CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of screw car jack

Screw type mechanical jacks were very common for jeeps and trucks of World War II vintage. For
example, the World War II jeeps (Wally’s MB and Ford GPW) were issued the "Jack, Automobile, Screw
type, Capacity 1 1/2 ton", Ordnance part number 41-J-66. This jacks, and similar jacks for trucks, were
activated by using the lug wrench as a handle for the jack’s ratchet action to of the jack. The 41-J-66 jack
was carried in the jeep's tool compartment. Screw type jack's continued in use for small capacity
requirements due to low cost of production raise or lower it. Before the invention of weight lifting device
such as screw jack, hydraulic jack, crane, etc., the early man apply a crude way of lifting objects to great
heights through the use of ropes and rollers, which was mostly applied in the construction area, where, it
was used to raise mortar (cement, sand & water). [1]

The virtues of using a screw as a machine, essentially an inclined plane wound round a cylinder, was first
demonstrated by Archimedes in 200BC with his device used for pumping water. There is evidence of the
use of screws in the Ancient Roman world but it was the great Leonardo da Vinci, in the late 1400s, who
first demonstrated the use of a screw jack for lifting loads. Leonardo’s design used a threaded worm gear,
supported on bearings that rotated by the turning of a worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to move the load
- instantly recognizable as the principle we use today. We can’t be sure of the intended application of his
invention, but it seems to have been relegated to the history books, along with the helicopter and tank, for
3 almost four centuries.

It is not until the late 1800s that we have evidence of the product being developed further. With the
industrial revolution of the late 18th and 19th centuries came the first use of screws inmachine tools, via
English inventors such as John Wilkinson and Henry Causley The most notable inventor in mechanical
engineering from the early 1800s was undoubtedly themechanical genius Joseph Whitworth, who
recognized the need for precision had become asimportant in industry as the provision of power .A screw
jack that has a built-in motor is now referred to as a linear actuator but is essentially still a screw jack.

Today, screw jacks can be linked mechanically or electronically and with the advances in motion-control,
loads can be positioned to within microns. Improvements in gear technology together with the addition of
precision ball screws and roller screws mean the applications forscrew jacks today are endless and a real
alternative to hydraulics in terms of duty cycles and speed at a time when industry demands cleaner,
quieter and more reliable solutions. Car jacksusually use mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a
vehicle by manual force alone. Theuse of screws in the Ancient Roman world but it was the great
Leonardo Vinci, in the late 1400s,who first demonstrated the use of a screw jack for lifting loads.
Leonardo’s design used threadedworm gear, supported on bearings, that rotated by the turning of a worm
shaft to drive a lifting screw to move the load - instantly recognizable as the principle we use today [2]

1.1.1 Types of jacks

Jacks are of mainly two types- mechanical and hydraulic. They vary in size depending on the load that
they are used to lift

1.1.1.1 Mechanical Jacks

A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The most common form is a car jack, floor
jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be performed. Car jacks usually use
mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. More powerful jacks use
hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater distances. Mechanical jacks are usually rated for
maximum lifting capacity. There are several types of mechanical jacks: scissor jack, floor jack, scaffolds,
bottle jack etc.

Scissor Jacks

Scissors jacks are also mechanical and have been in use at least since the 1930s. A scissor jack is a device
constructed with a cross-hatch mechanism, much like a scissor, to lift up a vehicle for repair or storage. It
typically works in just a vertical manner. The jack opens and folds closed, applying pressure to the
bottom supports along the crossed pattern to move the lift

Figure 1Scissor Jack

House jack

A house jack, also called a screw jack, is a mechanical device primarily used to lift buildings from their
foundations for repairs or relocation. A series of jacks is used and then wood cribbing temporarily
supports the structure. This process is repeated until the desired height is reached. The house jack can be
used for jacking carrying beams that have settled or for installing new structural beams.

Figure 2 House Jack

Bottle (cylindrical) jack

A bottle jack or whiskey jack is a jack which resembles a bottle in shape, having a cylindrical body and a
neck. Within is a vertical lifting ram with a support pad of some kind fixed to the top. The jack may be
hydraulic or work by screw action. In the hydraulic version the hydraulic ram emerges from the body
vertically by hydraulic pressure provided by a pump either on the baseplate or at a remote location via a
pressure hose.

