MODUL

SEMESTER I
ITSI
2023
 INTRODUCTION
English is an International language which is used throughout the world. Every
aspect of life especially in science and technology, nowadays, applies English as the
medium of information, and English becomes one of the main requirements in order to
have the basic competencies. In terms of the phenomenon, plantation studies as one of the
program of education need English in order to communicate both in spoken and written.
According to the stakeholders need, therefore, it is necessary to conduct the
materials in order to fulfill the requirement of the stakeholders. Because of the needs of
the stakes holder are different from one to another, hence, the use of English is quite
different from the General English. In this case, the use of English for Specific Purposes
(ESP) is very necessary.
In terms of the requirements of plantation students in applying English as one of
their competencies in the work field, therefore, the writer conducted the materials which
integrate both the General English (EGP) Purposes and English for Specific Purposes
(EGP) in order to fulfill the needs. This material includes both grammatical procedures
and reading comprehension, therefore, the students will acquire four language
competencies, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing.

The Writer
MEETING 1
 NOUNS

COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

⚫COUNTABLE NOUNS
⚫There are several categories of count nouns that can help you organize your study.
Some of them are listed here.
1. Names of persons, their name relationships, and their occupations :
one boy two boys
one friend two friends
one student two students
2. Names of animals, plants, insects :
one cat two cats
one flower two flowers
one bee two bees
3. Names of things with a definite, individual shape :
one car two cars
one house two houses
one room two rooms
4. Units of measurement
one inch two inches
one pound two pounds
one degree two degrees
5. Units of classifications in society :
one family two families
one country two countries
one language two languages
6. Containers of non count solids, liquids, pastes, and gases :
one bottle two bottles
one jar two jars
one tube two tubes
7. “A limited number of abstract concepts “
one idea two ideas
one invention two inventions
one plan two plans

⚫Examples :
We have twenty dollars left.
I hope that I can lose about five pounds before summer.
Several of the people in this class speak three or four languages.
 The temperature has risen ten degrees in two hours.
The teacher has ordered two books, but they aren’t in at the bookstore.

⚫ UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Some of them are listed here :

1. Food staples that can be purchased in various forms
bread meat butter
2. Construction materials that can change shape, depending on what is made :
wood iron glass
3. Liquids that can chance shape, depending on the shape of the container :
oil tea milk
4. Natural, substances that can change shape, depending on natural laws
steam, water, ice, smoke, ashes, oxygen
5. Substances with many small parts :
rice sand sugar
6. Groups of things that have different sizes and shapes :
Clothing ( a coat, a shirt, a sock )
Furniture ( a table, a chair, a bed )
Luggage ( a suitcase, a trunk, a box )
7. Languages
Arabic Japanese Spanish
•Abstract concepts, often with ending –ness, -ance,-ence, -ity
beauty ignorance eternity
•Most –ing forms :
learning shopping working
⚫Examples :
1.Happiness means different things to different people
2.Toshi speaks Japanese at home
3.Bread is expensive in the grocery store on the corner.
4.I like my tea with milk.
5.If you open the door, air will circulate better.
6.Water boils at 212 degrees F, and freezes at 32 degrees F

⚫Some of the most troublesome have been listed for you on the following page.
⚫advice homework money poetry
⚫anger ignorance music poverty
⚫courage information news progress
⚫damage knowledge patience luck
⚫equipment leisure fun
⚫Examples
Do you have information about it ?
Counselors are available to give you advice before you register for your classes.
George had good luck when he first came to State University.

⚫SINGULAR AND PLURAL EXPRESSIONS OF NONCOUNT NOUNS

⚫Remember that the following singular and plural expressions are idiomatic :

A piece of advice two pieces of advice

A piece of bread two pieces of bread
A piece of equipment two pieces of equipment
A piece of furniture two pieces of furniture
A piece of information two pieces of information

ABSTRACT & CONCRETE NOUNS

ABSTRACT NOUN
•Abstract Noun is a word for a concept – it is an idea that exists in our minds only.
•Abstract nouns are uncountable.
•For examples :
beauty, justice, mankind

CONCRETE NOUN
•Concrete Noun is a word for a physical object that can perceived by the senses – we can
see, touch, smell the object.
•Concrete nouns are countable
•For examples :
flower, girl

COLLECTIVE NOUN
•A collective noun is a word for a group of people, animals, or objects considered as a
single unit.
•Examples of collective nouns are :
audience, committee, class, crew, crowd, enemy, faculty, family, flock, folk,
government, group, herd, jury, majority, minority, nation, orchestra, press, public, team.
•Collective nouns are countable nouns ; they may be used in plural
NOUN COMPOUNDS
The term compound, as it is used for a part of speech, refers to a group of words –
usually two, but sometimes more – joined together into one vocabulary unit that functions
as a single part of speech
Nouns compound consist of following composite forms :
1. Noun + noun : bathroom, department store, grammar book
2. Possessive noun + noun : lady’s maid, artist’s model, traveler’s checks
3. Adjective + noun : blackbird, common sense, blue print
4. Verb + noun : pickpocket, flashlight, dance team
5. Noun + verb : handshake, garbage dump, lifeguard
6. Gerund + noun : dining room, pounching bag, wearing apparel
7. Noun + gerund : fortune telling, housecleaning, water skiing
8. Preposition + noun : overalls, by-way, downpour
9. Verb + preposition-adverb : breakdown, makeup, grown-up
10. Noun + prepositional phrase : son-in-law, editor in chief

