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2021 Impact of Circuit Intake Power On The Spectral Energy Efficiency of Massive MIMO With Channel Estimation Errors
2021 Impact of Circuit Intake Power On The Spectral Energy Efficiency of Massive MIMO With Channel Estimation Errors
2021 Impact of Circuit Intake Power On The Spectral Energy Efficiency of Massive MIMO With Channel Estimation Errors
ABSTRACT The influence of circuit intake power on Spectral Energy Efficiency (S.E.E) of massive
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) under the existence of channel estimation errors is examined using
Zero-Forcing (ZF) linear pre-coding scheme. The system model which includes new defined total intake
power involving the transmit power of amplifiers and the circuit power intake of the analog devices is
developed. To analyze the impact of circuit intake power on S.E.E, the S.E.E with and without circuit intake
power is investigated and presented after formulating a closed-form expression of S.E.E that incorporates
new defined power model. Our investigation reveals that, the impact of circuit intake power is very significant
when Base Station (BS) is arrayed with large number of antennas. Using the new S.E.E closed-form
formula, derived from our new defined power intake model, the S.E.E is evaluated when the number of
BS antennas (M) rises and it is observed that, S.E.E behaves like a concave function. The same results for
S.E.E are also observed when transmit power increases. We conclude that, it is easy to get maximum S.E.E
using a small number of BS antennas and optimal transmit power, when circuit power intake is included in the
power consumption model. When transmit power totally dominates the circuit intake power, the maximum
S.E.E is obtained only when all antennas are used (meaning maximum S.E.E is obtained when the number
of BS antennas becomes very large). The numerical results reveal the importance of circuit intake power on
optimizing S.E.E of massive MIMO under the presence of channel estimation errors.
INDEX TERMS Spectral energy efficiency (S.E.E), channel estimation errors, circuit intake power,
downlink transmit power, zero-forcing pre-coder, massive MIMO.
I. INTRODUCTION technology [2], [3], in which large number of antennas
Relying on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) related are mounted at the base station (BS) to serve considerable
technologies well developed, the spectral efficiency (S.E) amount of users, offers an extensive array of spatial multi-
gets solidly promoted to meet the incredible growth require- plexing gain [4], [5]. Massive MIMO technology is an actual
ment of wireless data traffic. Meanwhile, energy efficiency approach to enhance throughput of wireless network with-
(E.E) is a key feature in improving the next generation of out requiring additional bandwidth or power transmission.
mobile system as the telecommunication sector contributes In reality, massive MIMO is able to offer greater S.E and
towards the total carbon footprint [1]. These facts make Spec- S.E.E in comparison to present Fourth-Generation (4G), and
tral Energy Efficiency (S.E.E) to be a special and unique thus paving the path to the coming Green Fifth-Generation
perspective on wireless communication system profiling. (5G) candidate.
