Pre-Requisites

Kinematics
Newtons Law of Motion
Circular Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion
Current Electricity
Magnetic Effect of Current
JM (last five years) - 7 to 10 %
JA (last five years) – 6 to 8 %
BIOT-SAVART LAW
Magnetic field due to current element (i dl )

μ0 i dl sinθ
dB =
4π r2

μ0 dl × rԦ
dB = i (In vector form)
4π r3

Direction of 𝐁

Direction of B is in direction of dl × rԦ.

Magnetic field Due to straight current carrying wire

Finite Wire Infinite Wire Semi Infinite Wire

𝑟 𝛼 𝑟
P
𝛽

μ0 i μ0 i μ0 i
B= sinα + sinβ B= BP =
4πr 2πr 4πr
Special Cases

Foot of perpendicular on extension of wire.

μ0 i
B= sinα − sinβ
4πr
α
β
r P

On the axis of wire.

𝑖 A
axis
B=0
EXAMPLE Find net B at center of rectangle. 𝑖 C
B

Solution 𝑖 O 2a

A
D
2 3a

µ0 i
Ans. 8 ⊗
4πa 3
EXAMPLE Find magnetic field at point B. 
i

Solution B a

(–a, 0) (0, 0) a
i

μo i α
Ans. B= 2× tan
4πa 2
EXAMPLE A current I flows in a long straight wire with cross section having the form of
a thin half ring of radius R. Find the induction of the magnetic filed at the
point O.

O
EXAMPLE A current I flows in a long straight wire with cross section having the form of
a thin half ring of radius R. Find the induction of the magnetic filed at the
point O.

Solution O

dq O dq
q q

µ0 i
Ans. B = 2
π R
Magnetic field Due to Current Carrying Circular Coil

For Arc Quarter Ring Complete Ring

N Turns

i
θ R
O
θ = 90o

μ0 i θ μ0 i μ0 Ni
B= B= B=
2R 2π 8R 2R
Magnetic field Due to Current Carrying Circular Coil

At point on axis

μo NiR2
B= 3
2(R2 + 2
X )2
EXAMPLE Find B at point A. i

i R
Solution
A
R
i
 y

EXAMPLE Find magnetic field at origin O. i

R
O x
Solution
z

i C

A B O
z
D
x

µ0 i Ƹ π+1 1
Ans. k෠ + jƸ
4R π π
EXAMPLE Find magnetic field at center of spiral coil.
Inner radius = a ; Outer radius = b
a
i
Number of turns = N
Solution
b

µ0 Ni b
Ans. B= In
2 b−a a
Magnetic Field Due To Solenoid

Finite Solenoid

μo nI
BP = cos ϕ1 + cos ϕ2
Axis P 2

long Solenoid

B = μo nI

Semi-infinite Solenoid

μo nI
B=
2
Ampere’s Circuital Law

Line integral of magnetic field along any closed path is equal to µ0

times of enclosed current.
I3 I7
I1
රB ⋅ dl = µ0 Ienc I6
I2
I4
I5
l2
l1
Ienc= I1 + I4 - I6 - I2
l4 L1 l3
L2 Ienc for L1= _____
Ienc for L2= _____
L3
Ienc for L3= _____
EXAMPLE Find the value of ය B. dℓ for the loop.
i3

i4
Solution i1

i2

Ans. For L1 රB. dℓ = µ0 I2 − I1

For L2 රB. dℓ = µ0 I3 − I4

Total රB. dℓ = µ0 −I1 + I2 + I3 − I4

Magnetic Field Due To Toroid

Magnetic field outside the Toroid

r > R2, B=0
R1 R2

Magnetic field inside the Toroid

R1 < r < R 2 ,

B = μo nI

Where, N
n=
2πR m

R1 + R 2
Rm =
2
P
Magnetic Field due to Long Cylinder

At a point outside wire

ර B ∙ dlԦ = μo Ienc

P
B 2πr = μo I

μo I
B=
2πr

μo I μo I
Bout = Bsur =
2πr 2πR

(Outside) (Surface)
Magnetic Field due to Long Cylinder

At a point inside wire

ර B ∙ dlԦ = μo Ienc P

I
B 2πr = μo 2 × πr 2
πR

μo I B
Bin = r
2πR2 𝛍𝐨 𝐥 𝟏
𝐁𝐒𝐔𝐑 = 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐭 ∝
𝟐𝛑𝐫 𝐫
I
In terms of Current density (J) : J =
πR2
r=0 r=R r
μo Jr μo (ԦJ × rԦ)
Bin = Bin =
2 2
Magnetic Field due to Hollow Long Cylinder

At a point outside wire

ර B ∙ dlԦ = μo Ienc
P
μo I
B 2πr = μo I B=
2πr

μo I μo I
Bout = Bsur =
2πr 2πR

(Outside) (Surface)

At a point inside wire

P
Bin = 0
Summary

Solid Cylinder Hollow Cylinder

A : Outside the Cylinder surface A : Outside the Cylinder surface
μo I 1 μo I 1
Bout = Bout ∝ Bout = Bout ∝
2πr r 2πr r
B : On the Cylinder surface B : On the Cylinder surface
μo I μo I
Bsur = Bsur =
2πR 2πR
C : Inside the Cylinder surface C : Inside the Cylinder surface
μo I μo Jr Bin = 0
Bin = r = ; Bin ∝ r
2πR2 2

B B

r
r=0 r=R r
Magnetic Field due to Long Hollow Thick Cylinder

At point in between a & b (a < r ≤ b) (Symmetric Cavity)

ර B ∙ dlԦ = μo Ienc

I
Ienc = × π r 2 − a2
2
π b −a 2 r P
r 2 − a2
Ienc =I 2
b − a2 a
b
μo I r 2 − a2
B=
2πr b 2 − a2
EXAMPLE Find 𝐁 inside cylindrical cavity made in a solid cylinder, at point P ?