FORM OF NOUNS
1. Inflectional Forms
Inflectional forms of nouns may be indicate :
a. Gender. Special endings mark nouns as masculine, feminine, or neuter, not
necessarily according to the sex.
b. Case. Special endings mark noun according to their function in the sentence –
subject, object of the verbs, etc.
c. Number. Special endings mark singular or plural nouns
2. Plural Inflectional form
a. After a sibilant sound spelled as s, z, ch, sh, x, es is added, e.g. churches, glasses,
boxes. However if ch is pronounced [k], only s is added, e.g. monarchs, stomachs,
epochs.
b. After y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i and es is added, e.g. ladies,
countries, babies. If final y is preceded by vowel, no change is made, e.g.
attorneys, valleys.
c. In one-syllable word, final f or fe becomes ves in plural, e.g. wives, leaves, knives,
thieves.
d. After final o, es is sometimes added, especially in some common words, e.g.
heroes. Negroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. If a vowel precedes the final o, or if
the word is a term used in music, only s is added, e.g. studios, zoos, pianos,
sopranos.
e. Irregular plurals based on older English may take the form of :
- an internal change, e.g. man – men, foot – feet, mouse mice
- an en ending, e.g. child – children, ox – oxen
 f. The plural has the same form as the singular, e.g. sheep – sheep, deer – deer
g. The singular has the same form as the plural, e.g. series – series, means –means
h. Many foreign words retain their foreign plurals in English

NOMINALIZATION

Nominalization or Derivational Form of Nouns

Derivational forms consist chiefly of special endings that may :
➢Change one part of speech to another
examples :
engage + ment = engagement
destroy + tion = destruction
➢Distinguish one part of speech from another
examples : distance = noun, distant = adjective

The derivational forms of nouns consist of the following suffixes :

1. Suffixes changing verbs to nouns :
a. suffixes indicating the state of _____ -ing :
-age, -al, -ance or ence, -(ery), -ment,-t,
-tion,or –sion,-ure
e.g: marriage, arrival, allowance, persistence, bribery, arrangement
b. suffixes indicating a person who _______ -s, or a person who is active in
__________, or a person who comes from _______ ( agent suffixes) :-ant or
–ent, -er or –or, -eer, -i(an) or –arian, ist
e.g. defendant, attendant, manager, governor, auctioneer, New Yorker,
Bostonian, librarian, typist
c. the suffix –ing, which expresses some of the verbal force of the word to which
it is attached, recreational activities, adjunct in compounds, adjective
modification, or used in plural
e.g. : fishing, dancing, engineering, mining, swimming pool, ironing board, a
good cleaning, excellent hunting, blessings, weddings

2. Endings distinguishing nouns from verbs :

verb noun
believe belief
prove proof
live life
defend defense
 receive receipt
descend descent
advise advice

3. Suffixes changing adjective to nouns to indicate the state of being _______ : -ity,-
ness,-th
e.g. : activity, sterility, happiness, usefulness,
warmth, strength.
4. Suffixes distinguishing nouns from adjectives : -ant or –ent adjective . –ance or –ence
noun
e.g. : intelligent – intelligence, distant – distance
brilliant – brilliance, radiant – radiance

5. Suffixes changing concrete nouns to abstract nouns, to indicate the state _______ of
being a _______ : -hood, -ism, -ship
e.g. : brotherhood, childhood, heroism, fellowship, friendship

6. Suffixes changing nouns to other nouns, to indicate (1) a doctrine, theory, or school,
of belief – ism ; (2) a follower or advocate of such a doctrine, theory, or school or
belief - ist
In a few cases these suffixes are added to adjectives
e.g. capitalism – capitalist, communism – communist, terrorism – terrorist,
realism – realist, idealism – idealist, socialism – socialist, pessimism - pessimist

7. The suffix –ess,-ine, -ix, -ette to distinguish a female person from a male person
e.g. waiter – waitress, actor – actress, host - hostess, steward – stewardess,
hero - heroine, aviator – aviatrix, suffragist - suffragette
A smaller group of nouns have the same forms as verbs or adjectives
e.g. answer, control, cough, dance, defeat, exchange, favor, fight, average, equal,
ideal, principal, native, public, secret, standard
Exercises :
Transform the words below into the Word Classification

Adjective Noun Meaning

1. industrial ___________________ __________________
2. private ___________________ __________________
3. economical ___________________ __________________
4. attractive ___________________ _________________
5. national ___________________ _________________
6. high ___________________ _________________
7. available ___________________ _________________
8. hospitable ___________________ _________________

Verb Noun Meaning

1.grow ___________________ __________________
2. tend ___________________ __________________
3.expand ___________________ __________________
4. diversify ___________________ __________________
5.establish ___________________ __________________
 MEETING 2
SPEAKING
OPENINGS AND CLOSINGS

Greetings Responses
More Good morning Good morning
Formal Good afternoon Good afternoon
Good evening Good evening
How nice to see you Yes, it’s been a quite a while
What a pleasant surprise
Hello, _____________ Hello, _____________
How are you ? Fine thanks, and you ?
Hi, ________ Hi, ________
How’ve you been ? Pretty good
What’s happening ? Not much
What’s new ? Nothing
How are you doing ? Ok
Less How you doing ? Not bad
Formal Long time no see Yeah !
 Preclosings Responses
More Well, I’m afraid I have to be Thank you for coming
Formal going.
It’s been a pleasure Yes, I’ve enjoyed it..
Thank you for the advice My pleasure.
I really must go now.
It was nice to see you It was nice to see you too.
Well, it’s getting late Maybe we can talk again.
I know you’re busy
Nice to see you again Nice to see you
Thank you for coming It was fun
Maybe we could get Sounds good
together sometime.
Great seeing you Same here
Less I’ve really got to go Ok. See you
Formal Got to go now See you again

