SECTION ONE

1.1 Introduction

1.1. Introduction to SIWES

Knowledge as it been said is power, but practical knowledge is much more than

power. Practical knowledge of a learning process is important, without which

mastery of that area of knowledge may be too difficult to achieve. Practical

knowledge involves developing skills through the use of tools and equipment to

perform tasks that are related to a field of study. Such skills enable one to harness

the available resources to meet needs of the society.

It was to this background that SIWES (Students Industrial Work Experience

Programme), otherwise known as Industrial Training (IT) programme, was

introduced into the Nigerian tertiary institutions. SIWES is a skill development

programme designed to prepare students of universities, polytechnics,

monotechnics, and colleges of education for transition from the college

environment to work. It is an educational programme in which students participate

in work activities while attending school. This work experience gives students the

opportunity to be a part of an actual situation outside the classroom.

SIWES is a cooperative industrial internship Programme that involves institutions

of higher learning, industries, the federal government of Nigeria, industrial training

fund (ITF), and the Nigerian universities commission (NUC). Students that

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participate in this work experience programme include those studying library

sciences, engineering, vocational, technological, and other science-related courses

before graduation. The training program is undertaken in the fourth year of a five-

year degree programme.

The government has recognized the importance of SIWES through establishment

of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF). The ITF was established in 1971 and was

charged with human resource development and training. Following the

establishment of the ITF, SIWES was established in 1974.

The six months’ industrial attachment provides every student an opportunity to

apply skills and knowledge acquired during the course of study in the industrial

attachment. It is an opportunity to allow the student to learn how to communicate

in the work environment and also to be able to put in practice what has been

learned in class. It’s also an opportunity to improve social communication and

technical skills needed for a working life and a chance to be at par with the

changing industry.

The purpose of industrial attachment is to:

1. Enhance the student’s knowledge of industrial facilities and installations

not available in the University environment.

2. Expose students to professional work methods and ways of acquiring

industrial skill and experiences.

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 3. Enhance entrepreneurship skills in students.

4. Prepare students for work situations they are to meet after graduation.

5. Develop students for competency and proficiency.

6. Provide the necessary tools and office equipment which are not readily

available in the classroom.

1.2 Objectives of SIWES

The specific objectives of SIWES were summarized by the federal government in

its gazette of April 1978 as follows:

1. To provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to

acquire skills and experiences in their courses of study.

2. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real

work and actual practice

3. To make the transition from school to the world of work easier and to

enhance students’ contacts for later job placement

4. To expose and prepare students of universities, polytechnics, colleges of

technology, colleges of agriculture, and colleges of education to

industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

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1.3 Brief History of the Establishment of Attachment

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4
 1.3.1 Organogram of the firm

GENERAL MANAGER
(ICT)

ASSISTANCE GENERAL MANAGER

(ICT)

HEAD FINANCE CHIEF SYSTEM CHIEF ENGINEER

ANALYST

FINANCE STAFFS IT STAFFS ENGINERRING STAFFS

SIWES STUDENTS

5
 SECTION TWO

2.1 Net work

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share

resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic

communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,

telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

2.2. Types of networks

a. Local Area Network (LAN)

b. Wide Area Network (WAN)

2.2.1. Local area network.

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small

area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or

building.

Computers connected to a network are broadly categorized as servers or

workstations. Servers are generally not used by humans directly, but rather run

continuously to provide "services" to the other computers (and their human users)

on the network. Services provided can include printing and faxing, software

hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete

access control (security) for the network's resources, and many others.

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Workstations are called such because they typically do have a human user which

interacts with the network through them. Workstations were traditionally

considered a desktop, consisting of a computer, keyboard, display, and mouse, or a

laptop, with integrated keyboard, display, and touchpad. With the advent of the

tablet computer, and the touch screen devices such as iPod and iPhone, our

definition of workstation is quickly evolving to include those devices, because of

their ability to interact with the network and utilize network services.

Servers tend to be more powerful than workstations, although configurations are

guided by needs. For example, a group of servers might be located in a secure area,

away from humans, and only accessed through the network. In such cases, it would

be common for the servers to operate without a dedicated display or keyboard.

However, the size and speed of the server's processor(s), hard drive, and main

memory might add dramatically to the cost of the system. On the other hand, a

workstation might not need as much storage or working memory, but might require

an expensive display to accommodate the needs of its user. Every computer on a

network should be appropriately configured for its use.

On a single LAN, computers and servers may be connected by cables or

wirelessly. Wireless access to a wired network is made possible by wireless access

points (WAPs). These WAP devices provide a bridge between computers and

networks. A typical WAP might have the theoretical capacity to connect hundreds

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or even thousands of wireless users to a network, although practical capacity might

be far less.