Currently, some new technologies are proposed for S.E.E enhancement has turned out to be the key 5G bench-
the coming age of wireless networks. Massive MIMO mark and can be calculated as the ratio between S.E (is the
total number of bits transmitted per unit bandwidth) and
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and total power intake (which is the sum of transmit power
approving it for publication was Qilian Liang . and circuit intake power) [6]. It is affected by numerous
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
133820 VOLUME 9, 2021
L. Kibona et al.: Impact of Circuit Intake Power on S.E.E of Massive MIMO
factors like S.E (which contains channel estimation errors), considered only perfect CSI with the assumption that circuit
transmitted and circuit consumption power, number of BS intake power was fixed. The authors in [34], examined the
antennas, number of users, and network architecture. Massive impact of number of BS antennas and number of users on
MIMO technologies are mostly attractive in their ability to maximization of E.E, but their study assumed transmit power
simultaneously reduce the transmit power at both users and to be constant and divided equally among users. Most sound
BSs [7]. Enormous amount of power is exhausted in BS, outcomes of the above works were obtained with perfect CSI,
because BSs are the leading power-consuming parts of wire- an assumption which is surely not achievable in reality. For
less communication networks [8], [9]. Therefore, minimizing instance, when pilot symbols are employed in channel estima-
the transmit power of base station is a practical strategy for tion, Gaussian errors may occur because of time-frequency
reducing BS power intake, hence paving the way to enhance gap between the signal and pilot [35]. As a result, from
overall S.E.E. Furthermore, S.E.E improvement is attained hypothetical and practical perspectives, it is imperative to
at the low circuit consumption power due to the use of lin- count on how the S.E.E performance deteriorates as a result
ear pre-coding systems, particularly zero-forcing (ZF) and of imperfect CSI. The effect of imperfect CSI on the Signal-
maximum-ratio-transmit (MRT) that can attain an optimal Interference-Noise-Ratio (SINR) spreading, ergodic sum rate
spectral efficiency [10]. and Bit Error Rate (BER) was examined in the past. For
There are several contributions regarding S.E.E and circuit instance, authors in [36], investigated the BER under varying
intake power. Authors in [11], came with an idea of optimiz- conditions of speeds and jamming-noise ratios, and found
ing energy efficiency by fixing the ratio of number of BS that increasing the speed raised the BER induced by the
antennas (M ) to that of users (K ), but it is not possible to attain eavesdropper. However, most of the works in [37]–[39] did
optimal S.E.E without considering the impact of circuit intake not concern how the estimation errors can impact the S.E.E.
power. Moreover, power intake increases not only because of So, the impact of channel estimation errors as well as circuit
the transmitted power, but also due to the presence of power intake power should not be ignored in the analysis of S.E.E of
intake of analog devices like oscillators, mixers, and power any system. Therefore, the number of BS antennas, downlink
amplifiers [12]. In [13], the authors observed that energy transmit power and the circuit intake power needs to be com-
efficiency can only be optimal if and only if M → ∞ prehensively considered so as to attain an optimized S.E.E.
without considering the presence of circuit power consump- Many articles researched the trade-off between S.E.E and
tion. As per [14], exact modeling of the total intake power S.E but most of them based on perfect CSI. For example, the
is of major significance in achieving the consistent guiding authors in [40], found that maximum E.E is obtained when
principles for S.E.E optimization in terms of number of BS the optimal number of BS antennas serves a fixed number of
antennas and that of users. The influence of number of BS users under perfect CSI. The authors in [41], found a way to
antennas on the S.E.E was widely discussed in different ways optimize E.E-S.E tradeoff under perfect CSI by minimizing
[15]–[20]. The effect of transmit power on the energy effi- the total power consumption and maximizing the channel
ciency was widely explained [21]–[23]. The effect of power capacity. Obviously, their theoretical analyses were purely
allocation on maximizing E.E was clearly studied [24] under based on ideal assumptions. With perfect CSI, the authors
perfect Channel State Information (CSI). However, in their in [42], examined the relationship between E.E and S.E in a
analysis, the authors didn’t consider the impact brought by downlink transmission, and discovered that the E.E-S.E rela-
circuit intake power on maximizing E.E. The optimal pre- tionship is quasi-concave function. They further developed an
coding for optimization of S.E.E under power constraints for algorithm for sub-optimal resource allocation by making full
massive MIMO in the uplink transmission was studied clearly use of the E.E-S.E trade-off conclusion. In [43], the authors
in [15], [25]. In [26], the authors used jammer’s pre-coding to exploited the trade-off between E.E and S.E by balancing
obtain the target E.E using minimum consumption power but the power consumption and the bandwidth which is called
their results revealed the optimum jamming power was almost resource efficiency for downlink transmission.