Closings Responses
More Until next time Good bye
Formal Good night, _________ Good night, __________
Good bye, __________ Good bye, ___________
Have a nice (weekend) You too.
Less Talk to you later Bye. Take it easy
Formal See you later So long. Take care.
 Conversation Drill ( Introduction)
Tom : Hello, how do you do ?
Ben : How do you do.
Tom : May I introduce myself. My name is Tom Hamilton
Ben : Oh hi Tom. I’m Ben Joshua. Are you a new comer in this neighborhood?
Tom : Yes, I am. I have been here for a week.
Ben : You have a new activity in this area, haven’t you?
Tom : Yes. I have been joining a new company.
Ben : Where are you working now?
Tom : Sumatera Plantation. It’s real hard. But I guess I shouldn’t complain. A lot of
guys are out of work these days.
Jerry : Yeah, that’s the truth. Well, It was nice to see you but I should go now.
Tom : Yeah, it was great seeing you again. Maybe we could get together sometime.
Jerry : Sounds good. I’ll give you a call. This is my card.
Tom : Ok. Great. I’ll be seeing you.
Jerry : Ok. Enjoy your time.
Tom : Thanks. Bye
Jerry : Bye.
 MEETING 3
READING COMPREHENSION

What is a Paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop a main thought, or idea,
about a single topic. The structure of a paragraph is not complex. There are usually three
basic elements: (1) a topic, (2) a topic sentence, and (3) supporting details. The topic
sentence states the main, or controlling, idea. The sentences that explain this main point
are called supporting details. These details maybe facts, reasons, or examples that provide
further information about the topic sentence.
Important terms

Paragraph: a group of sentences that focus on a single idea

Topic: the one thing a paragraph is about
Topic sentence: the sentence that tells what the paragraph is about
Supporting details: those sentences that explain the topic sentence

Placement of Topic Sentences

Writers often place their topic sentence first in the paragraph—a position that
enables the writer to state his or her main idea and then move on to explain it. The topic
sentence can also be placed last or in the middle. On occasion a writer may choose to
state the main idea once at the beginning of the paragraph and restate it at the end or use
both sentences to fully explain his or her main idea. Although a topic sentence can be
located anywhere in a paragraph, it is usually first or last.
Read text 1 comprehensively!

Palm Oil as Agribusiness

Palm oil is attractive to the food industry because it is cheap and is semisolid at
room temperature; thus, it ordinarily does not need to be hardened to be useful as a
shortening. It can be used as a household cooking oil, but in the United States it is used
primarily as an ingredient in commercially processed food. Chocolate products such as
candy bars and cake icing may contain palm oil as a substitute for cocoa butter. Ice
cream, margarine, peanut butter, coffee whitener, canned cream soups, sauces, baked
goods, trail mix and other snack food, and microwaveable convenience foods may all
contain palm oil. Palm oil also has industrial and chemical uses—for instance, as a
mineral oil substitute for producing lubricant, detergent, soap, and cosmetic including
lipstick, makeup remover, body lotion, and sun cream. The oil palm fruit also provides
palm kernel oil and palm kernel meal. Those products are derived from the seeds of the
fruit rather than from the fleshy pulp. The seeds can be stored for a long period and are
easily transported. Palm kernel oil is used in some of the same kinds of foods as palm oil,
even though their fatty acid compositions differ considerably. Palm kernel meal is an
important ingredient in animal feeds. The yield of the palm fruit is about 82 percent crude
palm oil, 10 percent palm kernel meal, and 8 percent palm kernel oil.

Read text 2 comprehensively

RUBBER

The most common major use of natural rubber to date is in production of tires. In
Indonesia, tire production has developed quite rapidly and is apparently running at an
excess capacity. Further increases in the tire manufacture may face several basic
handicaps. Local tire industries face heavy competition in the export market from
overseas. Excessive expenditure for research and development is required to maintain a
competitive position to match the progress in tire technology developed by large
corporate research organizations. Moreover, tire production is dominated by a few
multinational companies with strict technical control from their headquarters.
Consequently, there is less chance to incorporate a larger proportion of natural rubber
into locally made tires unless authorized by the corporate management. On the average,
the content of natural rubber is 30 % to 40 % of the tire weight and more ironically the
value of that rubber content is merely 20 % of the tire price.
 MEETING 4
READING COMPREHENSION
Read text comprehensively!

OIL PALM
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) was first introduced from West Africa into
Bogor on Java Island in 1848 but commercial exploitation did not take place till the end
of that century in North Sumatra. From there it spread to the West Coast of Malaya in the
early nineties, but phenomenal growth in oil palm plantations in South East Asia occurred
only after World War II. Over a relatively short period of 40 years since 1960, palm oil
has become a major vegetable oil, second only to soybean oil. Malaysia, Indonesia,
Thailand and Papua New Guinea together produced nearly 90% of world palm oil output
in 2000. Other significant producers are Colombia, Ecuador, Ivory Coast and Nigeria.
The oil palm is predominantly cultivated on tropical soils that belong mainly to the soil
orders Ultisol, Oxisol, and Inceptisol. These soils are highly acidic and have low
buffering capacities. Consequently, fertilizers are essential for economic production as
attested by ample field experiments and growth in fertilizer usage in the oil palm sector.
For good yields to be sustained, fertilizer inputs are necessary and typically constitute 40-
50% of total field upkeep cost. With palm oil projected to grow to 35 million tonnes by
2020, the expansion in fertilizer requirements is assured and this makes pleasant news to
people in the trade. However, both the expected increase in palm oil production and
concomitant fertilizer usage have to take full cognizance of worldwide environmental
concerns on two major counts. The first focuses on depletion of “green lungs” which can
be further aggravated by increased felling of tropical rainforests for new plantations,
while the second concerns pollution of water and the air by agro-chemicals, including
fertilizers. In the light of such public concerns, particularly in developed countries, it
would be prudent to select the path of yield improvement, as opposed to land expansion,
for the purpose of achieving the palm oil production envisaged for 2020. This
productivity cum environment responsive approach will strongly hinge on more efficient
nutrient management of the oil palm.
1. What is the main idea of the passage
a. The oil palm was introduced from west
Africa into Bogor
b. Fertilizer are essentials for economic
production.
2. The word ‘these’ in line 10 refers to
a. West Africa and Bogor
b. Ultisol, Oxicol and Inceptesol
c. Palm oil has become a major
vegetable oil
d. Oil palm plantations in South East
Asia occurred only after World
War II
c. Malaysia and Indonesia
d. green lungs

