking mga Kabata" (To My Fellow Youth)

● "Sa Aking mga Kabata", also known as "To My Fellow Youth", is a poem written by

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 Philippine national hero Jose Rizal in Tagalog. Though its authorship and exact date
of composition are debated, it is considered one of the most significant works in
Philippine literature.
● Key Points
○ "Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita / Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda"
○ "Kung sa bayan ng bansa'y magtanggol / Ang kabataan ang siyang lulupig"
○ "Ang wika ng bayan ay kaluluwa / Ng isang bansang Malaya"
● Implications for the current situation
○ Continuing struggle for national identity: Despite gaining independence
from Spain and the United States, the Philippines continues to grapple with
issues of cultural identity and linguistic diversity.
○ Importance of education: The poem emphasizes the importance of education
in empowering the youth to become leaders and agents of change.
○ Globalized world: In a world increasingly dominated by English, the poem
reminds Filipinos of the importance of preserving and promoting their native
languages.

"Mi último adiós" (My Last Farewell)

● "Mi último adiós," written by José Rizal on the eve of his execution in 1896, is a
deeply moving poem that serves as a farewell to his country, loved ones, and
aspirations.
● Key Points
○ Patriotism and love for his country: Rizal expresses his deep love for the
Philippines, calling it "Pearl of the Orient Sea" and "Eden lost."
○ Farewell to loved ones: Rizal bids farewell to his family, friends, and loved
ones, expressing his gratitude and affection.
○ Acceptance of death: Rizal faces death with dignity and courage, recognizing
it as a necessary step in the struggle for freedom.
○ Hope and optimism for the future: Despite his impending death, Rizal
maintains a sense of hope and optimism for the future of the Philippines.
● Implications for the current situation
○ Continuing struggle for freedom and justice: Rizal's poem serves as a
reminder that the fight for freedom and justice is an ongoing process.
○ Importance of education and self-reliance: Rizal emphasized the
importance of education as a tool for empowerment and liberation.
○ Unity and solidarity: Rizal's call for unity and solidarity among Filipinos
remains relevant today.

"Goodbye to Leonor"
● "Goodbye to Leonor" is a poem written by Jose Rizal in 1889. It expresses his
profound sorrow and longing for his beloved Leonor Rivera while he was studying
abroad in Europe.
● Key Points
○ “And so it has arrived—the fatal instant, the dismal injunction of my cruel
fate."
○ "Goodbye, Leonor, goodbye!"

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 ○ "O Melancholy absence! Ah, what pain!"
● Implication to the current situation
○ Separation due to migration
○ Longing for home and identity
○ Struggle for freedom and justice
○ Importance of love and connection

"Himno Al Trabajo" (Dalit sa Paggawa; Hymn to Labor)

● A poetic composition by Dr. Jose Rizal in January 1888, this poem was requested by
his Friend from Lipa Batangas, in reaction to Becerra Law declaring that Filipino
town could govern themselves and hold elections.
● Rizal created the hymn in an effort to reshape the moral and ethical values of a
Filipino society that was held under Spanish occupation at the time
● This composition by Rizal, which was originally written in Spanish, in general speaks
about how every Filipino is willing to work hard, or labor, for his country.
● Jose Rizal’s patriotism is shown in this poem and he urges his fellowmen to strive and
work for their country whether in war or in peace.
● The hymn was a poem praising Lipeños, who were working hard for the country. The
poem is composed of conversations by men, women and children in praise of men
who made a living in agriculture. The song also states that agriculture is the solution
to poverty and the road to progress.

OTHER POEMS OF RIZAL:

● "Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo"
● "Flower Among Flowers"
● "Himno Al Talisay" (Hymn to Talisay)
● "Mi Retiro"
● "El Canto del Viajero" (The Song of the Wanderer)
● "To the Child Jesus"
● "To the Virgin Mary"
● "Felicitation"
● "Agua y Fiego" (Water and Fire)
● "Me Piden Versos" (They Asked Me for Verses)
● "Colonisation Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles De Iles Philippines"
(Colonization Of British North Borneo By Families From The Philippine Islands)
● "Proyecto De Colonization Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos" (Project Of
The Colonization Of British North Borneo By The Filipinos)

PLAYS

El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods)

● Rizal wrote the El Consejo de los Dioses when he was 19 years old and reveals the
humanistic education of the Philippines at the time and his answer to scholasticism
● This play written in Spanish by Jose Rizal in 1897 and First published in 1880 in
Manila by Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila and later by La Solidaridad in 1883