equal to the transmit power of the BS. Similarly, in [27], In this paper, we deal with the impact of circuit intake
the authors noted that for a large number of users, the opti- power on the S.E.E of massive MIMO system under the
mal number of BS antennas required also becomes massive existence of channel estimation errors. By focusing on the
because it is essential to use substantial array antennas to essential part of analysis we adopt a ZF linear pre-coding
recompense for the enlarged user interference. Generally, scheme in our paradigm transmission link. We carry out anal-
allocating radio resources efficiently (e.g., power, antennas, yses under three different scenarios, one is when downlink
and number of users) plays an essential part in the improve- transmit power totally dominates the circuit intake power,
ment of massive MIMO performance. Thus, massive MIMO another is when there are both circuit intake power and
has become a research interest now for performance analysis transmit power, and lastly when circuit intake power totally
and optimization. dominates the transmit power. Both scenarios considered
The analysis and optimization of E.E in massive MIMO are with the presence of channel estimation errors using ZF pre-
clearly studied in several fading networks [28]–[33]. Authors coder. The contributions offered in this paper include:
in [33], analyzed the influence of transmit power, number of • We refine a new power intake model which incorporates
BS antennas and that of users on E.E, however their analysis total power intake by amplifiers (PPA ) and circuit intake
power (Pcir ) of various analog devices, which helps us to i.i.d Gaussian distributed property (with zero-mean and unity-
arrive comfortably in formulating a closed-form expres- variance). We can also let F ∈, CM ×k represent a linear pre-
sion of S.E.E for massive MIMO using ZF linear pre- coder matrix. The transmitted M × 1 pre-coded signal is
coding scheme under imperfect CSI. We then present the given by:
analytical impact of the circuit intake power on the S.E.E
x = βFs, (1)
for massive MIMO.
• Three cases of evaluation are considered. In the first in which s = [s1 , s2 , s3 , · · · , sk ]T holds original signal sym-
case, the evaluation is carried out when both circuit bol of K users and β bounds the total-power of all arrays for
intake power and downlink transmit power are consid- the Pd to totally hinge on s, so that β remains designated
ered in the new refined power intake model. The sec- to assure the average total-power E kxk2 = Pd which
ond case is when downlink transmit power (Pd ) totally fluctuates depending on the type of linear pre-coder. The
dominates circuit intake power. In the third case, cir- received signal is now:
cuit intake power totally dominates downlink transmit
y = Hx + n = H βFs + n. (2)
power. In the presence of Pcir , mathematical analy-
sis proves that S.E.E is a concave function of M and Equation (2) holds for perfect CSI but it can also be
downlink transmit power, because S.E.E first increases transformed to represent imperfect CSI because the main dis-
with M and Pd , until it reaches a certain optimal point tinguishing factor is only the existence of estimation errors.
where it starts to decrease as M and Pd keep increasing. Channel estimation is always complicated in the sense that it
When transmit power totally dominates the circuit intake generates estimation errors which makes the channel imper-
power the maximum S.E.E is obtained only when all fect like the one in equation below:
antennas are used. However, when circuit intake power
totally dominates the transmit power, the maximum e = H + ξ,
H (3)
S.E.E is obtained with a small number of BS antennas.
• We then incorporate S.E.E -Spectral efficiency relation where He is channel estimate matrix and ξ = H e − H is the
with circuit intake power variation to find out how error matrix in which H and ξ are not correlated.
Pcir has profound impact on S.E.E-S.E relationship. Elements of error matrix ξ have the variance of
We finally investigate and analyze the S.E.E in the pres-
2 h i2
ence as well as in the absence of Pcir by using Monte ε = E Hij − H̃ij
2
, (4)
Carlo simulations. Based on the new refined total power
intake model, analytical and simulations results show the where the scalar ε ∈ [0, 1] is the reliability of channel accu-
importance of circuit intake power-downlink transmit racy estimate, for ε = 0, the CSI is perfect (i.e., no channel
power trade-off in the maximization of S.E.E. errors) but for ε = 1 the channel is totally imperfect.
• The findings from this paper lays a framework/guiding
By applying Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, the ZF pre-
principles for coming researchers when designing the coder matrix is
total power consumption model to whether include cir- e† = H
F =H e H (H
eHe H )−1 . (5)
cuit intake power or ignore it during optimization of
The pre-coded signal is then:
S.E.E.