3. When the phenomenal growth in palm oil plantations?

a. 1960 c. 2000
b. 2020 d. after World War II

4. Which is of the following statements about the oil palm is true ?

a. Palm oil only grows in Malaysia and c. the oil palm is predominantly
Indonesia cultivated in the tropical soil
b. Oil palm does not need the chemical d. There is no bad effect of using
fertilizers fertilizer
 MEETING 5
READING COMPREHENSION
Read text comprehensively!
CONCUSSIONS
A concussion is a mild form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a bump,
blow, or jolt to the head. Concussions can also occur from a fall or a blow to the body
that causes the head to move rapidly back and forth. Doctors may describe these injuries
as “mild” because concussions are usually not life-threatening. Even so, their effects can
be serious. Understanding the signs and symptoms of a concussion can help you get
better more quickly.
After a concussion, some people lose consciousness (“knocked out”) for a short
time. However, most concussions do not result in a loss of consciousness. Not being able
to remember events (amnesia) prior to, or following the injury, for a period of time is
another sign of concussion. Yet, some people simply feel dazed or confused.
Symptoms of concussion usually fall into four categories:
1. Thinking/Remembering,
such as difficulties remembering recent events (even those immediately before
and/or after the concussion), or feeling mentally “foggy.”
2. Physical,
such as headaches or difficulty with bright light or loud noises
3. Emotional/Mood,
such as irritability, sadness, or nervousness
4. Sleep Disturbance,
such as sleeping more or less than usual.

Most people with a concussion recover quickly and fully. But for some people,
symptoms can last for days, weeks, or longer. In general, recovery may be slower among
older adults, young children, and teens. Those who have had a concussion in the past are
also at risk of having another one and may find that it takes longer to recover if they have
another concussion.
People with a concussion need to be seen by a doctor. While most are seen in an
emergency department or a doctor’s office, some people must stay in the hospital
overnight Your doctor may do a scan of your brain (such as a CT scan) or other tests.
Other tests, known as “neuropsychological” or “neurocognitive” tests, assess your
learning and memory skills, your ability to pay attention or concentrate, and how quickly
you can think and solve problems. These tests can help your doctor identify the effects of
a concussion. Even if the concussion doesn’t show up on these tests, you may still have a
concussion.
Your doctor will send you home with important instructions to follow. Be sure to
follow all of your doctor’s instructions carefully. If you are taking medications—
prescription, over-the counter medicines, or “natural remedies”—or if you drink alcohol
or take illicit drugs, tell your doctor. Also, tell your doctor if you are taking blood
thinners (anticoagulant drugs), such as Coumadin and aspirin, because they can increase
the chance of complications.
 MEETING 6
READING COMPREHENSION
GETTING BETTER FROM CONCUSSIONS
Although most people recover fully after a concussion, how quickly they improve
depends on many factors. These factors include how severe their concussion was, their
age, how healthy they were before the concussion, and how they take care of themselves
after the injury. Some people who have had a concussion find that at first it is hard to do
their daily activities, their job, to get along with everyone at home, or to relax. Ignoring
your symptoms and trying to “tough it out” often makes symptoms worse.
Rest is very important after a concussion because it helps the brain to heal. You’ll
need to be patient because healing takes time. Only when the symptoms have reduced
significantly, in consultation with your doctor, should you slowly and gradually return to
your daily activities, such as work or school. If your symptoms come back or you get new
symptoms as you become more active, this is a sign that you are pushing yourself too
hard. Stop these activities and take more time to rest and recover. As the days go by, you
can expect to gradually feel better.
If you already had a medical condition at the time of your concussion (such as
chronic headaches), it may take longer for you to recover from the concussion. Anxiety
and depression may also make it harder to adjust to the symptoms of a concussion. While
you are healing, you should be very careful to avoid doing anything that could cause a
bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body. On rare occasions, receiving another concussion
before the brain has healed can result in brain swelling, permanent brain damage, and
even death, particularly among children and teens.
After you have recovered from your concussion, you should protect yourself from
having another one. People who have had repeated concussions may have serious long-
term problems, including chronic difficulty with concentration, memory, headache, and
occasionally, physical skills, such as keeping one’s balance.
MEETING 7
 MEETING 9
AGREEMENT
Agreement adalah persatuan antara subjek dengan predikat. Contoh-
contoh dalam bentuk sederhana:
He flies to Manado once a week.
I have been to Bali.
He has a nice car.
You are always complaining in seeking a job.
I fly to Manado once a week.

1. AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT
2. NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
3. VERBS AS THE COMPLEMENT
EXERCISES 21 : VERBS AS COMPLEMENT
 MEETING 10

CONCEPT OF PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure text is also called as Instructions, and it is very common text in human

life. For instance, if people want to operate machine, tools, or computer, they might to

read the instructions or procedure of them. Avoiding making mistakes, they are supposed

to follow the steps written on instruction. Moreover, procedure belongs to a group of

typed which tells them how something is accomplished through are sequence of action

and steps. It is very important genre because it enables us to get things done. It purposes

to tell someone how to do or make something. The description about the general features

of procedure text as follows:

Social Function

To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.

Generic Structure of Procedure Text:

(1) Goal (name of procedure to be carried out)

(2) Material (list of material needed (can be embedded in procedure)

(3) Procedure/Method list of steps to be followed.

