Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

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Nano Communication Networks

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nanocomnet

CSRR loaded multiband THz MIMO antenna for nano-communications and

bio-sensing applications
Gaurav Saxena a, Maksud Alam b, Manidipa Roy c, Abdulwasa Bakr Barnawi d,
T.M. Yunus Khan e, Ram Lal Yadava f, Sanjay Chintakindi g, Reena Jain h, Himanshu Singh i,
Yogendra Kumar Awasthi j, *
a
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201015, India
b
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
c
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201009, India
d
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box.960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box.960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
f
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
g
Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
h
Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
i
Department of Physics, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
j
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana 121004 India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a multiband THz Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna is designed with dimensions of
Multiband- MB 80×100×10.8μm3. The antenna is made-up on a gold-plated Arlon AD410 substrate with a relative permittivity
Substrate integrated waveguide- SIW of 4.1.It operates at three resonant frequencies, namely 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz, achieved through the
Figure of merit- FOM
integration of Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) tech­
Internet of thing- IoT
Terahertz-THz
nologies. The two-element MIMO configuration of the antenna ensures exceptional performance, offering high
Refractive index unit- RIU throughput with data rates of 25.23Gbps for the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) scheme and 56.68Gbps
for the 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme. It also exhibits remarkable channel capacity,
approximately 8.2bps/Hz at Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) = 20dB, surpassing the capabilities of single-element
antennas. Moreover, it demonstrates excellent diversity performance for judging the MIMO antenna perfor­
mance. This is evident through the following key metrics: Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) < 0.02,
indicating that less than 1 % of power is transferred from the excited antenna to the second 50Ω terminated
antenna when antenna-1 is excited; Directive Gain (DG) >9.95dB; Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) <
-10dB, ensuring that a minimum of 90 % of the power is delivered to the patch port; and Channel Capacity Loss
(CCL) < 0.35 bits/sec/Hz, guaranteeing reliable wireless communication. The antenna boasts peak gains of
3.83dBi, 4.06dBi, and 6.82dBi at 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz, respectively, along with a radiation efficiency
of approximately 37, 58, and 51 % at the corresponding frequencies. Notably, the first two bands (1.34-1.51THz
and 2.20-2.28THz) exhibit narrow bandwidths with quality factors above 80, making them particularly suitable
for sensing applications in biomedical. Band-1 offers an average sensitivity of 3222.22 GHz/RIU and an FOM of
17.89, while Band-2 provides an average sensitivity of 2578.68 GHz/RIU and an FOM of 14.38. These charac­
teristics make it well-suited for near-field Nano-communications and sensing applications.

1. Introduction generation (5G) communications worldwide, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

However, the need for higher data rates, increased system capacity,
In the last few decades, there has been a growing demand for wireless enhanced security, low latency, and ultra-high-speed communication
connectivity, leading to the development and deployment of fifth- has sparked interest in the upcoming sixth generation (6G) wireless