Figure 3 Bottle Jack

1.1.1.2 Hydraulic Jacks

Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency jack tobe carried with the
vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle requires more than the usual care in selecting
ground conditions, the jacking point on a vehicle, and to ensure stability when the jack is extended.
Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise buildings

Figure 4 Hydraulic Jack

1.2 Overview of the screw car jack

A jack is mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw thread or
hydraulic cylinder to apply very high linear forces. A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy
equipment more powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift overgreater distance. The
mechanical advantage is the factor by which a mechanism multiplies the force or torque applied to it. An
automotive jack is a device used to raise all or part of a vehicle into the air in order to facilitate repairs.
Most people are familiar with the basic auto jack that was still included as standard equipment with most
new cars. These days, fewer people than everhave had to use a car jack. This is due to the continuing
improvements in modern tires that have made “getting a flat” rare. Even so, people who like to rotate
their tires themselves or who may install snow tires before the winter and remove them in the spring need
to use a jack to perform the job.

A jackscrew is a type of jack that is operated by turning a lead screw. In the form of a screw jack it is
commonly used to lift moderately heavy weights, such as vehicles. More commonly it is used as an
adjustable support for heavy loads, such as the foundations of houses, or large vehicles. These can support
a heavy load, but not lift it. The power screws (also known as translation screws) are used to convert
rotary motion into translator motion. For example, in the case of the lead screw of lathe, the rotary motion
is available but the tool has to be advanced in the direction of the cut against the cutting resistance of the
material. In case of screw jack, a small force applied in the horizontal plane is used to raise or lower a
large load. Power screws are also used in vices, testing machines, presses, etc. In most of the power
screws; the nut has axial motion against the resisting axial force while the screw rotates in its bearings. In
some screws, the screw rotates and moves axially against the resisting force while the nut is stationary
and in others the nut rotates while the screw moves axially with no rotation.

1.3 Applications

The main applications of screw jack are as follows:

 To raise the load, e.g. screw-jack,

 To obtain accurate motion in machining operations, e.g. lead-screw of lathe,
 To clamp a work piece, e.g. vice, and
 To load a specimen, e.g. universal testing machine.

1.4 Advantage and Disadvantages

1.4.1Advantages
Screw jacks lift or raise the moderate heavy weights against gravity and uses very small handle force that
can be applied manually. Generally screw jacks have the following advantages:

 They are self-locking.

 They are simple to design.
 They are large load carrying capacity.
 The manufacturing of screw jack is easy without requiring specialized machinery.
 Screw jacks give smooth and noiseless service without any maintenance.
 There are only a few parts in screw jack. This reduces cost and increases reliability.
 They can lift moderately loads like cars with very less force.

1.4.2 Disadvantages

The major disadvantage of the screw jack is that chances of dropping, tipping or slipping of the load are
high, they should always be lubricated, and they cannot be used to lift or support very heavy loads and
can cause serious accidents hence the device is termed as not safe fail.

1.5 Components of screw car jack

Screw jack has the following parts:

 Body (Frame)
 Screw rod (spindle)
 Nut and collar for nut
 Handle (Tommy bar)
 Cup
 Set screw
 Washer

2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The purpose of the Jake is to lift the weight of 200 KN vehicles. The maximum lifting height of the jack
is 200mm. The type of Jake used to lift the vehicle is Jack screw design to the whole component of the
Jake.

3 OBJECTIVE OF THE DESIGN

3.1 General objective.

The general objective of this project is to design screw jack with the details drawing

3.2 Specific objective.

Design and considering the following part

Parts to be designed

 To be designed Screwed spindle having square threaded screws,

 To be designed Nut and collar for nut,
 To be designed Head at the top of the screwed spindle for handle,
 To be designed Cup at the top of head for the load,
 To be designed Body of the screw jack.

Forces to be considered

 To be considered Load applied

 To be considered Compressive stress
 To be considered Torques
 To be considered Shear stress
 To be considered Bending stress

4 SCOPES AND LIMITATION

4.1 Scope

This project is about the designing and fabricating the car jack. The types of car jack that we were used in
this project were hydraulic car jack as it is more reliable and easy to operate. In order to develop new
concept of the car jack design. The scopes of project were on the designing 200KN maximum lifting
capacity of car jack by using optimization concept. For optimizing the human power, the concepts that
will be used in this product were replacing the long arm with the leg pad. By this, the mechanical
advantage while lifting can be reducing. Therefore, the deformation, von stress misses, and the factor of
safety of pedal lever will be analyzed using the Finite Element Analysis Software. From our analysis, we
will propose the best concept of the car jack in terms of friendly user.