Significant Lexico-grammatical Features:

(1) Focus on generalized human agents.

(2) Use of simple present tense, often imperative

(3)Use mainly of temporal conjunction (or numbering to indicate sequences)

(4) Use mainly material process

 The basic structure of a procedure text consists of three parts; they are goal,

material, and steps. Furthermore, in language features, the text focuses on generalized

human agents which mean the reader or the person following the instructions is referred

to in general way (one/you) or sometimes is not mentioned at all.

Temporal conjunction expresses temporal relationship between steps to another

step for example, first, then, finally, etc. Meanwhile, material process deals with actions

verbs for instance, make, mix, bake, etc. The table below is the example of procedural

text-a recipe

Goal : White Bread

Materials : 4 cup plain flour
1 sachet of yeast
1 teaspoon sugar
1 teaspoon butter
1 cup of warm water
Procedure : 1. Sift flour and salt into bowl.
2. Crumble yeast into warm water; add sugar and
sugar dissolves.
3. Make a well in center of flour, pour yeast in
mixture.
Mix ingredients into a better and beat
thoroughly until dough is dry and springy.
4. Place in greatest bowl, reverse dough so that
upper side is coated with grease. Cover with dry
cloth and stand in warm place for approximately
45 minutes, until dough has doubled in bulk.
5. Turn on the lightly floured board. Knead for
approximately 5 minutes.
6. Press dough into lightly greased loaf tin and place
in warm place until dough rises well above top
of tin.
7. Bake in very hot oven for 15 minutes. Reduce
heat to moderate and continue baking for further
45 minutes.
8. Remove loaf carefully from tin and place on dry
baking sheet. Bake in oven for further 10 minutes
to brown sides.
EXERCISE:

CREATE A CONVERSATION BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE

TEXT

How to Extract Palm Oil from Palm Fruit at Home?

Palm oil is the most consumed and oldest cooking oil in Nigeria.This is because, even
before large-scale production of palm oil and modern-day civilization, the making and
selling of the oil for home consumption and for commercial purposes has been in
existence. Oil palm cultivation is originally from West Africa.

The Use Of Palm Oil

The palm oil is the oil extracted from the fruits of a palm tree. It is one of the basic
components of our traditional dishes here in Nigeria. Palm oil can be used in the
preparation of our traditional dishes like Egusi soup, Ofe Nsala, Gbegiri soup, tuwo
masara, efo riro. Palm oil is produced in Enugu, Imo, Ondo, Anambra, Oyo, Abia and
Akwa Ibom

All these traditional dishes will not have their unique tastes without the locally extracted
palm oil. That is why there is always constant demand for this type of palm oil and, the
business is very lucrative.

How to extract palm oil from palm fruit at home?

Traditional palm oil extraction process

Preparation
1. Wash the palm fruits, place in a pot and cover with water. Boil for about 30 minutes
till the husk is tender.
2. Strain the water out of the pot and pour the palm fruits in a mortar in batches.
3. Pound till the husk comes off the seed.
4. Scoop out the pounded fruit in batches and put into a big pan.
5. Add hot water (water that isn't too harsh on your skin) in batches.
6. Gently squeeze the palm fruit juice out of the kernels.
7. Use a colander to sieve out the squeezed juice into a clean pot. If you feel there's still
some juice to be squeezed out, add some more clean water and squeeze.
8. Boil the juice in the pot till the water evaporates. What will be left in the pot is your
palm oil that can be used for Ofe Akwu, Banga soup, Atama soup, Black soup, etc.

Now all these complex production processes can be replaced by a machine call palm oil
press machine. The small scale palm oil press machine can extract the crude palm oil
effectively. Palm oil press machine also called palm oil expeller, palm oil mill plant,
palm oil extraction machine which is popular at home and abroad, especially in Africa,
West Africa, Cameroon, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana.

New type palm oil press machine widely used in Africa, West Africa, Cameroon, Nigeria, Cote
d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana.

Features of palm oil press machine :

1.Small scale palm oil press machine mainly used to extrude palm fruit oil.
2.Designed and manufactured by Henan Doing company
3.It's good for small scale farm, small palm oil factory, home using,
4.Easy operation, easy move, easy change place
5.Driven by motor or diesel engine
6.Popular in Africa, South Africa, South America, Cameroon, Thailand, Ghana, Nigeria,
etc.
 MEETING 11

PROCEDURE TEXT

Definition of Procedure Text

Procedure text is a piece of written or spoken text which has the social function to

inform the readers or the listeners how to make or to do something. It can be in the

form of a set of instructions, directions or a manual.

Social/Language Function of Procedure Text

The followings are some social functions for Procedure Text.

1. Manual: to provide a series of precise, sequenced steps or directions that explain to the

readers how to do something while also allowing the readers to reach the outcome

successfully.
Generic Structure of Procedure Text

The followings are the structure of Procedure Text.

a. Goal or purpose: provides information on the intent and purpose of the procedure and

predict a conclusion.

b. Materials or tools: list the materials or the materials required to perform a procedure or

steps.

c. Steps or methods: a list of the order of instruction/activity to achieve the objectives in

the correct sequence of steps.

Language Features of Procedure Text

Some language features that you can follow to make a Procedure Text are as follow:

1. Using Simple Present Tense.

2. Using action verbs (e.g.: make, take, boil, cook).

3. Using command/imperative sentence (e.g.: Pour some water ...., Wash the tomatoes

...., Put the noodles on the ...., Cut the onion ....).