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: yash_ips79@rediffmail.com (Y.K. Awasthi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100481
Received 20 May 2023; Received in revised form 19 October 2023; Accepted 30 October 2023
Available online 2 November 2023
1878-7789/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
G. Saxena et al.
Fig. 1. Frequency spectrum with state-of-art THz applications.
communication system. Emerging technology may utilize the terahertz
(THz) frequency band, which ranges from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, equivalent
to wavelengths ranging from 3 mm to 0.03 mm. It is recommended to
explore various applications within the THz band, such as Nano-
Communications for health and environmental pollution monitoring
systems, the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), ultra-high-speed on-chip
communication, as well as applications in military and satellite com­
munications [1]. 6G is expected to provide significantly higher data
rates, lower latency, and improved connectivity compared to 5G. This
will require innovations in antenna design and technology to make it a
reality. Researchers will likely explore a variety of antenna types and
configurations, such as phased array antennas, metamaterial-based an­
tennas, and other cutting-edge designs to meet the requirements of 6G
networks. A MIMO antenna with eight resonating bands is designed that
exhibit high gain, efficiency, and data rates [2]. The antenna is suitable
for applications in the medical, automotive, and food processing in­
dustries. It provides excellent matching in all eight resonating bands,
ensuring at least 90 % power transmission from ports to patch. The
antenna also features high radiation resistance and low loss resistance,
resulting in superior efficiency more than 90 % compared to typical
antennas might have an efficiency of around 70–80 %.
A multiband MIMO antenna with six resonating bands is described.
This antenna achieves a high gain of 13.92 dBi and a radiation efficiency
of 85.77 % [3]. The introduction of defected ground structures (DGS)
enables effective coupling of the electric field with the patch, allowing
resonance at different frequencies. A metasurface-based MIMO antenna,
operating from multiband to wideband (80.76 %) with a center fre­
quency of 1.2 THz, is presented, suitable for communication applica­
tions. This antenna also has a gain of more than 10dBi, isolation better
than 20dB, and diversity parameters such as ECC < 0.1, directive gain
(DG) >9.95dB, TARC < -20dB, and CCL < 0.35 bps/Hz [4]. To achieve
high isolation, a proper decoupling structure is implemented to prevent
current migration from the excited antenna to other antenna elements
terminated with 50 Ω impedance. Antennas operating in the THz band
can be classified into three categories. The first category includes THz
2
Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481
antennas with metal/dielectric compositions, the second category con­
sists of antennas using 2D materials such as vanadium oxide (VO2),
Graphene, chromium oxide (CrO2), and others. The third category in­
volves antennas that utilize a combination of metal, dielectric, and
Graphene materials. These antennas open up new possibilities for THz
band applications [5].
Dielectric material can be used as a radiator to develop antennas
with high gain more than 10dBi and radiation efficiency more than 90
%. Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are popular in the higher range
of THz frequencies in the optical regime [6]. However, enhancing the
gain and other characteristics of DRAs often requires the use of meta­
materials and defected ground structures, which can be challenging to
implement. In one study [7], CMOS technology was employed to ach­
ieve gain enhancement in a 2×2 THz-DRA antenna array. By using
high-resistivity silicon material, a higher-order mode DRA was designed,
resulting in reduced assembly costs and high gain. Another study [8]
implemented a high gain compact linear DRA array with higher effi­
ciency by employing a new feeding approach based on exciting standing
waves with discrete metallic patches. For high-speed communications
and THz sensing, a simple and efficient THz rectangular DRA utilizing
silicon as the radiator was presented [9]. A dual-band conical THz-DRA
with mathematical explanation was reported, targeting optical sensors,
high data speed, and free space wireless communications [10]. To
improve isolation properties and mitigate mutual coupling between
MIMO antennas are used. A microstrip-fed elliptical-shaped
super-wideband (fractional bandwidth more than 158 % @ centre fre­
quency 0.71THz) MIMO antenna with two elements was proposed for
various applications including vehicular, imaging, 3D printing, ter­
ahertz, healthcare, and astronomical radiometry [11]. Graphene-based
antenna arrays are known to reduce mutual coupling due to the slow
propagation speed of Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) wave, whereas,
surface plasmon polaritons are a fascinating optical phenomenon that
arises at the interface of metals and dielectrics, and they have a wide
range of applications in optics, sensing, and nanophononics. Their
ability to concentrate electromagnetic fields at the nano-scale makes
G. Saxena et al.
them a valuable tool for studying and manipulating light-matter in­
teractions [12]. Several studies focused on tunable operation and cir­
cular polarization of DRAs. For example, a loaded a high-gain annular
DRA with a Graphene disk for tunable operation in the THz frequency
range. A tunable aperture-coupled THz circularly polarized (CP) sin­
gle/multiport rectangular DRA utilizing a Graphene layer and the
material-perturbation technique is designed [13]. Similarly, a dual-band
rectangular THz-DRA based on Graphene, achieving frequency
tunability by varying the chemical potential of Graphene is proposed