4.2 Limitation

In the design of screw car jack we have faced so many limitations including:

 Lack of resource i.e. computer access, Mat lab, and other software’
 Lack of experience

CHAPTER TWO

LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to literature reviews about design of screw car jack

In this section project papers are discussed related to the present work. Published papers are highlight in
this section. The main purpose of this literature review is to get information about the project from the
reference books, magazines, journals, technical papers and web sites. In this chapter the discussion will be
made base on all the sources. After going through various literatures on pressure vessel supports some of
the selected papers are cited below and which are considered as basis for developing structural analysis
methodology for screw car jack.

2.2 Illustrations of literature reviews about design of screw jacks

Experimental Investigation of the Performance of a Laboratory Screw Jack’ and concluded it has been
established that the relationship between the load and efficiency, and between the load and effort applied
is linear and was also discovered that decrease in load means decrease in effort and decrease in load
causes increase in efficiency [3]

In this paper a lifting device is a system that allows small force (effort) to overcome a large force or load.
There are practically hundreds of uses for lift tables in manufacturing, warehousing and distribution
facilities. The addition of this device (lift table) makes job faster, safer and easier. Some typical
applications include; machine feeding and off-loading, product assembly inspection quality control repair,
feeding and offloading conveyor levels. The commonest method for operating a scissors lift is the use of a
power screw [4] Jaw,

The manually operated screw jack lift is a device that makes use of a horizontally placed power screw to
overcome large load through less effort applied on the power screw. One of the most important factors of
lift platform is its stability. Knowing that stability is a source of concern for a lift platform, its positioning
should be on a flat surface and the load should be place or concentrated at the center of gravity of the
table. Other constraint to be considered is the deflection of the unit. Deflection in the lift can be defined as
the resulting change in elevation of all parts of a screw jack lift assembly, typically measured from the
floor to the top of the platform deck, whenever load is applied to or removed from the lift. [5]

Safety requirement for industrial scissor lifts states that “All industrial screw jack lift will deflect under
load”. The Shop standard goes on to outline the maximum allowable deflection base on platform size and
number of scissor mechanism within the lift design. Screw jack lift deflection becomes more critical in
material handling applications where the lift must interface with adjoining, fixed elevations, especially
when transferring rolling load. In these cases, it is important that any difference in elevation between
adjoining surfaces during material transfer be minimize or if not totally eliminated. Before attempting to
discuss how to limit scissor lift deflection, it is important to understand the contributing factors to a lift
total deflection. An open or raised scissor acts very much like a spring would apply a load and it
compresses, remove a load and it expands. Such component within the screw jack lift has the potential to
store or release energy when loaded and unloaded (and therefore deflects).

There are application specific characteristics that may promote deflection, understanding these root
causes helps to pin-point and apply effective measures to limit them. Leg deflection due to bending is as a
result of stress which is driven by the total weight supported by the legs, scissor leg length, and available
leg cross section. The longer the scissors leg length, the more difficult it is to control the bending under
load other important component is the platform structure. Platform bending will increase as the load
center of gravity move away from the center (unevenly distributed load) or at an edge (eccentric loading)
of the platform. Also as the scissor open during rising of the lift, the rollers could roll back towards the
platform hinges and create an increasingly unsupported overhung portion of the platform assembly.
Increase platform strength via increase support structure material height does improve resistance to
deflection, but also contributes to an increase collapsed height of the lift. The lift base frame is usually
placed on the floor and may not experience deflection. For cases where the scissor lift is mounted to an
elevated or portable frame, the potential for deflection increases. To effectively resist deflection, the base
frame must be rigidly supported from beneath to support the point loading created by the two scissor leg
hinges.

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

3.1 DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

3.1.1 OVERAL SPECIFICTION OF THE PROJECT

Design of screw car jack

parameter value unit

lift weight 200 KN
Maximum hight 200 mm

Table 1 general specification of the project

3.1.2 Force analysis

The force analysis consideration is based on the assumption of the screw jack load
by vertically symmetrical and in this subject we will see how to calculate the
different dimensions of mechanical jack screw since the dimension is necessary to
calculate the force analysis in mechanical jack screw.