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 ● .and won first place prize award in 1880 - 1881 literacy contest commemorating the
death of cervantes
● In December 1900 the Play El Consejo de los Dioses was translated into Tagalog and
this version was adapted into sarswela by Pascual H Poblete and published in El
Comercio de Filipinas.
● Lope Blas Hucapte made arrangement for sta staging in 1951
● In 1961 it was edited with a prolonged by Astrana Maria in EL Cervantismo de Heroe
Filipino Rizal
● Nick Joaquin translated the play into English

Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)

● Jose Rizal wrote Junto al Pasig it to honor Nuestra Senora dela Paz y BuenViaje de
Antipolo (Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage )
● first performed by Rizal’s schoolmates on the 8th of December 1880 at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila, with music written by a Spanish Professor, Blas Echegoyen.
● Even Rizal already Graduated from the Ateneo and studying in University of Santo
Tomas he remained close to the Jesuits. As the president of Academy of Spanish
Literature and through his skills in writing he was asked to contribute to the
celebration of the Feast of The Immaculate Conception the College Patroness
● The story revolves around Christianity, Good vs Evil and Paganism. It ended with
Leonido praising the Virgin Mary for saving him. It explains how our culture made us
believe in mythical creatures and if only if we have stronger faith, God is the only one
who can really save us in many challenges.

San Eustaquio, Mártyr (The Tragedy of Saint Eustache, the martyr)

● Rizal’s longest poem which composed of 2,414 verses and submitted the manuscript
to father sanchez
● Witten in 1876 during Rizal Teenage years
● Jose Rizal wrote this poem when he was 14 years old
● This poem recounts the tragic story of St. Eustace
● The original manuscript of this poem is no longer exist ang may have been destroyed
in the bombardment of the World War II
● But some part of the poem was published in installment in a a magazine, Cultural
Social of Ateneo University

Por Telefono (By Phone)

● This is a satirical comedy written by Jose Rizal in 1889. The play is set in the year
1900, when the Philippines is supposedly connected to Spain by a telephone line. The
play's two main characters are Father Font, a Spanish friar living in Madrid, and the
provincial priest of the San Agustin convent in Manila.
● It discusses social issues and plans for the Philippines by two Friars which are Father
Salvador Font in Madrid and the Provincial Priest of San Agustin Monastery in
Manila.
● In May 15, 1898, Jose Rizal sent the manuscript of Por Telefono to Publication in a
pamphlet form.
● Por Telefono was published in 1889 as a reply to friar named in connection to his

BSN 3-7 (Group 10) - Rizal’s Essays, Poems, and other Literary Works | 20
 discrimination about Noli Me Tangere and for initiating the banning of Noli in the fall
of 1889. The first pamphlet was printed in Barcelona under the authorship of Dimas
Alang.
● The play opens with Father Font calling the provincial priest to discuss the state of the
Philippines. Father Font is concerned about the growing discontent among the
Filipino people, and he believes that the Spanish government needs to take steps to
address the situation. The provincial priest, on the other hand, is more optimistic. He
believes that the Filipinos are content with their lot in life, and that they have no
desire for independence."
● The two friars spend the rest of the play arguing about the future of the Philippines.
Father Font argues that the Spanish government needs to grant the Filipinos more
autonomy, while the provincial priest argues that the Filipinos are not ready for
self-government.
● The play ends with Father Font and the provincial priest agreeing to disagree. Father
Font vows to continue working for the betterment of the Philippines, while the
provincial priest vows to continue defending Spanish rule.

MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS

Kundiman ni Rizal
● Jose Rizal wrote “Kundiman” in Tagalog on September 12,1891. A kundiman is
actually a traditional Filipino love song used by a young man to serenade the woman
of his love. The theme of Rizal’s “Kundiman” is his intense love for his Motherland.
His words reflected his optimism that the Philippines would be freed from injustice
and bondage.
● The last verse should leave no doubt that Rizal believed that a bloody revolution was
a distinct possibility. Compare this last verse and the first two verses of another
kundiman of Rizal's "Alin Mang Lahi" , and then to a verse in his "Mi ultimo adios
● In the case of Kundiman, Rizal used and wrote it to express his love for the country, at
the same time, to express his abomination towards Spanish violence and the injustice
which was obvious at that time. The poem/song clearly brought out the threats behind
those words and the plans that may occur in its future. Maybe that's why it was used
as evidence against Rizal during his trial. The song also showed how optimistic and
hopeful Rizal was, thinking that someday, our country would have its

Alin Mang Lahi

● “Alin mang lahi” is a kundiman song, where Rizal wanted to show his willingness to
protect our freedom and the rights of the mother country must always be in the heart
and spirit of each Filipino.
● Rizal's inspiration in writing the “Alin Mang Lahi” musical piece is his countrymen.
It is a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires freedom. He is willing to
sacrifice himself, fight battles for freedom from oppression of invaders. Rizal was
inspired to contend for freedom because he sees that Filipinos are being bereave and
persecuted.
● The message of the song is that whatever the race, people of its own motherland are