[14,15]. Other research works include the development of electrically
thick Gallium-Arsenide-based DRAs with excellent radiation efficiency
[16], multiband circularly polarized DRAs [17], and Graphene-based CP
rectangular DRAs [18]. Frequency tunable and quad-band MIMO
CP-DRA were also investigated [19,20].
Mathematical modeling and simulations were employed in various
studies to analyze the characteristics and optimize the performance of
DRAs. For example, a mathematical formulation using MATLAB and a
high frequency structure simulator to study multi-stacked DRAs is pre­
sented. Additionally, a reconfigurable Graphene Nano Ribbon (GNR)-
based elliptical-shaped DRA was investigated for THz band applications
[21]. In the optical regime, mathematical modeling was proposed for
optical DRAs used in sensors and broadband antennas for high-speed
communication systems. Furthermore, a super directive spherical
THz-DRA was analyzed for LiDAR and retinal photoreceptor applica­
tions. Titanate elements were used in the dielectric resonator (DR) to
design DRAs for the optical region, which is useful for wireless sensing
and communication applications. Lastly, a broadband DRA fed with
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was investigated for D-band ap­
plications. The design aimed to achieve a broadband response by
merging all higher-order modes generated by a rectangular DR slab [22,
23].
In this article, an infinity-shaped SIW and CSRR based MIMO an­
tenna is designed. Antenna is simulated using CST-Microwave Studio
and Advance Design System (ADS). Section 2 explains the design pro­
cedure and the parameters of the individual antennas, such as return
loss, isolation, gain, and circuit modeling. Section 3 examines the MIMO
antenna’s S-parameters, gain, co-cross radiation patterns, E & H-fields
distribution, and current density distributions. Section 4 discusses the
diversity performance of the MIMO antenna. Finally, section 5 provides
the conclusion of the article.
2. Design Procedure and result discussion of the MIMO antenna
The proposed multiband MIMO antenna is designed on a gold-plated
ground conductor with Arlon AD410 dielectric substrate having loss
tangent of 0.0003 and relative permittivity 4.1 is depicted in Fig. 2 with
mustard colour. The selection of Arlon AD410 as a substrate material for
the proposed antenna is rationalized by its low dielectric constant, low
loss tangent, dimensional stability, thermal performance, ease of fabri­
cation, and resistance to moisture and chemicals. These properties
Fig. 2. A planar MIMO antenna design procedure with different ground structures for multiband operation in THz application.
3
Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481
collectively contribute to improved antenna performance and reliability,
making it a suitable choice for a variety of planar antenna applications.
It consists of a rectangular patch with dimensions of 100 µm length and
80µm width. To improve gain, isolation, and impedance bandwidth, the
patch is loaded with SIW and CSRR. The gold film coating on the
backside of the antenna enhances its performance by reducing the
loaded Q and increasing bandwidth for several reasons.
Gold is an excellent conductor with a high conductivity of 4.3×107
S/m, which means it effectively dissipates energy as heat. When applied
to the antenna, this conductivity allows for the efficient dissipation of
stored energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, which reduces the
antenna’s quality factor (Q) [4]. A lower Q value indicates that the
antenna can operate over a wider range of frequencies, resulting in
enhanced bandwidth. This broader bandwidth makes the antenna more
versatile, allowing it to transmit and receive signals across a wider fre­
quency spectrum, which is particularly valuable in applications where
signal versatility is essential, such as in communication systems and
radio frequency devices [22]. Additionally, a CSRR is loaded on the
ground to further enhance the bandwidth and avoid interference with
nearby devices, as shown in Fig. 2. Antenna-1 features a microstrip
patch design with a gold-plated, fully laminated ground. However, it has
poor S11, meaning most power is reflected at that time patch-2 is
terminated with 50 Ω match port.
To achieve multiband characteristics, a CSRR is loaded near the
feeding line on the ground, creating three resonating bands as shown in
Fig. 4(a) (depicted in pink). Antenna-2 has insufficient bandwidth and
return loss for practical purposes. Antenna-3 proposes a monopole an­
tenna with CSRR, offering a wide bandwidth of 2.6–4.0 THz (@ 3.3THz).
However, the S11 only grazes the 10dB point, as depicted by the blue line
in Fig. 4(a). To achieve triple band characteristics, a SIW is proposed for
proper return loss (S11) in three different bands resonating at 1.45, 2.25,
and 3.25 THz (shown in red in Fig. 4(a)). The impedance bandwidths for
the three frequency bands are as follows: 1.34–1.51THz, 2.20–2.28THz,
and 3.06–4.01THz. The diversity performance of the antenna meets the
required standards across all three resonating bands. The MIMO an­
tenna, depicted in Fig. 3, consists of variable dimensions on the top and
bottom, as specified in Table 1 (all dimensions in µm). This antenna
enables multiband operation for sensing and Nano-communication
regime.
The antenna analysis focuses on three key parameters: microstrip
feeding line width, CSRR dimensions, and SIW dimensions and spacing.
These parameters ensure proper multiband operation. The microstrip
feeding line width produces unique characteristic impedance that res­
onates at a specific frequency. By incorporating monopole characteris­
tics and etching the ground plane to reduce plate capacitance, a low Q is
achieved for wideband operation. Adding CSRR on the ground plane
creates another narrow resonating band, acting as a band pass filter. To
maintain good isolation between antenna elements, the SIW technique is