Nearly always servers will be connected by cables to the network, because the

cable connections remain the fastest. Workstations which are stationary (desktops)

are also usually connected by a cable to the network, although the cost of wireless

adapters has dropped to the point that, when installing workstations in an existing

facility with inadequate wiring, it can be easier and less expensive to use wireless

for a desktop.

2.2.2. Wide area network

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such

as Federal University of Technology Owerri, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic

cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of global network.

Using a WAN, schools in Imo State can communicate with places like Ghana in a

matter of seconds, without paying enormous phone bills. Two users a half-world

apart with workstations equipped with microphones and a webcams might

teleconference in real time. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers, bridges,

and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications

networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to be much

different than a LAN.

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3.3 Devices use in networking

2.3.1. Router

Routers do the majority of the hard work on a network - they make the decisions

about all the messages that travel on the network, and whether to pass messages to

and from outside networks. There are three main functions:

Separate and Bridge

Routers separate networks into sections or bridge different networks together.

Assign IPs

They can assign IP addresses. Example 192.168.1 to another device.

Firewall and Protect

They can filter messages or keep users out of private networks. Most routers have a

Firewall built in. This is a software function that keeps unwanted messages from

reaching the computers on the inside, or private part, of the network.

2.3.2 Hub

A network device that repeats the traffic it receives to all connected devices.

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2.3.3 Switch

A network device that sends traffic it receives to a specific connected device, such

as a single desktop computer or laptop.

2.3.4. Ethernet cable

A type of networking protocol—it defines the types of cables and connections that

are used to wire computers, switches, and routers together. Most often Ethernet

cabling is Category 5 or 6, made up of twisted pair wiring similar to phone cables.

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11
2.3.5 Host

A host can be any device that has an IP address. An address is used to send and

receive data in a network.

IP address help identify devices and the networks where they are connected.

Examples of host are: PC, laptop, Smart Phone, Tablet etc.

2.4 How to create network (LAN)

This Chapter covers the basics of how networking works, and how to use different

devices to build networks. Computer networking has existed for many years, and

as time has passed the technologies have become faster and less expensive.

Networks are made up of various devices—computers, switches, routers—

connected together by cables or wireless signals. Understanding the basics of how

networks are put together is an important step in building a wireless network in a

community or neighbourhood.

2.4.1. Count the number of computer

When setting up a LAN, you'll need to know how many computers will be

connecting to the network via Ethernet. This will determine the number of ports

you'll need.

If you have four or less computers that you need to hardwire, you'll just need a

router. If you have more than four, you'll likely need to get a switch to extend the

number of ports available on your router.

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2.4.2. Decide if it will be wireless network

If you want to allow devices to connect wirelessly, you'll need a router that can

broadcast a wireless network. Most routers you'll find at the store or online have

wireless capabilities.

Network switches do not allow wireless devices to connect, and can only be used

for hardwired LANs or to extend the number of ports available to the router.

2.4.3. Determine if you want all network devices to have internet access

If you want all of the connected devices to have access to the internet, you'll need a

router to handle the connections. If you don't need the devices to have a network

connection, you can just use a network switch.

2.4.4. Measure the distance for all hardwired devices

This isn't much of an issue in most homes, but network cables cannot run longer

than 100m (328 ft). If you have to run cable farther than this, you'll need switches

in between.

2.4.5. Consider your future needs

If you're filling all of the ports on your hardware, consider future-proofing to allow

for more devices in the future.

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2.5 Setting up a basic LAN

2.5.1. Gather your network hardwire

To create a LAN, you'll need a router or switch, which will act as the hub of your

network. These devices route information to the correct computers.

a. A router will automatically handle assigning IP addresses to each device on

the network, and is necessary if you intend to share your internet connection with

all the connected devices. It is highly recommended that you build your network

with a router, even if you're not sharing an internet connection.

b. A network switch is like a simpler version of a router. It will allow connected

devices to talk to each other, but will not automatically assign IP addresses and

will not share an internet connection. Switches are best used to expand the number

of LAN ports available on the network, as they can be connected to the router.

2.5.2. setup your router

You don't need to do much to set up a router for a basic LAN. Just plug it into a

power source, preferably close to your modem if you plan on sharing the internet

connection through it.

2.5.3. Connect your modem to your router

If you're sharing the internet connection from your modem, connect the modem to

the WAN/INTERNET port on the router. This is usually a different color from the

other ports.