Given

F = 200 KN

G =9.81 m/s

To find the mass

F=Mg
 F 200000 N
M = g = 9.81 m/s 2 = 20387.35984 Kg

So the maximum amount of mass is 20387.35984

3.1.4 Material selection

3.1.4.1 Introduction

Material selection is an important process in design processes. Selecting materials

is a process that is design-led in that the material selection process uses the design
requirements as the input so as to come up with materials that have the desired
properties for the part to be designed to function well

3.1.4.2 Engineering Materials for Components

The common engineering materials used in making machine components include;

 cast iron,
 Steel (all types of steel)
 Copper and its alloys
 Aluminum and its alloys
 Plastics.

Therefore, the right materials for the design of the screw jack parts should be
selected. Selection requires one to consider the following factors which give the
best material fit for the design job:

 Specific strength and mass.

It is preferable to select a material of high yield stress with ability to carry external
load without failure and low density in order to realize a screw shaft of high
strength and low mass. Therefore, the material selection process should aim to
maximize the quantity termed as the specific strength.

 Resistance to abrasive wear.

Most of engineering materials in contact with one another are subjected to surface
wear due to relative motion. It is therefore desirable to select a material from the
candidate materials with low wear rate or capacity to resist abrasive wear at the
thread surfaces.

 Resistance to buckling.
Heavy loads may cause the screw to buckle once the critical load is
exceeded. It is preferable to select a material with high resistance to
buckling of the screw, that is, excellent elasticity and deflection behavior in
response to application of an external load.

 Availability, Cost and Affordability.

It is also preferable to choose a material with the highest affordability rating.

Relative cost of the materials is used in finding or calculating the affordable rates.

Therefore, the availability of the material and the cost of processing the material
into the finished product need to be taken into account and considered as
supporting information when making the final choice of the material.
  Heat transmission properties.

As we know there always a relative motion between screw and nut, which cause a
friction that generates heat which can cause change in the mechanical properties of
the material. Other relevant properties include; resistance to corrosion, electrical
and mechanical properties, heat transmission properties etc.

3.1.4.3 Steps for Selection of Materials for Components

Selection of materials in engineering design involves the following steps

 Translation of design requirements into specifications for a material.

 Screening out those materials that do not meet the specifications in order to
leave only the viable candidates.
 Ranking of the surviving materials to identify those that have the greatest
potential.
 Using supporting information to finally arrive at the choice of material to be
used

The first three steps involve mathematical analysis, use of various charts and
graphs of specific property such as specific strength, wear resistance, buckling
resistance and affordability. The materials are compared, ranked as per the indices
of merit and available supporting information is used to reach the final decision.

In this project, information from case studies on previous designs of similar

products is used in material selection for the screw jack components/parts.
However, other factors such as availability of the candidate materials, purchase
price of the candidate materials, manufacturing processes and properties, forms
and sizes in which the materials are available are also considered

3.1.4.4 Components and their Specific Materials Selected

The goal of material selection is to come up with an appropriate material that best
meets the design requirements. The approach is to identify the connection between
functional requirements and the material properties so as to help us reduce the
number of candidate materials from which to select from. The following are
components and materials required in the design of a power screw (screw jack):

Frame (Body)

The frame of the screw jack has complex shape. It’s subjected to compressive
stress. For this reason, Grey cast iron of grade FG220(S, = 220Mpa) as a material
is selected for the frame. This is also evident from the case study on previous
design of the same product (Nyanja’s, 18 December, 2006). Cast iron is cheap and
it can give any complex shape without involving costly
1 Design of screw jack parts

Design and draw a screw jack for lifting a safe load of 200 KN through lift of
200mm.the elastic strength of the screw may be taken as 240Mpa in compression
and 160Mpa in shear.

Given data

W = 200KN ⸹t (Nut) = 130Mpa

H = 200mm ⸹c(Nut) = 115Mpa

⸹C= 240Mpa ⅉ (nut) = 100Mpa

ⅉ = 160Mpa Pb =18Mpa

µ = 0.15

2 design of screw spindle

Under compressive we have to consider the compression to get the core diameter
due to the compression caused by resisting area. Let Ac = resisting area of core
diameter, dc = core diameter of screw, w= capacity load. For square threads of the
series the following dimensions of screw are selected from table.

w = σ c × Ac

π
Ac = 4 dc2

200 KN
dc = √ π ×130 =22.129mm

dc = 22.129mm