The remaining parts are structured as follows. System x = βFs = β He†s = β H e H (H
eHe H )−1 s. (6)
model is stated in section II which also includes derivation e eH
By applying convergence of H H M to I (I being identity
of expression for spectral efficiency after deriving SINR
for ZF pre-coding scheme. S.E.E problem is formulated in matrix), β can now be written as:
v v
section III which leads to the analysis of the impact of circuit u Pd u Pd
u σ 2 u σs2
intake power on the S.E.E. Numerical results and discus- β= t s
−1 = u K ,
u (7)
sions are explained in section IV, and section V presents our tr H eH
eH tP1
conclusion. δk
2
k=1
presented in equation (23) is easily solved by the optimum equation for M provided by:
max S.E.E Pd ε2 (Pd η(1−ς)+KP1 +P2 )
/ 1
W − +1
M , Pd≥0,M >K K (Pd ε2 + 1)e eP0 K (Pd ε2 +1) e(Pd ε2 +1)
−K
Pd ε2 (M − K )
M opt = .
τ Pd ε2
(1 − T )K log2 1+
K (Pd ε2 + 1) (28)
= max .
M , Pd≥0,M >K Pd
+MP0 +KP1 +P2
Proof: Refer to Appendix C.
η(1 − ς ) M opt is in practicable region K ≤ M < ∞ because
(23) objective function in (27) is concave and is always zero when
In the presence of Pcir , the core objective is to solve equa- M = 0 or M → ∞. Theorem 1 gives an insight into how
tion (22) by finding the optimal spectral-energy-efficiency the number of antenna M helps on reaching the optimum
with respect to either M antenna or Pd and also if possible S.E.E. As seen and with the help of Lemma 2, for enlarging
the effect of K on S.E.E under imperfect CSI. S.E.E, M needs increasing sub-linearly as the transmit power
The optimization formula in equation (22) is discrete, so an Pd keeps increasing. And when Pd grows large, the growth of
iterative search may be employed to find the optimal solu- M ought to be linear so as to push S.E.E higher. Similar phe-
tion of the problem. As it is too complex to make such a nomenon occurs when taking into account channel estimation
search strategy, some variables must be kept constant to solve error, although its impact is relatively minor. M affects S.E.E
such an optimization problem and mathematical analysis and in a non-monotonic way as shown in equation (27), which
derivation is employed to find the optimum values of the implies the existence of optimal value of M . Theorem 1,
varying parameter that maximizes S.E.E. presents a simple closed-form formula that maximizes the
Definition 3: Lambert function abbreviated by W (x) is S.E.E by finding the optimal value of M . Binary search
defined as x = W (x) eW (x) for all x ∈ C. algorithm gives the chance for determining the optimal value
Lemma 1: Consider the problem formulation of M, so as to attain the maximum S.E.E. Another observation
g log(a + bz) from the solution in equation (28), is that the circuit power
max , (24) coefficients of P1 and P2 play a supporting role exponentially
z>−a/b c + dz
pulling optimal antenna number of M opt higher.
where a ∈ R, c ≥ 0, and b, d, g > 0, the equation (24) has a Furthermore considering the impact of M on S.E.E, we can
unique solution of see from equation (20) that M affects both S.E and the total
bc a intake power. Because S.E increases as M increases while
!
W − +1
de e total intake power increases linearly as M increases (from
e −a
Z opt = , (25) Pcir = MP0 + KP1 + P2 ), M affects S.E.E directly as it
b affects S.E and Ptot which are important parameters in S.E.E.
opt
where Z is the optimum value of z obtained from objective
Nevertheless as it can be noted on equation (20), the S.E.E
function in (25) and stands for natural number.
function is a quasi-concave with the number of BS antennas
Proof: Please refer to Appendix B
because it first increases with M and after reaching a certain
Lemma 2: Lambert function W (x) increases for x ≥ 0 and
optimal point it starts to decrease as M keeps increasing.