Solution P

O’

O
 P

O’

μ0
Ans. B= Ԧj × OO′
2
EXAMPLE Consider long, cylindrical conductor of radius R carrying a current I with a
non-uniform current density J = ax where a is a constant. Find B at :
(i) r > R (ii) r < R (iii) r = R
Solution
dx
x
P

αμ0 3
Ans. i Bout = R
3r
EXAMPLE Consider long, cylindrical conductor of radius R carrying a current I with a
non-uniform current density J = ax where a is a constant. Find B at :
(i) r > R (ii) r < R (iii) r = R
Solution
dx
x
P

αμ0 2
Ans. ii Bin = r
3
αμ0 2
iii Bsur = R
3
INFINITE CURRENT CARRYING SHEET

P
MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING CHARGE
𝐯 𝐁

F=q v×B Charge with sign

q F
F = qvBsinθ q → Angle b/w v and B

+q
As force is always perpendicular to velocity.
F
𝐏 = 𝐅. 𝐯 = 𝟎 W=

dԦs
PATH OF MOVING CHARGE IN MAGNETIC FIELD

θ = 0O OR 180O θ = 90O 0 <θ < 90O

Initial velocity is perpendicular to magnetic field

Circular motion with constant speed v B

Center will be on the line of Fm
mv 2
Fm =
R
mv 2 R
o
qvBsin90 =
R 𝐅𝐦
mv p 2mK. E 𝐯
R= = =
qB qB qB

2πm
Time Period (T) : T=
qB

Note
T, w and f are independent of speed.

For different speeds, R is different but T is same.

EXAMPLE An a-particle and a proton are projected in uniform orthogonal magnetic
Rα
field. Find ratio of their radius of path if both particles are projected with
Rp
same:
(i) Speed (ii) Momentum (iii) K.E.

Solution
Solution

1
Ans. i 2 ii iii 1
2
EXAMPLE A charge +q of mass m is projected in orthogonal magnetic field with speed v,
from origin as shown. Find it's co-ordinate of exit point, final velocity, change
in momentum, time spent by it in magnetic field and it's maximum depth in
magnetic field. Consider magnetic field is present everywhere in Region 2.

B=0
Solution (i)
B

(0, 0)
q

Region 1 Region 2
Solution (ii) B=0
B

Rsinq

q R

(0, 0)
q
q
Rcosq

Exit Point : (O, 2Rsinq);

Maximum Depth : R-Rcosq
Final Velocity : − vsinθiƸ + vcosθj,Ƹ
2mθ
Change in momentum : = −2mvsinθ i,Ƹ t =
qB
Solution (iii)

Rsinq
q

R q
q q

Rcosq

Exit Point : (O, 2Rsinq);

Maximum Depth : R + Rcosq

Final Velocity : −vsinθ iƸ – vcosθ jƸ

2m π−θ
Change in momentum : = −2mvsinθ i;Ƹ t =
qB
EXAMPLE A charge q of mass m is projected in magnetic field region as shown :
If mv > qBd find deviation in motion of charge

Solution B=0 B B=0

m
q

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

d
Solution

q
R

d
Ans. Deviation θ = sin−1
R
EXAMPLE Draw the path of charge particle mv > qBd
B=0 B B B=0

Solution
m
q P
v

d d
Initial velocity is at an angle to magnetic field
 Combined Motion (Helical Path)

v sinq
R

Circular q
Motion
v cosq Pitch
Straight Line
Motion

Helical path (or helix) with uniform pitch.

Pitch (P) : Displacement of charge along axis in one time period.

2πmvcosθ
P vcosθ T
qB
EXAMPLE A charge accelerator shoot charge q, m with speed v in uniform magnetic
field B (along x-axis). Find condition for which charge hit the target at it's
center : V
B
Solution q, m q
d

qBd
Ans. =n
2πmvcosθ
(where n is any integer)
Initial velocity is at an angle to magnetic field
v
E is parallel to B and initial velocity is at an

angle q with E and B.

Motion along X-axis : q E, B

q
Fe qE

Fm 0 as vcosq is parallel to B
qE
ax = ,u = vcosθ
m x
qE 1 qE 2
vx = vcosθ + t ⇒ x = vcosθ t + t
m 2 m

Helical motion with variable pitch

 Combined Motion

Helical path with non−uniform pitch.

EXAMPLE A particle of mass m and charge q has an initial velocity v = v0 j.Ƹ If an electric
field E = E0 iƸ and magnetic field B = B0 iƸ act on the particle, its speed will
double after a time: [JEE Mains 2020]

2mv0 2mv0 3mv0 3mv0

(a) (b) (c) (d)
eE0 qE0 qE0 qE0

Solution

Ans. (C)
EXAMPLE An electron is moving along positive x-axis. A uniform electric field exists
towards negative y-axis. What should be the direction of magnetic field of
suitable magnitude so that net force of electron is zero.
(A) Positive z-axis (B) Negative z-axis
(C) Positive y-axis (D) Negative y-axis
Solution

Ans. (B)
MAGNETIC FORCE ON CURRENT ELEMENT 𝐁
dFm = I(dℓ × B)

dF
F = I(Leff × B)

Leff
 I

R
I
I L R O
B
o

Leff = L Leff = 0 Leff = 2R Leff = 2R

EXAMPLE A metal rod of mass 10gm and length 25cm is suspended on two springs as
shown in figure. The springs are extended by 4 cm. When a 20ampere current
passes through the rod it rises by 1cm. Determine the magnetic field assuming
acceleration due to gravity to be 10m/s2
.

Solution

k k

Ans. 5mT