SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

MAT100 – MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS

ASSIGNMENT 2

PREPARED BY:
NO. NAMA MATRIC NO
1 MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MANSOR 22303584
2 MUHAMMAD ADAM BIN ZAMBRI 22303946
3 MUHAMMAD HAFIZUDDIN BIN MUHAMAD 22303612
4 MUHAMMAD ‘AMMAR BIN KAMIL NASURUDDIN 22304007

PREPARED FOR:
DR. TEH WEN CHEAN

Tarikh Penghantaran:
2 JANUARY 2024
 Assignment 2
• You may handwritten your answers, type it up, or write on any gadget like ipad.
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only one representative need to submit on elearn on behalf of the group. You are recommended
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• Please submit your assignment as a pdf file on e-learn before the due date 28 Dec 2023
11:59pm. Late submission cannot be accepted without a reasonable excuse.
• Your report will be graded using the attached rubric table and this written assignment accounts
for 10% towards your grade.

Choose and do exactly SEVEN out of the following nine problems.

1. Prove that log5 7 is irrational.

2. Prove that if the decimal representation of a nonnegative integer n ends in d1 d0 and if 4 |

(10d1 + d0 ), then 4 | n.

3. Prove by mathematical induction that for every nonnegative integer n,

n ✓
Y ◆
1 1 1
· = .
2i + 1 2i + 2 (2n + 2)!
i=0

4. (Assuming you have studied basic calculus) Using mathematical induction and the product rule
d n
of di↵erentiation, prove that dx x = nxn 1 for every positive integer n.
p p
5. Prove that 3 2 is irrational. (Hint: Just modify the proof that 2 is irrational.)

6. Prove that for all integers a, b, and c, if a2 + b2 = c2 , then at least one of a and b is even.

7. Prove that for every integer n, the integer n5 n is divisible by 5.

8. The rational numbers are dense in R. This means that between any two real numbers a and b
with a < b, there exists a rational number q such that a < q < b. Using this fact, prove that
the irrational numbers are dense in R as well.

9. Prove that every prime number except 2 and 3 has the form 6k + 1 or 6k + 5 for some integer k.

The following problem cannot be counted among the chosen seven problems. It is only
to challenge yourself and its solution would not be evaluated if submitted.

# Prove that for every integer n > 2, there is a prime number p such that n < p < n!, where
n! = 1 · 2 · 3 · · · · n. (Hint: Consider the integer n! 1.)
 We
argue by contradiction . Assume that
logs) is rational .
Then
log,) b=
for some
integer
a and b such that bo and a and b have no common trivial factor -

So if
logs)
=
B we can rewrite it as 55 = 7 = 5(5)b = 7 = 5 7 =
-

, ,

Then
,
we know that both 5 and > is
prime and not divisible
by any integer except
by the number itself or I

Thus we have a contradiction . It is

impossible such that 5=7" because the factor of
left-hand and different unless
side
right-hand side are a b 0 which contradict our
=

assumption (that by 0) ·

Therefore
, log ,
I is irrational .

Let the P(a) be defined

property as follows .

pen :

It (aiti citz) can't ! =

We by mathematical induction
argue
.

For the basis clear that PCO) true because

step ,
it is is

(cco+iccos +) I
I =
=

(x(0) +
2!

arbitrary nonnegative integer

For the induction
step , suppose
a is an and

P(n) is true
suppose
·

blaiti citz)

-It (aiti citz) (zentisti zinis +z)

- I

Jenis cn14) (by

the induction
hypothesis)
centze :

- I

(2n +
2) ! (2n 3)(2n + +

4)

-
I

(2x +
4) !
=
I

(2(n 1) + +
2) !

Hence P(n+1) is true ·

Therefore
by the
Principle of Mathematical Induction we conclude
, ,

that PCn) true for

nonnegative integers
is
every ne
Let the P(n) defined follows
property be as .

-
P(n) :
dx "
= nx"
dx

We
argue by mathematical induction .

For the basis step it is clear that PCI) is true because

,

&
x
=
1 =
1(x)
dX

For the induction

step , suppose a is
arbitrary positive integer and
suppose
P(n) is true ·

x
- d(x" x) -

dX

=x "(1) +
x . nx

nx
"
=x +

=x"(n 1) +

(n 1)
+ -
1
=(n +
1) x

Hence P(n+1) is true .

Therefore Mathematical Induction

, by the
Principle of
,
we conclude

that P(n) for

is true
every positive integers ne

We
argue by contradiction. Assume I is rational .
Then 12 =
for some
integers m and n

with no such that m and a have no common nontrivial factors .