utilized, providing more than 15dB isolation and preserving MIMO an­
tenna performance.
G. Saxena et al.
Fig. 3. Proposed SIW and CSRR based MIMO antenna with dimension parameters.
Table 1
Dimensions of Proposed SIW and CSRR based THz MIMO Antenna shown in
Fig. 3 in µm.
a b c d e f g i
6 5 2.5 80 40 100 36 25
R1 R2 R3 R4 S1 S2 S3
10 7 7 5.5 1.5 1.5 1
The S-parameters of the proposed MIMO antenna, specifically S11
and S21, are depicted in Fig. 4(b). The figure illustrates three resonating
bands at frequencies of 1.45 THz, 2.25 THz, and 3.25 THz. These reso­
nating bands exhibit good isolation among the closely coupled antenna
elements, with an isolation level greater than 15 dB. The input imped­
ance amplitude and phase of the antenna are shown in Fig. 4(c), where
at the three resonating frequencies, the amplitude is approximately 50Ω,
and the phase ranges from -90o to +90o. Fig. 4(d) displays the setup for
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) estimation of a head voxel model for a
proposed antenna.
Here, numerical simulation software, like finite-difference time-
domain (FDTD) or finite-element method (FEM), to solve Maxwell’s
equations and calculate the electromagnetic fields within the head
model due to the antenna’s radiation. From these fields, compute the
local SAR distribution within the head tissues, ensuring compliance with
relevant safety guidelines and standards, such as IEEE or ICNIRP. Adjust
the antenna position, power, or other parameters as needed to achieve
desired SAR levels or antenna performance while adhering to safety
limits. Repeat simulations and optimizations as necessary for accurate
SAR estimation and antenna placement.
SAR analysis at 3.25 THz for IoT applications is discussed, high­
lighting its utility in mobile communication for scanning near-field ap­
plications. Table 2 provides the specifications for typical bio-tissues such
as skin, bone, and brain. It includes parameters like density, thermal
conductivity, heat capacity, blood flow, and metabolism rate. SAR
serves as a vital criterion for assessing the suitability of antennas used in
IoT for near-field mobile devices, as it determines their impact on the
human body’s absorption of electromagnetic energy. The SAR value
recommended for 1g and 10g of bio tissue for satisfactory (certified
emission) application are less than 1.6W/kg and 2.0 W/kg respectively.
For the MIMO antenna, the SAR values for 1g and 10 g of bio-tissue in all
three resonating band are 0.081W/kg and 0.072W/kg, 0.068 W/kg and
0.054 W/kg and 0.057W/kg and 0.046 W/kg at 1.45THz, 2.25THz and
3.25THz respectively without any plastic jacket or mobile cover. The
SAR of electromagnetic energy is calculated by Eq. (1) [17]
4
Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481
∫r
1 σ (r)|E(r)|2
Specific Absorption Rate(SAR) = dr (1)
V ρ(r)
0
Where E(r) is rms electric field associated with input signal in V/m
which is outward in the direction of radius (r), ρ(r) is density in kg/m3 of
bio tissue sample, thermal conductivity of human voxel model in S/m is
denoted by σ(r), and bio-tissue sample volume (V) in m3. SAR is directly
dependent upon input power used imposed by mobile phone to human
head skeleton and 1W power is used for SAR calculation. Fig. 4(e)
demonstrates the proposed antenna’s radiation efficiency exceeding 50
%. Moreover, Fig. 4(f) presents the MIMO antenna results without the
inclusion of CSRR and SIW. From Fig. 4(f), it is apparent that the absence
of CSRR results in tuning the S-parameter within two resonating bands.
The first band is a narrowband resonance at 1.5 THz, while the second
band is a wideband ranging from 3.1 to 4.0 THz, exhibiting two reso­
nating peaks. Conversely, the omission of SIW leads to an abrupt S-
parameter, which grazes the S11 graph at -10 dB between 2.5 and 4.0
THz.
3. Equivalent network analysis of CSRR and SIW based MIMO
antenna
The MIMO antenna utilizes an LC equivalent modeling approach
based on two conductor-dielectric slab interfaces. This analysis employs
a transmission line analogy for ease of understanding. The equivalent
network analysis of the antenna is shown in Fig.5, which corresponds to
the antenna presented in Fig. 3. In this analysis, the first interface be­
tween the patch conductor and the dielectric substrate forms a parallel
LC equivalent network because the electric field lines terminate at the
conductive patch, creating a parallel capacitance (C) due to the voltage
difference between the conductor and the ground plane, while the
induced currents on the patch create an inductance (L) in parallel. This
configuration allows for resonance tuning. On the other hand, the sec­
ond interface between the dielectric substrate and the ground conductor
forms a series LC equivalent network because the electric field lines
travel through the dielectric, resulting in a series capacitance (C) and
inductance (L) along the path. This series configuration impacts the
antenna impedance and affects its overall performance characteristics.
These two interface configurations play key roles in the operation and
design of planar antenna. These networks operate under the assumption
of no loss, and their inductance and capacitance values are provided in
Table 3. The resonance frequencies at 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz
are represented by Π-shaped LC equivalent networks, which correspond
to the individual resonance structures. The gap capacitances (C1, C2, C3,
C11, C12, and C13) are associated with the conductor patch shown in
Fig. 3(a), while the inductances (L1, L2, L3, L11, L12, L13) are related to
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 4. Simulated results of the antenna (a) S-parameter as per antennas given in Fig. 2 (b) S-parameter final design (c) Input impedance (d) Setup for SAR estimation
of head voxel model (e) Radiation efficiency, and (f) S-parameter without CSRR and SIW for antenna-1and antenna-3.