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2.5.4. Connect your switch to your router

If you're using a switch to expand the number of ports available on the router, plug

an Ethernet cable into any LAN port on the router and any LAN port on the switch.

This will expand the network to the rest of the LAN ports on the switch.

2.5.5. Connect your computers to open lan port

Use Ethernet cables to connect each computer to an open LAN port on your router

or switch. It doesn't matter what order the ports are connected in.

Ethernet cables cannot reliably transfer data at lengths larger than 100m (328 ft).

2.5.6. Verify the network connection on each computer

After each computer obtains an IP address, they'll be able to talk to each other on

the network. If you're using a router to share your internet connection, each

computer will be able to access the internet.

2.5.7. Setup file and printer sharing.

Once your network is up, you won't see anything on other computers unless that

computer has shared files. You can designate files, folders, drives, printers, and

other devices as shared so that anyone on the network, or just specific users, can

access them.

2.6 Assembling Of Computer System

Computer is not just a standalone component rather, it is made up of so many

components which are brought together and therefore, it is refined to as a system.

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The answer to these would serve as a guide in assembly the right computer that

will serve the purpose it was meant for and putting the entire computer hardware

component together.

Assembling can be referred to as computer hardware installation.

Precaution

Before beginning to assemble, a new computer together, gather everything

you need in one place.

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 Static shock that is small for human to feel can damage some sensitive ports

of a computer. You can discharge this by rubbing your hand or wearing static wrist

strap, so as to prevent it from damaging the sensitive computer component such as

RAM, Processor etc.

2.6.1 Installing the Motherboard

Determine which mounting holes you will ne using. Installing a

motherboard is matching up the mounting holes in the motherboard with ones on

the case. It is often difficult to find a case and motherboard whose mounting hole

exactly corresponds.

2.6.2 Installing the Stand Off

Once you have determined which mount holes you will be using you will

need to insert standoff in the corresponding holes in the computer case. Don’t over

tighten the standoff.

2.6.3 Installing the Motherboard

Once you have the correct standoff inserted lay the motherboard into the

case line up the mounting holes and the rear panel connectors and screw it down.

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18
2.6.4 Attach the Power Connect

Connect the ATX power connector from the power IV and most other high

powered computer you will also have to connect to the motherboard.

2.6.5 Installing the Processor

The microprocessor is often the most dedicated and expensive part of the

computer. As such, it deserves and requires special care. Align the processor so

that the pins fit perfectly into the slot, then press gently with zero insertion force.

2.6.6 Installing the CPU Cooler

Processor generates a tremendous amount of heat. Without a processor

cooler, a processor would burn out in mere seconds. Inadequate cooling can result

to data errors, and reduces processor life. The CPU cooler is mounted on top of the

processor and don’t forget to plug the fan.

2.6.7 Installing the RAM Module

Before actually installing the RAM module in your computer, check again to

make sure that the RAM you have is of the type and speed for your motherboard.

2.6.8 Proper Insertion of the RAM Module

Before insertion the RAM module makes sure that the notches and the tabs

are correctly line up. Once you’re sure you have the right RAM, to actually insert

it, simply push it firmly down into the slot and push the clips inward.

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2.6.9 Installing Expansion Cards

Depending on the motherboard you have purchased, you need to install one

or more expansion card. You must make sure that the cards you are about to install

are compatible with your motherboard. They have little notches with

corresponding tabs in the slot that are designed to prevent you from installing the

wrong card.

Finally, secure the card into place by screwing the card’s metal bracket into

the screw hole over the expansion slot opening in the back of the case.

2.6.10 installing Your Computer’s Hard Drive

There are several different types of hard drives you can use in your

computer. In this era IDE drives are being use less and less and SATA drive are

becoming the new standard. Installing an IDE hard drive is more involved than

installing a SATA drive. SATA drives use different cable and connector, and don’t

require master/slave relationship, and therefore have no need of jumper settings.

The hard drive is mounted in the cage using mounting screws. Make sure

that you use the correct holes so that the cage will fit back in the case property and

don’t force the screws.

2.6.11 Connecting Power Cable to the Drives

Before you attach the power connectors to the drives, make sure that the

power connectors are attached using the correct polarity. The sockets and

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connectors are shaped so that they should only fit the correct way unless you force

them.

2.6.12 Installing DVD/CD Drives and Other Auxiliary Drive

There are several different type of auxiliary drives available for your

computer. Such as CD-RW drives, DVD RW drives, card reader, installation

procedures for all these devices are pretty much the same, make sure the drive is

compatible with your computer.