Cubing both sides of the

equation gives
2
=

s , equivalently ,
2n = m
3
. Hence
,
m is even

thus .
odd Then 20 for
,
m is even because the cube of
any
odd
integer is
,
m = some

Hence 2n= (2r)3= 8r3 , that 3 4r3

integer
-
:
=

implying
n

n is thus well However this that I

Consequently even and n is even as .
mean is
, ,

a common nontrivial factor of both m and a which gives contradiction .

Therefore I must be irrational

,
 c
"

Suppose a
,
b and c is
arbitrary integer and
suppose a +b = . We
argue by contradiction .

Assume it is not the case that at least one of a and b is even . Then
,
both a and b is odd .

Hence 2r+1 and 25+1 for

a b some
integer r and s
=
=

Now we subtitute in a +b :

(2r 1) 1)2
2

a +
b =
+
+
(2s +

(Yr + Yr +
1) +

(4 , +
4s +

1)
= 42 + 45 +
4r +
4s + 2

=
Y(r +
s +
r +

s) +
2(X)

Note that, c a+ b" is (because two odd is even

integer
even sum
square
=
of

47
and thus is Hence 2t for some
integer t Then and thus the
=

c even. c = .

remainder cis divided (A)

when
by 4 is 0 .
However
, according to ,
the

remainder is divided is which contradiction

when
by 4 2
, gives a .

Suppose a and b are arbitrar

y
real numbers such that a cb .
Then
, Syst
(because the of irrational number with rational number is irrationall
quotient
nonzero
any
Hence
,
5 < .
We can
multiply /2 to
j qc .

Then
,
we can rewrite it as a
<qcb .

Let p
=

Eg for some real numbers

p
.
Then
p
is irrational number because
product of
any
irrational number with nonzero rational number is irrational .
Therefore irrational numbers
,

are dense in R as well .

Suppose a is
arbitrary integer such that az2 .
We need to show that if the remainder when

divided 6 3
a is
by is 0
,
2
,
3
,
or 4
,
then a is
composite unless a is 2 or .

the remainder divided

Suppose when a is
by
6 is 0
,
2
,
3
,
or 4 .

Case 1 .
a =
6K for some
integerk .

Then 2 (3K) and thus

a is composite
=

a .

Case 2 6K 2
a + for some
integerk
. =
.

Then 2 (3k+ 1) and thus unless k

a
composite O which 2
=

a is = in case a
=

Case 3 6K 3
a + for some
integerk
· =
.

Then 3(2k+ 1) and thus unless k

a
composite O which 3
=

a is = in case a
=

Case Y a 6k + 4 for some

integerk
. .
=

Then 2 (3k 2) and thus

a
composite
=

is
+

a .
 Rubric for MAT100 Assignment 2

Criterion Score = 4 Score = 3 Score = 2 Score = 1 Score

Solutions are essentially
Solutions are mostly Some solutions are
correct. Mathematical Solutions are partially
correct. Mathematical completely incorrect.
arguments are well correct. Mathematical
arguments are presented Mathematical arguments
presented with proper arguments are presented
with reasonable logical are poorly presented with
Mathematical logical flow. Outstanding with some lack of logical
flow. Proper flawed logical flow. Lack
correctness critical thinking and flow. Some understanding
understanding of the topic of understanding of the
understanding of the topic of the topic is exhibited.
is exhibited. There are no topic is visible. There are a
are exhibited. There are There are some
major mathematical lot of mathematical
almost no mathematical mathematical mistakes.
mistakes. mistakes.
mistakes.

Mathematical Mathematical presentation

Mathematical presentation
presentation in the in the solutions approaches
in the solutions is below
solutions attains university level. Although
university level. There are
university level. There are errors are visible, spelling
many mistakes in spelling
very few spelling and and grammar are mostly
Presentation and grammar, making it
grammatical errors, correct, allowing readers to
and language hard for readers to
allowing readers to follow progress though ideas
comprehend the ideas. The
ideas clearly. The without much trouble. The
solutions are not well
solutions are very well solutions are reasonably
written with little use of
written with proper use of written with some use of
transition words.
transition words. transition words.

The assignment reflects The assignment appears to

genuine effort by the be done shoddily. The
Effort and student. The submitted submitted report looks bad
appearance report looks good in in appearance. It may not
appearance and is reader have been properly scanned
friendly. or snapshotted.
The assignment is
Completion submitted before the due
date.
Total out of 10