5
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Table 2
Different Parameters of the human head for calculating SAR analysis used for near field mobile devices by the MIMO antenna at constant permeability (µr).
Type Density (ρ) kg/m3 Thermal Conductivity Heat capacity Blood flow Metabolism
(σ) S/m kJ/K/kg W/K/m3 rate
W/m3

Bio-tissue skin 1100 0.293 3.5 9100 1620

Bio-tissue Bone 1850 0.41 1.3 3400 610
Bio-tissue Brain 1030 1.13 3.675 40000 7100

Fig. 5. Equivalent network of the proposed multiband MIMO antenna at 1.45, 2.25 and 3.25THz using ADS.

the proposed ground structure depicted in Fig. 3(b). The value of gap
capacitance is to be calculated by Eq. (2)
εo × εr × wpatch × lpatch
Cgap =
spatch
where εo and εr are the absolute and relative permittivity, wpatch, lpatch,
and spatch denotes the width, length and separation of transmission line.
So, the total capacitance associated them is 42.47fF at resonate fre­
quency 1.45 THz, 2.25 THz and 3.25 THz for multiband MIMO antenna.
Loop inductance parallel LC (Patch-Dielectric) interface and Series LC
(Dielectric-Ground) interface associated with transmission line can be
calculated by Eq. (3)
L = 2 × 10− 7 × loge
h
R1 × e− 0.25
where, h is the thickness of the transmission line and R1 denotes the
radius associated with transmission line. So that total inductance pro­
duced by MIMO antenna is 52.93pH.
4. Electric / magnetic field intensity distributions
Fig. 6(a)–(d) depict the results for the E-field intensity, H-field in­
tensity, vectored current density, and far-field radiation. In Fig. 6(a), the
electric field distribution is shown at 1.45, 2.25, and 3.25 THz. The
maximum E-field is confined to antenna-1 and SIW. At 1.45 THz, the
maximum E-field of 9×105 V/m is confined to the antenna-1 feeding
transmission line, indicating the maximum power delivered from the 50
Ω excitation port to patch antenna-1. The patch also exhibits an
approximate E-field of 9×105 V/m and experiences changes in the x-
direction equivalent to half a wavelength and changes in the y-direction
equivalent to two half-wavelengths, which supports the TE12 mode.
Fig. 6(b) shows the magnetic field intensity in A/m at 1.45, 2.25, and
3.25 GHz. The H-field is mainly confined at higher frequencies on the
SIW and antenna feeding line. The SIW and Electromagnetic band gap
(EBG) also resonate in the higher frequency range, resulting in a
maximum current of 3000 A/m being confined in the SIW and CSRR on
the ground. The vectored current density of the proposed MIMO antenna
(2) is shown in Fig. 6(c), with a high current density of approximately 2500
A/m2 accumulated on the feeding line, SIW, antenna-1, and CSRR on the
ground plane.
The SIW and CSRR structures also accumulate high current density,
aiding in the mitigation of isolation between the two antenna elements.
In terms of 3D far-field results, Fig. 6(d) shows that at 1.45THz, the
maximum gain achieved is 4.06dBi, while at 2.25THz and 3.25THz, the
gains achieved are 3.64dBi and 6.28dBi, respectively. While 2D patterns
typically depict the radiation characteristics in only two planes, such as
azimuth (H-plane) and elevation (E-plane), 3D patterns offer a more
(3) complete view by adding the dimension of antenna polarization. This
additional dimension allows engineers to assess how the antenna radi­
ates energy not only in different horizontal and vertical directions but
also in varying polarization states, providing a more accurate repre­
sentation of its performance and suitability for specific communication
or radar applications. Consequently, 3D radiation patterns are decisive
for designing antennas that can optimize signal coverage, minimize
interference, and meet the requirements of complex wireless systems.
The co-cross radiation patterns of the MIMO antenna at 1.45, 2.25
and 3.25THz is depicted in Fig. 6(a) and (b). At ɸ = 90◦ far-field E-field
with different theta (0o < θ < 360o) at 1.45THz frequency depicted in
Fig. 7(a). In cross polarization level at 1.45THz frequency side lobe level
-1.3dB, half power (3dB) angular width is 102o and main lobe magni­
tude approximate -70dB as well as in co-polarization side lobe level
-3.01dB, half power (-3dB) angular width is 38.7o and main lobe di­
rection at 144o and main lobe magnitude approximate 0.5dB which is
well separated between co-cross patterns at 1.45THz.
At 2.25THz Co-Cross far-field results are depicted and having side
lobe level in -3.5dB, 3dB angular width 48.4o and main lobe direction
-62o and main lobe magnitude 0.158mV/m in cross-polarization and co-
polarization its value side lobe level -1.1dB, 3dB angular width 63.4o,
main lobe direction 58o and main lobe magnitude 7.21V/m. At 3.25 THz

Table 3
Capacitances and Inductances values of the electrical Parallel and Series LC resonance equivalent network of the antenna-4 given in Fig. 2, where port-2 impedance is
matched with 50 Ω.
Frequency (THz) Parallel LC (Patch-dielectric) Series LC (Dielectric-ground)

1.45 LPLC1= 656.1fH and CPLC1 = 18.36fF L11 = 22.95pH and C11 = 0.5249fF
2.25 LPLC2 = 272.5fH and CPLC2 = 18.36fF L22 = 22.95pH and C22 = 0.218fF
3.25 LPLC3 = 522.4fH and CPLC3 = 4.591fF L33 = 5.739pH and C33 = 0.4179fF

6
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 6. Simulated results at 1.45THz, 2.25THz and 3.25THz of the proposed MIMO antenna (a) Electric field (b) Magnetic field (c) Vectored current density (d) Far-
field 3D radiation pattern.

7
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 7. Simulated 2D far-field radiation patterns at 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz (a) YZ (Co) and (b) XZ (Cross) polarization.

8
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 8. Simulated diversity parameters of the antenna (a) Envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain (b) Total active reflection coefficient and channel
capacity loss.

Table 4
Expressions for calculating diversity performance.
A parameter with its Expression Calculation by using [21]
∫∫
| [Ei (θ, ϕ) × Ej (θ, ϕ)]dΩ|2 3D radiated fields
4π
ECC = ∫ ∫ ∫∫
|Ei (θ, ϕ)|2 dΩ × |Ej (θ, ϕ)|2 dΩ
4π 4π

|S∗ ii Sij + S∗ ji Sjj |2 S-parameters

ECC(ρij ) =
(1 − |Sii |2 − |Sji |2 )(1 − |Sjj |2 − |Sij |2 )
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
S-parameters or E field
DG = 10 1 − (ECC)2
∑N
|bi |2 S- parameters
TARC = ∑Nn=1 2
n=1 i |
|a
CCL = − log2 (ψ c ) S- parameters
[ ]
ρ ρ12 3D radiated fields
were, ψ c = 11
ρ21 ρ22
∑ ∑
ρii = 1 − ( Nn=1 |S∗in Sni |) ρij = − ( Nn=1 |S∗in Snj |)
]
Prec ∮ [ XPR × Pθ1 Gθ1 (Ω) + Gϕ2 (Ω) × Pϕ2 (Ω)
MEG1 = =
Pinc 1 + XPR