obeys the inequalities
x x So through analyzing the properties of S.E.E we can easily
e ≤ eW (x)+1 ≤ (1 + e) , for x ≥ e. (26) obtain the monotonicity of S.E.E, lim S.E.E ≈ 0 as and
ln(x) ln(x) M →0
Lemma 2 is straightforwardly obtained from the inequal- also
(1 − τ T )K log2 1 Pd ε2 + 1
ities in [48] and means that eW (x)+1 ≈ x for small x and
lim S.E.E ≈
eW (x)+1 ≈ x for large x. Pd η(1 − ς ) + KP1 + P2
M →0
By having lemma 1 and Lemma 2, we can now find the
which means that the S.E.E first increases as M increases and
optimal S.E.E of massive MIMO when some of the settings
then after reaching a certain maximal point there will be a
or parameters are fixed or assumed to be constant.
decrease in S.E.E as M keeps increasing as shown in the two
1) IMPACT OF M ON S.E.E ANALYSIS
equations above, the same analysis applies for the number
users.
The optimum value of M antennas is easily obtained from the
theorem that follows. 2) IMPACT OF Pd ON S.E.E ANALYSIS enumerate
Theorem 1: From the S.E.E optimization problem, for With the constant M , K and ε, the optimization problem for
given values of Pd , K and estimation error (ε). S.E.E is given by:
ε Pd ε2 (M − K )
P 2 (M − K )
τ d
(1 − τ T )K log2 1 +
(1 − T )K log2 1 + K (Pd ε2 + 1)
K (Pd ε2 + 1)
S.E.E = max , S.E.E = max ,
Pd η(1 − ς) + MP0 + KP1 + P2
M >K Pd Pd≥0,
+ MP0 + KP1 + P2
η(1 − ς)
(27) (29)
which can be solved by first changing the maximization Also, from equation (32), it is revealed that the Pd increases
problem into a function. Let it be f (Pd ), then: with M to optimize the S.E.E, and for circuit consumption
Pd ε2 (M − K ) power, which is multiple of M , the same explanation is
K (1 − τ T ) log2 (1 +
) shared. So, in general, when the Pd is massive, it is obligatory
K (Pd ε2 + 1)
f (Pd ) = . (30) to employ many BS antennas to maximize S.E.E, however,
Pd η(1 − ς) + MP0 + KP1 + P2
with low transmit power, increasing M may cause a reduction
Differentiating with respect to Pd , we get in S.E.E.
To attain the optimum transmit power that can maximize
ε2 (M − K ) × κ2 − (1 − τ T ) × κ1 × κ3 the S.E.E, we let h(Pd ) = 0 and the following equation is
0
f (Pd ) = , (31) obtained:
κ1 × κ2
where ε2 (M − K ) × b1 − b2 × b3 = 0,
κ1 = ln(2)K (Pd ε2 + 1)(K + Pd ε2 M ),
Pd where
κ2 = + KP1 + P2 + MP0 ,
η(1 − ς )
Pd
P ε2 (M − K ) b1 = ( η(1 − ς) + KP1 + MP0 + P2 ),
κ3 = ln(1 + d
).
K (Pd ε2 + 1) b2 = K (1 − τ T )(Pd ε2 + 1)(K + Pd ε2 M )
As it can be seen in equation (31), the denominator is P ε2 M + K
b3 = ln( d
always positive, so, we concentrate on the numerator. If we
).
K (Pd ε2 + 1)
let the numerator to be h(Pd ), then
h(Pd ) = ε2 (M − K ) × κ2 − (1 − τ T ) × κ1 × κ3 . (32)
If we let Q(Pd ) = ε2 (M − K ) × b1 and Y (Pd ) = b2 × b3
then: Q(Pd ) and Y (Pd ) have a single crossing point, which
To find optimal Pd , we take another derivative of h(Pd ) can only be obtained by using iterative algorithm to attain the
This yields the following formula: optimal solution.