4. Using connectors/connective words/temporal conjunction (e.g.: first, then, finally, ....).

5. Using adverbial phrases (e.g.: for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top).

6. Sometimes is started with adverb of manner (e.g.: carefully fill the bottle ....).
 MEETING 12

SPEAKING COMPREHENSION

1. DESCRIBE ABOUT PEOPLE

Talking about Appearance

• What does he/she look like ?
• Do you think he’s/she’s good looking ?
Talking about height
• Is he/she tall ?
• How tall is he/she ?
Talking about Age, weight, hair color
• How old is he/she ?
• How much does he/she weigh ?
• What color is his/her hair ?
Distinguishing Features
• What else can you tell me about him/her ?
He has a beard/moustache/very short hair
Identifying by dress
• Which (one) is ____________ ?
• Who’s ______________ ?
He’s/she’s the one wearing ________________
Identifying by appearance
• Which (one) is _____________?
• Who’s _______________ ?
He’s/she’s the one with ________________

Describing People
Who’s the man standing near the door ?
holding a glass ?
with a beard ?
sitting on the couch ?
Conversation Drill
At the Party

A : Which one is Mr. Smith ?

B : That’s him over there, the one wearing the white shirt.
A : Oh, he is very handsome. And who is the man with the blue shirt ?
B : That’s Mr. Black.
A : Oh I see ..and which one is Mrs. Sally ?
B : I think, she isn’t here.
A : What does she look like ?
B : Well, she is tall. She’s about 170 centimeters, and she has a long hair.
A : Does she wear glasses ?
B : No, she doesn’t. But she wears contact lenses, I think.
A : Is she good looking ?
B : Yes, she’s very pretty.
\A : By the way, who’s the woman standing by the door ?
B : That’s Mrs. Caroline. She’s our new neighbor.
A : Oh, yes. And who’s the woman standing next to her ?
B : That’s her sister, I think.
2. ASKING FOR A FAVOR

Granting a request (1)

A Can I borrow _________, please

May
Could

B Sure
Okay
All right
Of course
Granting a request (2)
A Do you mind if I borrow your __________________?
B Not at all
No, help yourself
No, go ahead
Refusing a request (1)
A Can I use your _______________
borrow
B I’m sorry. I’m using it right now.
A Oh, it’s/that’s okay
Oh, all right
Okay. Thanks, anyway

Refusing a request (2)

A Do you mind if I use your __________________?
B I’m sorry. I’m using it right now.

Conversation Drill

A : Oh hello, could I use your telephone for a minute ?

B : Of course. Help yourself.
A : Thank you. And is that the morning paper ?
B : Yes, it is. What can I do for you?
A : May I borrow it ?
B : I’m sorry, I haven’t finished reading it yet.
A : Oh, that’s okay. Well, can I ask a favor ?
B : Sure. What is going on ?
A : Would you be able to return this book to the library for me? It’s overdue.
B : Okay. I’m going there this afternoon.
A : Thanks a lot. You are very helpful.
B : You’re welcome. It’s no problem.
 MEETING 13

SPEAKING COMPREHENSION

1. ASKING FOR DIRECTION

Mark : Excuse me. Could_you_tell_me_where_the_library_is?

Nancy : Yes,_it’s_that_way. you go three blocks to Washington street. then turn
right. it’s on the corner, across from the bank.
Mark : Thanks! I’ve only been in town a few days, so I really don’t know my
way around yet.
Nancy : __ __ _oh,_I_know_how_you_feel. we moved here a year ago, and
I_still_don’t_know_where_everything_is!
 2. CATCHING UP AFTER CLASS

LINDA : Hey!_How_did_your_physics_exam_go?

FRANK : Not bad, thanks. I’m_just_glad it’s over!

How_about_you_…how’d_your_presentation go?

LINDA : Oh, it went really well. Thanks for helping me with it!

FRANK : No problem. So … do_you_feel_like_studying tomorrow for

our math exam?

LINDA : Yeah, sure! Come_over around 10:00, after breakfast.

FRANK : All right. I’ll bring my notes.

 MEETING 14

TENSES (1)

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

•Use of the Simple Present Tense
1. To express general time
In such a use the simple present tense is usually “timeless”. It has no terminal
points of time – it can include the past, present and the future.
a. GENERAL TRUTHS. Includes the laws or principles of the physical and the social
science.
e.g. The earth revolves around the sun.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west .
b. CUSTOMS. Includes the habitual actions of nations, communities, groups,
individuals. With the expression of frequency or not.
e.g. The English frequently drink tea in the afternoon
I take my umbrella with me when it rains
2. To express present time.
The simple present time indicates present time with many non-action verbs,
especially those expressing state or condition. Many of these verbs are durational without
being limited by a beginning or an end.
LINKING VERBS. Be, seem, appear, look
e.g. She seems to be very tired today
He is an intelligent man
VERBS OF PERCEPTION - Feel, taste, smell, used intransitively
e.g. The medicine tastes bitter
Her skin feels smooth
When these verbs are used transitively, the present progressive form is required for the
present action :
e.g. The cook is tasting the soup
He’s feeling the surface of the table
 See, hear, used transitively
e.g. I hear music coming from the other room
but I am listening to the radio
From this window they see everything that goes in the street
but We are watching (or looking at) all the people who passing by.
VERBS INDICATING A MENTAL STATE OR CONDITION.
A partial list of such verbs include agree, believe, consider, guess, hesitate,
imagine, know, prefer, realize, remember, suppose, trust, want, wish
e.g. I hope that you can come
We expect to go there next week
•VERBS EXPRESSING AN EMOTIONAL STATE. Admire, appreciate, care, like,
love, regret, trust.
e.g. We love each other
He admires his father more than he will admit
•OTHER NON-ACTION VERBS.
•Such verbs include belong, contain, depend, equal, have, hold, indicate, mean, need,
owe, require, resemble, tend
e.g. We need more chairs
I owe him ten dollars
3. With verbs of saying and telling
e.g. He says that he cannot come tonight
We suggest that you take the warm clothes with you
4. To express future time
With verbs like come, go, arrive, depart. A future time expression is usually
required.
e.g. The plane arrives tomorrow morning
I arrive in Hong Kong on Saturday
5. For the historic present or summaries of a story plot.
e.g. The King addresses the soldiers and asks them to fight bravely for their country
6. For stage direction
e.g. Mary walks to the window and waves good-bye to her departing guests
 A few verbs have irregular forms in the simple present tense :
Go, do, have in third person – be goes, does, has
Be – I am, you-we-they are, he-she-it is