main lobe magnitude approximate -60dB as well as in Co-polarization
side lobe level -3.01dB, half power (-3dB) angular width is 36.8o and
main lobe direction at 136o and main lobe magnitude approximate
1.2dB Co-cross far-field polarized pattern is well separated between
them.
5. Diversity parameters of MIMO antenna
To evaluate the practical use of MIMO antenna, diversity perfor­
mance is required. Calculation of the MIMO antenna’s diversity per­
formance in terms of Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity
Gain (DG), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) and Channel
Capacity Loss (CCL) shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b) as per the equation given
in Table 4. Average ECC of the MIMO antenna is less than 0.02 in all the
three resonating band 1.38–1.56THz, 2.16–2.32THz and 3.0–4.0THz
that means a very small amount of current will be migrated from
antenna-1(middle) to antenna-2 (opposite) which is terminated by 50 Ω
shown in Fig. 3(c).
No current is migrating from antenna-1 to antenna-2 then diversity
gain of the MIMO antenna should be 10dB as shown in Fig. 8(a). TARC is
also an important parameter to judge how much power return when all
the antenna elements in MIMO system will be energized simultaneously
and it is calculated by the ratio of reflected power to the total incident
power. For any practical MIMO system, the value of TARC ≤ -10 dB,
means at least 90 % input power to be transmitted from all ports to
antennas. For uncorrelated environment ECC should be zero then DG
will be 10 ideally. When the number of antenna elements in a MIMO
system increases, the channel capacity increases linearly, but the cor­
relation between them also rises, making it necessary to include channel
capacity loss (CCL) before determining the actual data rate of an oper­
ational wireless communication system. Average CCL for two elements
MIMO system should be less than 0.35bps/Hz, means the less correlation
and less CCL and to be calculated in terms of s-parameter matrix given in
Table 4 as shown in Fig. 8(b).
To calculate the CCL, first calculate ρ11 and ρ22 by using the formula
depicted in Table 4, ρ11 = 1-S11 and ρ22 = 1-S22 where S11 and S22 are
return loss for antenna-1 and antenna-2, then calculate ρ12 = 1-S12S21,
ρ21 = 1-S21S12 (For symmetric structure S11 = S22 and S21 = S12) then
[ ]
ρ11 ρ12
calculate correlation matrix ψ c = then calculate channel
ρ21 ρ22
capacity lossCCL = − log2 (ψ c ) at different frequencies.
6. Proposed MIMO antenna as a bio-sensor (hemoglobin and
urine)
The proposed antenna operates in triple bands, with first two of them
being narrow-band, and the third band being wideband. Narrow-band
antennas are more suitable for sensing applications due to their high
signal resolution and accuracy within specific frequency bands. A
narrowband antenna can provide better selectivity and filtering to

9
G. Saxena et al.
Fig. 9. Verification of two-element THz planar MIMO antenna with different concentration of hemoglobin (a) Front view (b) S-parameters.
isolate signals of interest. Therefore, these two bands, which have a high
quality factor of more than 80, are suitable for sensing.
Now, a question comes to mind: why for hemoglobin and urine
concentration? A narrow band is sufficient for sensing high-quality
factor materials like hemoglobin and urine due to their distinctive
spectral characteristics. The high-quality factor (Q-factor) implies that
these substances have narrow resonance peaks and exhibit minimal
frequency spread in their absorption or emission spectra. Consequently,
a narrow band sensor can focus on a specific wavelength range where
the absorption or emission peaks of hemoglobin and urine are concen­
trated, ensuring precise and sensitive measurements. This selectivity
10
Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481
minimizes interference from other substances and noise, enhancing the
accuracy and reliability of sensing these biomaterials, making it suitable
for medical diagnostics and analysis.
The correlation between hemoglobin concentration (g/l) and
refractive index (n) ranging from 1.34 to 1.43 is shown in Fig. 9. Table 5
provides details on the MIMO dual-reflector antenna used as a hemo­
globin sensor, including the refractive index, resonant frequency,
sensitivity, and figure of merit (FOM). An average sensitivity of 3222.22
GHz/RIU, where the RIU is a unit of measurement used to quantify the
change in refractive index within a substance or medium. The sensing
proficiency of a sensor is measured by the FOM, which is defined as the
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 10. Verification of two-element THz planar MIMO antenna with different urine concentration (a) Front view (b) S-parameters.

11
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Table 5
The proposed antenna application as a hemoglobin sensor with refractive index, resonate frequency and sensitivity.
S. No. Concentration Hemoglobin Resonate Frequency Sensitivity FOM
(g/l) Refractive Index in Band-1 (1.38-1.56THz) (GHz/RIU)

1. 10 1.34 1.46 2000GHz/RIU 11.11

2. 20 1.36 1.42 666.66GHz/RIU 3.70
3. 30 1.39 1.40 7000GHz/RIU 38.88
4. 40 1.43 1.12 AVG.=3222.22GHz/RIU AVG.=17.89

Table 6
Proposed MS as a urine sensor with refractive index, resonate frequency and sensitivity.
S. No. Concentration Urine Refractive Resonate Frequency Sensitivity FOM
(g/l) Index in Band-1(1.38-1.56THz) (GHz/RIU)

1. 10 1.3346 1.35 300000GHz/RIU 10

2. 20 1.3349 1.26 100000GHz/RIU 5
3. 30 1.3353 1.22 23333.33GHz/RIU 16.66
4. 40 1.3356 1.15 AVG.=141111.11GHz/RIU AVG.=10.55

Table 7
Comparison of the two-element MIMO antenna performance with existing literature.
Frequency Efficiency Max. Gain (dBi) Size Substrate References
(THz) (µm2)

3.0,4.85,7.02, 0.7 13.92 90×90 polyimide [3]