2.6.13 Installing the Front Panel Connectors

The vital step whenever you assemble a personal computer is to connect all those

little wires for the front panel switch, from the case to the motherboard. Each

switch and LED on the front panel has a connector attached to if that must be

corrected to the appropriate pins on the motherboard.

2.7 UPS (INVERTER)

2.7.1 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

In the cause of my industrial training I looked at the UPS mercury model – classic

600 pro inputs: 220V output 220V frequency 50/60h2. The UPS can run many

electronic devices and it can supply electricity for a longer duration of load. It

consist of transformer 40 amp (500w), 220V, transistor, resistor, capacitor, battery,

inverter, rectifier.

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Rectifier: Changes the battery so your battery remains at the proper float

voltage.Heart of your ups system. Your mission critical equipment will depend on

your UPS’s battery system to support the load.

Inverter: This device accept the DC from DC bus which is supplied by the

rectifier and the battery if you have a power outage, the rectifier will no longer

provide current to the D/C buss, leaving the battery as the only source that will

continue to feed the DC buss until the batteries have depleted to a point that they

can no longer support the load.

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 Fig.

2.3 UPS Diagram

2.7.2 Stabilizer

This is an electronic device used for stabilize the output voltage. It is

configured to detect the rise and fall of the AC mains voltage. As soon it sense a

risky input voltage, it immediately energize the relay connected to it, this relay in

turn swaps and switches the appropriate winding terminals of the auto transformer

to correct and stabilize the output voltage. Thus, the appliance which is connected

to the output of the voltage stabilizer circuit always receives a safe voltage and is

able to function reliably, irrespective of the fluctuation in the input voltage. It

consists of the resistor, transistor, Zenerdiode, diode, capacitor, relay, transformer,

fuse and general purpose board.

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2.8 Component of Data Communication

MEDIUM
SENDER MESSAGE RECIEVER

2.8.1 Data transmission mode

MESSAGE
i. Simplex: Unidirectional (one direction) example keyboard, mouse etc.

ii. Half duplex: Receive and transmit the message not simultaneously

example walking talking.

iii. Full duplex: Receive and transmit the message simultaneously example

phone.

2.8.2 Network Classification

Architecture

i. Peer to Peer: Where everyone is the boss, it is less expensive; no need

for configuration and it is insecure.

ii. Client / server: Here they have a boss which is the sever, it is secure, it

has a centralize backup and it is reliable.

Connection

i. Wireless: Make use of physical medium such as cable, light etc.

ii. Wired: Does not make use of physical medium but wave example radio,

wave, microwave etc.

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2.8.3 Scales

Local Area Network (LAN):A network that connects together computers in a

small area such as a single building or a floor within a building.

Wide Area Network (WAN): This is a network that connects together computers

over a large geographic area, such as different cities are called Wide Area

Network. They usually need a router.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): These are networks that span only city, for

example branch offices in different locations in a city.

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 SECTION THREE

3.1 Conclusion

I choose to learn Computer Networking and hardware due to some challenges

some people in my locality have when it comes to accessing internet to check

either their Wace or Jamb result etc.

3.2 Recommendations

The following are the recommendations that the Company and the University

should put into consideration to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of their

activities.

3.3 Recommendations to the Firm

I would like to recommend that the firm delegate more challenging tasks and

responsibilities to the industrial trainees so that they can build more competencies

and have an overview of the various work processes and how everything fits into

place. This will better prepare them for future job opportunities.

3.3.1 Recommendations to the University

We need officials from the university to embark on regular visits to the firms

where the students are; to make sure that the training is done effectively. However,

I will like to recommend that the school works towards ensuring that the visits are

carried out in order to monitor the progress of the industrial attachment

programme.

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It would be nice if the university departments work together with the Industrial

Training Fund (ITF) in organizing student awareness programmes regarding

organizations that are related to their different fields of study. They can also

organize group presentations where companies come to the university and give a

presentation of their job descriptions and the core competencies they require in a

potential industrial trainee.

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 References

Forouzan, B. A. (5th Edition). Data Communications and Networking. London:

McGrawHill Companies.

Isaac, charls.(2018). ComputerNetworking. Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/38568046/Charles_Isaac_SIWES_technical_repo

rt_Computer_Networking_

Salihu, M. (2018). Networking. Nigeria:

https://www.academia.edu/38568046/Charles__SIWES_technical_report_C

omputer_Networking_.

Sayeed, A. (2019, October 22). Mikrotik Router Basic Configuration Using

Winbox. Retrieved from systemzone.net: https://systemzone.net/mikrotik-

wireless-ap-configuration-with-dhcp-using-winbox/

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