•Pattern :
Subject + Verb (present) + Object + Complement
Subject + do/does + not + verb (present) + Object + Complement
Do/does + Subject + Verb (present) + Object + Complement

2. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/ CONTINUOUS TENSE

The progressive forms occurs mostly with verbs that denote limited duration
(work, study, attend). However, it can also occur with verbs that express some stage in a
progression – either in the beginning, end, continuation of an action :
e.g. The play is beginning (or ending) now
The book is getting (or becoming) more and more interesting (continuation)
• Like the simple present tense form, the present progressive form may signal
future time if it is accompanied by a future time expression.
e.g. The tickets are going on sale next week.
The gardener is cutting the grass tomorrow

•PRESENT PROGRESSIVE. The emphasis is on the progression of one event.

e.g. He is planning (or hoping, expecting) to enter the university
Where are you living now? – I live in California
How are you feeling? I’m feeling fine
Sometimes the progressive is used in general statement to add a feeling of present
action in progress :
e.g. They enjoy listening to good music, while they are eating their dinner.
Millions of people are watching television every night.
•Pattern :
•Subject + To be (present) + Verb-ing + Object + Complement
•Subject + To be (present) + not -+ Verb-ing + Object + Complement
•To be (present) + Subject -+ Verb-ing + Object + Complement

3. PAST TENSE
The past tense indicate definite time terminating in the past, whether a time word is given
or not. The past tense may refer to :
1.One event completed in the past
e.g. I saw him last night
They left two hours ago
2. Repeated events completed in the past and no longer happening:
e.g. When I was young, I went swimming everyday
3. Duration of an event completed in the past :
e.g. He lived in New York for thirty years and then he
decided to return to France
The past form used as a subjunctive in if or as if clauses, and in that clauses after the
verb wish, represents present time :
e.g. If he studied harder now, he would get better grade
She wishes she were rich instead of beautiful
Pattern
Subject + Verb (past) + Object + Complement
Subject + did+ not +Verb (stem)+ Object + Complement
Did + Subject + Verb (stem) + Object + Complement
4. PAST CONTINUOUS
▪PAST
▪The past progressive form emphasizes the duration of one past event that has a possible
beginning and ending. What is particularly stressed is the midst of the action.
e.g. What were you doing all day yesterday?
When I arrived at the inn, the guests were already sitting down to dinner.
▪The past progressive form may express duration of an event at one point in the past.
e.g. What were you doing at eleven o’clock last night?
- at eleven o’clock last night I was sleeping soundly
▪The progressive form is required for a past action in progress which is suddenly or
unexpectedly interrupted by another past action. The implication is that the action in
progress is uncompleted (at least momentarily) because of the interruption.
e.g. I was crossing the street when I saw an accident
She was doing her homework when the telephone rang
Or
While I was crossing the street I saw an accident
As she was doing her homework the telephone rang
▪Pattern :
▪Subject + To be (past) + V-ing + Object + Complement
▪Subject + To be (past) + Not + V-ing + Object + Complement
▪To be (past) + Subject + V-ing + Object + Complement
5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Structurally the term perfect signifies that a form of have accompanies verb as an
auxiliary. Semantically, each of three perfect tenses denotes time completed in relation a
particular point :
1. Present perfect tense
Time completed in relation to the present
2. Past perfect tense
Time completed in relation to the past
3. Future perfect tense
Time completed in relation to the future

Use of Present Perfect Tense

•The kinds of past-to-present time that are possible are :

1.Actual past-to-present time. An actual event starts in the past and continues up to
present .
e.g. He has worked in the same company for ten years.
2. Psychological past-to-present time. The time exists only in the mind of the speaker.
e.g. This author has often been praised by the critics.
The expression of time that mark a past-to-present event are indicated below :
1. Duration of an event that ends with the moment of speaking (actual time)
a. Prepositions indicating duration
1. During, in, over
e.g. He has remained calm during the whole crisis.
2. Since, for
e.g. I have lived in United States since 2000.
I have lived in United States for eight years

b. Adverbial Expressions meaning past-to-present time – so far, up to now, until now, up

to present.
e.g. We have finished five chapters so far
2. Frequency within an extended past-to present period (psychological time)

•The present perfect tense is used with frequency adverbs that involve repetition –
always, often, twice, sometimes, etc.
e.g. He has always lived in France
3. Recently of an event (actual time)
a. Just (now), already (or yet with negatives and questions), finally, still.
e.g. He has just (now) come in
b. Recently, lately, of late, and recent years, etc
e.g. He has recently come out of the hospital.
c. Time expressions containing this – this week, this month, etc
e.g. He has been quite ill this year

•Pattern :
•Subject + have/has + Past Participle + Object + Complement
•Subject + have/has + not + Past Participle + Object + Complement
•Have/has + Subject + Past Participle + Object + Complement

6. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOS TENSE

The progressive form of the present tense stresses the duration of a single past-to-
present action that has a beginning.
The progressive form of the present perfect is even more closely related to the
present than the non-progressive form is ; the action denoted by the verb is more likely to
be continuing into the present.

•e.g. He has been living in the United States since January.

The professor has been lecturing for over an hour.