8.87,9.43,10.85
0.52-1.47 0.7 10.3 480×480 Quartz [4]
2.3,3.2,4.5 0.6 5 40×50 polyimide [5]
0.22-0.32 - 9.03 400×500 polyimide [7]
0.33-10 0.7 19 1000×1400 Roger-5880 [9]
1.45,2.25,3.25 0.5 6.28 80£100 Arlon AD410 [P]

Table 8
Comparison of the two-element MIMO antenna diversity performance with existing literature.
Frequency ECC Isolation DG TARC CCL(Bits/sec/Hz)
(THz) (dB) (dB) (dB) /References

3.0,4.85,7.02, 0.010 ≥ 15 ≥9.95 - - [3]

8.87,9.43,10.85
2.3,3.2,4.5 0.2 ≥ 18 ≥ 9.95 - - [5]
1.57,2.05,3.46,4.47, 0.500 ≥ 20 ≥ 8.50 - 0.25 [6]
6.82,8.3,8.9,9.6
0.33-10 0.0015 ≥ 25 ≥ 9.99 < -10 0.25 [9]
1.45,2.25,3.25 0.02 ≥ 15 ≥ 9.90 < -13 0.23 [P]

[P] Proposed Antenna

ratio of Sensitivity (S) to the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). An
average FOM of 17.89 has been achieved in Band-1 (1.39–1.52 THz).
Another important parameter for evaluating sensor quality in sensing
operations is the quality factor, which is determined by sensitivity. It is
desirable to have a high value for this parameter. The quality factor is
calculated as ’fr/FWHM,’ where ’fr’ represents the resonant frequency.
However, sensitivity in band-2 and band-3 is reduced due to either a
low Q-factor or a wide bandwidth @2.24THz and @3.25THz centre
frequency respectively. The fractional bandwidth in band-1 is 1 %,
indicating a Q-factor greater than 95, which is suitable for hemoglobin
sensing application, as shown in Fig. 9(b).
The correlation between urine concentration (g/l) and refractive
index (n) ranging from 1.34 to 1.43 is shown in Fig. 10. Table 6 provides
details on the MIMO dual-reflector antenna used as a hemoglobin
sensor, including the refractive index, resonant frequency, sensitivity,
and figure of merit (FOM). An average sensitivity of 141111.11 GHz/
RIU, where the RIU is a unit of measurement used to quantify the change
in refractive index within a substance or medium. The sensing profi­
ciency of a sensor is measured by the FOM, which is defined as the ratio
of Sensitivity (S) to the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). An
average FOM of 10.55 has been achieved in Band-1 (1.38–1.56 THz).
In Table 6 proposed MIMO DRA as a urine sensor with refractive
index, resonate frequency, sensitivity and FOM has been discussed and
Avg. sensitivity achieved 141111.11GHz/RIU and avg. FOM-17.89.
7. Conclusion
A microstrip feed multiband THz MIMO antenna has been designed
to exhibit stable omnidirectional radiation patterns at 1.45THz,
2.25THz, and 3.25THz. The antenna’s configuration has ensured high
throughput, data speed, and diversity performance, as indicated in Ta­
bles 7 and 8. Additionally, all three antenna bands have been tested for
hemoglobin and urine concentration measurements, with the first two
bands proving more suitable for bio-sensing due to their high Q. The
third band, being wideband, is deemed appropriate for Nano commu­
nications. Therefore, the proposed design will make an excellent
contribution to Nano communications and bio sensing applications.
Author agreement
Submission of work requires that the piece to be reviewed has not
been previously published. Upon acceptance, the Author assigns to the