BSN 3-7 (Group 10) - Rizal’s Essays, Poems, and other Literary Works | 21
 willing to dedicate themselves if they are being deprived of freedom. Even if it will
result from being killed, they will accept it wholeheartedly with a smile on their face.
It is an honor to fight for your own country in any race. May his works, and acts be a
reminder to us Filipinos that intelligence is our greatest weapon, and our heart is our
greatest force in fighting for our own country
Ang kamatayan man, kung saka-sakaling
Igiginhawa ng mga kalahi
Tatanggapin nakangiti
Kaaliwa’t tuwang di mumunti.
● In this stanza, Rizal clearly stated that even death can’t stop someone for fighting and
seeking freedom. Our heroes didn’t die in vain, they fought for a good course and
they will never be forgotten. Patriotism is being selfless and sacrificing for the
betterment of your country. Some are willing to sacrifice themselves just to fight,
there are many ways to show patriotism and we can all play our part.

Leonor
● Prior to his departure for Europe, Jose Rizal composed the song Leonor as a farewell
poem with music for Leonor Rivera, the girl to whom he was engaged to be married.
He composed the melody during a sojourn in Dagupan, Pangasinan.
● It was in Dagupan where the love story of national hero Dr. Jose Rizal and Leonor
Rivera blossomed; it was also where their romance met a heart-wrenching end.
● Rizal’s composition, Leonor is a Kundiman of music. It sounds sweet but the content or
its lyrics contains his being “heartbroken” with Leonor.
● Leonor was one of the most important women in the life of Jose Rizal. She was the second
to win Rizal’s heart. Leonor Rivera first met Rizal when she was only twelve years old and
Jose was eighteen years old. Her parents were distant relatives of Rizal whom he
addressed “Tia Betang” and “Tio Antonio.” The management of their boarding house
which they called “Casa Tomasina” was Tia Betang’s responsibility.
● The song, written in Spanish, shows another facet of Rizal’s intellectual prowess. One
line went: “Recuerdo triste tan solo mi anhelo ay! Leonor (Always remember my sad
longing for you, Leonor).”

BSN 3-7 (Group 10) - Rizal’s Essays, Poems, and other Literary Works | 22
 READING MATERIALS

Cailao, J. (n.d.). The vision of Friar Rodriguez by Jose Rizal. Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/78847734/The-Vision-of-Friar-Rodriguez
Flores, P. (2015, December 29). “The month of December, 1872’ Dr. Jose Rizal’s rough draft.
Positively Filipino.
https://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/the-month-of-december-1872-dr-jos-riz
als-rough-draft
Lim, J. R. (2023, February 15). The indolence of the Filipino (Full text). The Life and Works
of Rizal.
https://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2023/02/the-indolence-of-filipino-full-tex
t.html
Rizal, J. (1889-1890). The Philippines a century hence.. Edited by Craig, A. and translated by
Derbyshire, C. (2011). The Project Gutenberg.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/35899/35899-h/35899-h.htm
Rizal, J. (n.d.). Rizal’s tribute to Blumentritt. StuDocu.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/ateneo-de-zamboanga-university/rizal/rizals-tr
ibute-to-blumentritt/31147396

REFERENCES

6 messages of Jose Rizal’s sa mga kababaihang taga Malolos (To the women of Malolos).
(2023, August 11). Study Rizal.
https://www.studyrizal.com/2023/08/6-messages-of-jose-rizals-sa-mga.html
Colonialism in “Manifesto to certain Filipinos” by Jose Rizal essay. (n.d.). IvyPanda.
https://ivypanda.com/essays/colonialism/
Group 9 Rizal. (2020, July 18). The Philippines: A Century Hence Summary [YouTube
Video]. https://youtu.be/_iUr3BIT9ho?si=_vpbjE8VwBaAPCQR
Lim, J. R. (2011, August 27). The indolence of the Filipinos: Summary and analysis. The Life
and Works of Rizal.
https://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/indolence-of-filipinos-summary-
and.html
Mañebog, J. (2013). Jose Rizal’s essays and articles. OurHappySchool.
https://ourhappyschool.com/literature/jose-rizal%E2%80%99s-essays-and-articles
Nery, J. (2011, June 28). The 10 most important letters Rizal wrote. Inquirer.
https://opinion.inquirer.net/7014/the-10-most-important-letters-rizal-wrote

BSN 3-7 (Group 10) - Rizal’s Essays, Poems, and other Literary Works | 23