•Occasionally the present perfect progressive form can be used for repeated events
•The present perfect progressive form does not occur with words like just, already, ever,
never, finally

•Pattern :
•Subject + have/has + been + V-ing + Object + Complement
• Subject + have/has + not +been + V-ing + Object + Complement
• Subject + have/has + been + V-ing + Object + Complement
•Have / has + Subject + been + V-ing + Object + Complement
 MEETING 15

TENSES (2)

1. PAST PERFECT

▪Use of Past Perfect Tense

a. Time Clauses – introduced by :
e.g. The teacher took my paper before I had finished the test.
After I had spoken, I realized my mistake
The secretary did not leave until she finished her work.
b. Other adverbial clauses cause
1. Cause
e.g. Because she had not reported the theft immediately, the police were unable to
help her
2. Concession
e.g. Although she had reported the theft immediately, the police were unable to
help her.
3. Comparison
e.g. The weather was far worse than any of us had anticipated.
▪The past perfect form used as subjunctive in if clauses and in that clauses after the verb
wish represents past time – If I had studied harder last week, he would have passed the
examination ; I wish I had been there yesterday.

▪Pattern
▪Subject + Had + V3 (Past Participle) + Object + Compliment
▪Subject + Had + Not +V3 (Past Participle) + Object + Compliment
▪Had + Subject + V3 (Past Participle) + Object + Compliment

2. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

▪ Past perfect continuous form emphasizes the duration of one past event taking place
before another past tense.
 e.g. He had been working very hard ; the doctor told him to take a vacation.
We had been waiting in the doctor’s office for an hour before we were told
that he was still at the hospital.
▪ The past perfect continuous form, like the past continuous form, may show a past event
in progress before it is interrupted by another past event.

▪ The past perfect continuous, however, places greater emphasis on the fact that one
event is completed before the other
▪e.g. She had been planning to go to the beach when it suddenly started to rain.
He had been working on his painting for months when the order for it was suddenly
cancelled.
Everybody had just talking about him when he suddenly appeared.

▪Pattern
▪Subject + had + been + V-ing + Object + Complement
▪Subject + had + not + been + V-ing + Object + Complement
▪Had + Subject + been + V-ing + Object + Complement

3. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

⚫Will Usage
1. Promise
e.g. We will see you next week
2. Intention
e.g. The accountant will do all the work himself
3. Willingness
e.g. I will be glad to do that for you
4. Volition (want to)
e.g. If you will wash the dishes, will dry them
5. Plans, arrangements, schedules
e.g. He will not take orders from anyone
6. Prediction
 e.g. Flying will always be dangerous
7. Instruction
e.g. You will deliver this package to the bookstore
8. Inclination, tendency
e.g. Some will praise from politeness
9. Obstinacy. Insistence, willfulness
e.g. Boys will be boys
10.Supposition
e.g. You will see from my postcard that I’m now in Paris
⚫Shall Usage
1.In request – in the sense of do you want me (or us) to
e.g. Shall I close the door?
2.In legal or commercial usage
e.g. A committee shall be appointed to study the matter further
3. In moral injunctions
e.g. Thou shall honor your father and mother
4. In literacy usage
e.g. There is much to be done before justice shall prevail
⚫Pattern
⚫Subject + will/shall + Verb + Object + Complement
⚫Subject + will/shall + not +Verb + Object + Complement
⚫Will/shall + Subject + Verb + Object + Complement

4. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE

•This form of the future tense expresses duration of a single event.

•e.g. She will be working on that book for a long time.
He will be having trouble with his teeth all his life.

•Like the past progressive form often occur, it can also indicate duration at some point
•e.g. What will you be doing tomorrow night at ten?
- I’ll be sleeping soundly tomorrow night at that hour.
•The future progressive form often occurs when a word soon relates the time of an event
to the very near present.
•e.g. Soon the men will be working at this end of the building.
We’ll be leaving for the Bali soon.
We’ll b writing to you about that matter presently.
•See and hear used in future progressive form have special meanings.
•e.g. I’ll be seeing you (meaning I expect to meet you again)
You will be hearing from us (meaning You will get a communication from us)

•The future progressive form may denote supposition :

• e.g. If I don’t get home soon, my wife will be waiting up for me and getting worried.

•Pattern
•Subject + will + be + V-ing + Object + Complement
•Subject + will + not + be + V-ing + object + Complement
•Will + Subject + be + V-ing + Object + Complement

5. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

•In general, the future perfect tense may be characterized as future-before-future time.
•This tense emphasizes the fact that one future time is completed before another future
time.
•The future end point is a time at which (Time expression on, at, when)
•e.g. On June 10 (future) she will have been a manager for two years.
At the end of this summer, I will have been away from home for ten years.
When he retires from his work, he will made more than a million dollars.
•The future end point is a time by which (Time expressions with by)
e.g. My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take
from there will have left by then.
By the time the football matches end, many of the spectators will have left.
By the end of the school year, we will have covered the entire English lesson.

•The future point is a time before which (Time expression with before)
•e.g. The manager will have gone home long before seven o’clock.

•If the word already is used for future time, the future perfect tense is often required.
e.g. When you wake up from your nap, I will have already done all the work in the
estate.
He will already have left by the time I get there.

•Pattern
•Subject + will + have + V3+ Object + Complement
•Subject + will + not + have + V3 + Object + Complement
•Will + Subject + have + V3 + Object + Complement

6. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

•This form of the future perfect tense does not occur very often.
•It stresses duration of a single event in the future that takes place before another future
event.

•e.g. On April 10, 2009, he will have been working in the estate (for) exactly three years.
They will have been touring for six months before they get to Japan.
The workers will have been discussing the problem before the assistant gets there.

•Pattern
•Subject + will + have + been + V-ing + Object + Complement
•Subject + will + not + have + been + V-ing + Object + Complement
•Will + Subject + have + been + V-ing + Object + Complement