h0 (Pd ) = a1 − (a2 + a3 × κ3 ) , (33)
3) CROSS ITERATION ALGORITHM FOR M and Pd
where
Equations (28) and (32) provide closed-form expressions for
1
a1 = ε (M − K ) η(1 − ς ) ,
2 optimizing spectral energy efficiency by optimizing M and
Pd separately under the condition that the other parameters
a2 = K (1 − τ T )ε 2 (M − K ),
are fixed. So, we propose an algorithm that computes optimal
a3 = ε2 (M − K ) + 2Pd ε4 M ).
values of M and Pd as shown in iteration 1 and 2. For
iteration 1 it begins with the initialization of the variables
It can be seen that h0 (Pd ) < 0, which means that f (Pd ) is
for Pd ,with the controlling counter in the form of ξ and
a decreasing function of Pd . Therefore h(∞) ≤ h(Pd ) ≤ 0.
1(Pd ), while for the case of M in iteration 2,we initialize
So the function f (Pd ), increases first and then decreases as
lower value (l), and upper value (u) in which middle value
Pd grows to infinity. Thus, the spectral energy efficiency
(mid) is the average between lower value and the upper
initially increases then decreases as Pd increases as shown
value [i.e. mid = (u + l)/2)]. The lower value has an initial
in equations 34 and 35.
value of 1 whereas the upper value is given according to the
lim S.E.E number of iterations the algorithm will take. The S.E.E that is
Pd→0
Pd ε2 (M − K )
attained by using M antennas is denoted by S.E.E(M ). This
τ
(1 − T )K log2 1 + is shown clearly in Algorithm 1.
K (Pd ε2 + 1)
= lim ≈ 0.
Pd→0 Pd
η(1−ς) + MP0 + KP1 + P2 B. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF SPECTRAL ENERGY
EFFICIENCY WITHOUT CIRCUIT POWER INTAKE
(34)
In this case, the assumption is based on the fact that Pd totally
As seen when Pd is very small, the S.E.E approaches zero
dominates the circuit intake power in the sense that the circuit
and when Pd → ∞, the S.E.E gives the same value as when
intake power is so minimal that it can be neglected during
Pd → 0 as shown in equation 35 below.
analysis.
lim S.E.E
Pd→∞
1) IMPACT OF M ON S.E.E ANALYSIS
ε
2 (M − K )
τ P d
(1 − T )K log2 1 + From the concept of total consumption power (Ptot ) which
K (Pd ε2 +1)
= lim
≈ 0. is equivalent to the sum of PPA (PPA = Pd η(1 − ς)) and
Pd→∞ Pd Pcir , when Pd totally dominates the Pcir , the total consumption
+ MP0 + KP1 + P2
η(1 − ς ) power becomes approximately equal to transmit power as
(35) shown in the coming equations:
TABLE 1. Showing system parameters and values used during Algorithm 1 Search for Optimal Values of Pd and M
simulations.
Step 1: Initialization Pd , 9 and 1(Pd ), l, u and mid of M
Step 2: Iteration for Pd
repeat
if Q(Pdk) − Y (Pdk) > 9
Pdk = Pdk − 1(Pd )
else
Pdk = Pdk + 1(Pd )
end if
Pdk+1 = Pdk
until Q(Pdk+1) − Y (Pdk+1) < 9
Step 3: Iteration for M
while (u − l) > 1
if S.E.E(u + 1) > S.E.E(mid)
l = mid + 1
else if S.E.E(mid + 1) < S.E.E(mid)
u = mid
else
break;
end while
From Ptot = Pd η(1 − ς ) + Pcir .But in this case, Pd if (u − l = 1)
FIGURE 1. A graph of S.E.E against Pd with (a) varying M (b) varying K in the existence of estimation errors.