12
G. Saxena et al.
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Declaration of Competing Interest
I have no conflicts of interest to disclose
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific
Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding this work
through the Research Group Program under Grant No: RGP 2/309/44.
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Gaurav Saxena received the B.Tech. degree in electronics and
communication engineering from Uttar Pradesh Technical
University Lucknow, Lucknow, India, in 2007, the M.Tech.
degree in microwave electronics from the University of Delhi,
New Delhi, India, in 2012, and the Ph.D. degree from Delhi
Technological University, New Delhi, in 2020. From December
2011 to May 2012, he was worked as an Internship Trainee at
CSIR, NPL Delhi, New Delhi, where he established traceability
of the VNA and received an appreciation certificate from
Scientist-F. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor
at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engi­
neering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad,
Uttar Pradesh, India. He has published two patent and
numerous research articles in peer-reviewed International Journals and Conferences. His
recent research interests include modeling of passive microwave components like filters
power divider/combiner, microwave antenna for 5G/6G and wireless applications, met­
amaterial absorber/metasurface antenna, MIMO antenna receiver/transmitter, DRA,
graphene-based THz MIMO antenna, metasurface absorbers, sensors, and LNA. Dr. Saxena
received the Commendable Research Award in 2021,2022 and 2023 by Delhi Techno­
logical university Delhi. He also received a meritorious scholarship from July 2010 to July
2012 given by the University of Delhi.
Dr. Maksud Alam received his B.Tech. Degree in 2007 from
Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, India and his M.
Tech. degree in 2012 from Maharshi Dayanand University,
Rohtak, India. He received his Ph.D. degree in Jamia Millia
Islamia, New Delhi, India. He is a recipient of Visveswaraya Ph.
D. fellowship from Ministry of Electronics and IT, Govt. of India
and is currently working as Assistant Professor-3 in Galgotia
college of engineering and technology Gr Noida India. Prior to
this, he worked as a Lecturer in GLA Institute of Technology
and Management, Mathura and Babu Banarasi Das Group of
Institutions, Bulandshahr in the years 2007 and 2008, respec­
tively. From the year 2009 to 2016, he served as an Assistant
Professor in Bharat Institute of Technology, Meerut.
He has published more than 15 research papers with reputed journals and conferences
such as IET microwave antenna and propagation, International journal of rf and micro­
wave computer aided engineering Wiley, microwave and optical technology letters Wiley,
Frequenz Journal, Progress in Electromagnetic Researchc and IEEE conferences. His
research interest includes internet of things and antennas, design and development of EBG
structures, metamaterial antennas, circularly polarized microstrip antennas, reconfig­
urable antennas, ultrawideband antennas, and defected ground structure.
G. Saxena et al.
Manidipa Roy is Ph.D. and M.Tech. in RF and Microwave
Engineering. Currently she is working as Associate Professor in
ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, and Uttar Pradesh. She
had been a Research fellow at Ambedkar Institute of Advanced
Communication technologies and Research, Delhi (currently
NSUT, Delhi (East Campus).
She had guided many under graduate and post graduate
students in their projects. She has several publications in In­
ternational and National Journals and Conferences. She has
been awarded Gold Medal in M.Tech. RF and Microwave
Engineering.
Dr. Reena Jain is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry
Hindu College, University of Delhi. Currently she is the Vice
Principal as well as the PIO (Public Information Officer) of the
College. In her capacity as Vice Principal, she is assisting the
Principal in all the administrative matters and day to day
running of the College. She has been given the responsibility of
working as officiating Principal from time to time in the
absence of the principal. She is currently also the Coordinator
of DBT Star College Project in her College. She has also worked
as the BURSAR of the College. She did graduation and post-
graduation from the same college and PhD from Chemistry
Department, Delhi University. She has been conferred with
Prof K N Johri Memorial Gold Medal by the University of Delhi.
She has been teaching Inorganic Chemistry and Environment Chemistry for over 25
years. She has also taught Environmental Chemistry to the students pursuing their master’s
degree from Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi for almost 10 years.
Her research interest is primarily focused on organometallic chemistry, green chemistry,
Nano chemistry and environmental chemistry. She has more than a dozen of papers to her
credit in renowned national and international journals. She is currently supervising 2
research scholars for their PhD work and has guided a number of MSc dissertations. She
has been the author of 5 books in Chemistry for the senior secondary students. She has
recently edited two books-“Advanced Inorganic Chemistry” by Wiley Publication, for In­
dian adaptation and “Myconanotechnology: Green Chemistry for Sustainable Develop­
ment” by Bentham Science. She has written several book chapters, the latest being in
“Green Chemistry for Beginners” by Jenny Stanford Publishing House, and for IGNOU. She
has also developed a lot of e-material. She has contributed in several reputed projects
initiated by the Government of India, such as National Science Digital Library – a project of
NISCAIR, CSIR, SAKSHAT, i-CBSE and UDAAN, to name a few. She has been invited for
talks in her field of Inorganic chemistry and environment chemistry for more than 30
workshops, conferences and faculty development programs. She has presented papers in
several National and International conferences. She herself has organized more than 20
workshops / conferences in the capacity of member organizing committee/ organizing
secretary and Convenor.
14
Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481
Himanshu Singh received the B.Sc (Electronics) degree from
Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 2000, the M.Sc. (Electronics
& Computational Physics) degree from Institute of Basic Sci­
ence, Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 2002, and Ph. D. (RF &
Microwave Electronics) from Delhi University, Delhi, in 2010.
She was co-operative faculty at the University of Delhi, New
Delhi and India in 2006-2012. She is currently working as an
Assistant Professor with the Department of Physics, Hindu
College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. She has pub­
lished more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals and
conferences and he has also filed 01 patent and published one
book. Her recent research interest includes Modeling of high-
frequency passive microwave components, Microwave an­
tennas for LTE & 5G applications, Meta-material absorber, Sensor & Cloaking, Study of
transient.
Yogendra Kumar Awasthi received the B.Sc. (Electronics)
degree from Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 1999, the M.Sc.
(Electronics & Computational Physics) degree from Institute of
Basic Science, Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 2001, and Ph.
D. (RF & Microwave Electronics) from Delhi University, Delhi,
in 2012. He was co-operative faculty at the University of Delhi,
New Delhi and he was also guest faculty at Central Electronics
Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, and Rajasthan, India in
2006–2012. He is currently working as a Professor with the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies
University, Faridabad, India. He has published more than 90
articles in peer-reviewed journals and conferences and he has
also 15 patents and published one book’s chapter. His recent research interest includes
Modelling of high-frequency passive microwave components, Microwave antenna for LTE
& 5G/6G applications, Metamaterial absorber, Sensor & Cloaking, Study of transient, RF
Power Transfer & Energy Harvesting, MIMO receiver system, Electrical Power System, etc.
He is an Editor-in-Chief in the renowned ‘‘MR International Journal of Engineering
and Technology’’ and working as a reviewer of several refereed journals such as IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine, IET Microwaves, Antennas, Propagation, IET Elec­
tronic Letter, IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation, AEUE Inter­
national Journal of Electronics and Communication, Elsevier, Journal of Electromagnetic
Waves and Applications (JEMWA), Taylor & Francis, International Journal of Electronics,
Taylor & Francis and Applied Computational Electromagnetic Society, ACES.