FIGURE 2. A graph of S.E.E against M with (a) varying Pd (b) varying K in the presence of circuit intake power.
the theoretical analysis. As shown in Fig. 1(a), a plot of error of 0.3 with M being 500, the optimal S.E.E is noted to be
S.E.E against downlink transmit power is generated in the approximately 0.47 bits/Hz/Joule at Pd of 9.8dBW, compared
vicinity of channel errors with M being a varying variable to approximately 0.35 bits/Hz/Joule when M = 300 at Pd
between 300 and 500, while the number of users is limited of 14.7dBW. So it can be deduced that the S.E.E always
to 50. It is observed that the S.E.E starts to increase with approaches to zero in both cases when there is very small Pd
the increase in Pd until it reaches a certain point assumed as as well as when there is very large Pd . This also happens when
an optimal point where the S.E.E starts to decrease despite there is circuit intake power in which more BS antennas are
the increase in Pd . This means that in the presence of circuit needed for improving the S.E.E. However, this causes another
intake power, it is easy to get an optimum S.E.E compared problem in additional circuit complexity that can eventually
to when Pcir is neglected as observed in the previous cases result in energy inefficiency.
above. Furthermore, as observed in the plot, the large number In Fig. 1(b), the S.E.E approximately approaches zero
of BS antenna serving fixed or restricted number of users has when the Pd is either too small or too large. It can be
a positive impact on the S.E.E compared to the one with a observed that when Pcir is equivalent to or dominates the Pd ,
small number of BS antennas. For example, for estimation more BS antennas could increase S.E.E, but excessive BS
FIGURE 4. A graph of S.E.E against M with (a) varying Pd and (b) varying number of users when Pd totally dominates the Pcir .
FIGURE 5. A graph of S.E.E against M with (a) varying Pd and (b) varying number of users when Pd totally dominates the Pcir .
power as displayed in Fig. 5(a). The S.E.E increases as M S.E.E will be obtained with a large number of M . In the
increases which makes it difficult to have an optimal value case of K , the fewer the users being served by appreciable
of S.E.E for a certain amount of M because the S.E.E is M the larger the S.E.E compared with large K , but as M
always increasing as long as M increases. This means that the increases, the large K outweighs the small number of users as
presence of Pcir helps a lot to optimize the S.E.E with some observed. This means when M grows large say up to infinity
reasonable amount of M compared with its absence. Addi- it is capable of serving the large number of users efficiently
tionally, the lower the downlink transmit power the larger and effectively, hence providing better and improved S.E.E.
values of S.E.E compared with large amount which in turn As shown in Fig. 6(a), the S.E.E tends to decrease with
is better for energy efficiency systems. Furthermore, for the an increase in Pcir but as observed with large M serving the
case of estimation errors, the lower the value of the estimation fixed K , the S.E.E tends to have improved values compared
error as shown in Fig. 5 (a), the better the S.E.E which means with when M is small. Accordingly, the lower the estimation
that as the channel becomes cleaner with very few errors the errors the larger the S.E.E. For example when ε = 0.3
S.E.E behaves like that of perfect CSI. and M = 500 the S.E.E is recorded to be approximately
Furthermore, as witnessed in Fig. 5(b), the S.E.E increases 3000bits/Hz/Joule, but when M = 300 the S.E.E is found
as M increases which makes it very difficult to obtain the opti- to be approximately 1800bits/Hz/Joule. Essentially, it can be
mal value of S.E.E with the selected M because the maximum easily deduced that the S.E.E decreases logarithmically when
FIGURE 6. Showing a plot of S.E.E against Pcir with (a) variation of M (b) variation of the number of users.
(1 − τ T )K log2 1 + PKd(P
dominates Pd , the S.E.E tends to decrease exponentially as ε 2 (M −K )
d ε +1)
2
circuit intake power increases. It is the same case when Pd S.E.E = . (39)
Pd
totally dominates the circuit intake power. This indicates the η(1−ς) + MP 0 + KP 1 + P2
importance of circuit intake power-downlink transmit power
trade-off in the optimization of S.E.E. From which we get:
Therefore, this study exposes the importance of circuit 1 Pd ε2 Pd
intake power in evaluating the S.E.E. For the case of channel a= ,b = ,c =
Pd ε + 1
2 K (Pd ε + 1)
2 η(1 − ς )
estimation errors, it is noted that the lower the estimation +KP1 + P2 , d = P0 ,
channel errors are, the better S.E.E is obtained, which means
e is the natural number and g = K (1 − τ T ), so substituting
that our model works perfectly in the environment with chan-
nel errors. these coefficients in equation (14), then M opt in equation (16)
will be obtained.
APPENDIX A
From Rsum = K
P
k=1 E {Rk } Where E {.} means the expecta- APPENDIX D
tion of the achievable rate and Power consumption parameters Pdac and Padc are calculated
Rk = log2 (1 + SINRk ) from the approximations in [50], as follows:
( !) Pdac = θ(Ps +Pdyn ) where Ps is the static intake power and
Pd Pdyn is the dynamic intake power while θ is just the correcting
Rsum = KE log2 1+
Pd ε2 + 1 tr H e H −1 1
eH
factor and in this model θ = 1 but Ps ≈ Vdd I0 (2n1 − 1)
2
By Jensen inequality, where Vdd the voltage is supply and I0 is the current source.
( )! Pdyn = n1 Cp (2B+fcor )Vdd 2 where C is the parasitic capac-
Pd 1 p
Rsum ≤ K log2 1+ E (37) itance, fcor is the corner frequency and B is the bandwidth, so
Pd ε2 + 1 e H −1
tr H
eH
1
Using identity from [44], E tr (W )−1 ≈ K c (M − K ),
Pdac = θ( Vdd I0 (2n1 − 1) + n1 Cp (2B + fcor )Vdd
2
)
2
where c ∼= ε2 , W , H eH e H and W ∼ Wk (m, Im ) is K ×
and
K Wishart matrix having M (M > K ) degrees of freedom, 2 L
so usually E tr (W )−1 ≈ K ε2 (M − K ), then substituting 3Vdd min (2B + fcor )
Padc = −0.1525n
,
in Rsum we will arrive at the required result of equation (13) 10 2 +4.838
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tradeoff,’’ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 4656–4669, Ph.D. degree in information and communication
Aug. 2014. engineering from Huazhong University of Sci-
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nications,’’ Found. Trends Commun. Inf. Theory, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–182, respectively. From 2000 to 2006, he was a major
2004. participant in wireless IP and beyond 3G projects
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acting as an Algorithm Designer. Since 2008,
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[49] S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization. Cambridge U.K.: cher with Paris University XI, from 2000 to 2001.
Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004. He is currently a Professor with Huazhong Uni-
[50] S. Cui, A. J. Goldsmith, and A. Bahai, ‘‘Energy-constrained modu- versity of Science and Technology (HUST). He is
lation optimization,’’ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 5, also the Group Leader of broadband wireless
pp. 2349–2360, Sep. 2005. research with HUST, which has more than ten
young teachers and more than 20 Ph.D. students.
Since 2003, he has been presiding over ten national
key projects, published more than 80 articles, and
held more than 30 patents in the field of broadband
wireless communication. His research interests include broadband wireless
communications, including LTE and IMT advanced systems, especially its
radio resource management.
LUSEKELO KIBONA received the B.S. degree DESHENG WANG received the Ph.D. degree
from the University of Dar es salaam, in 2007, in communications and information system from
and the M.S. degree from Nelson Mandela Huazhong University of Science and Technol-
African Institute of Science and Technology, ogy, in 2004. He is currently a Professor with
in 2014. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. the Department of Electronics and Information
degree in information and communication engi- Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and
neering with the School of Electronic Informa- Technology. He has published more than 30 arti-
tion and Communications, Huazhong University cles and applied more than 20 patents. His cur-
of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. From rent research interests include cooperative MIMO
2014 to 2017, he was a Research Assistant with communication, MEC resource allocation, and
Ruaha Catholic University, Iringa, Tanzania. His research interests include cross-layer radio link protocol design. He is also a member of China Broad-
massive MIMO, wireless communications and networks, channel estima- band Wireless IP Standard Group, FuTURE, and IEEE.
tion, and mobile applications.