Phys 225 Transistors Amplifiers April 19 2021-1

African Centre for National Advanced School of
Advanced Studies Engineering, UYI
ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

PHY 225
Dr. DIDIER BELOBO BELOBO

Electric and electronic circuits, Phys 225 National Advanced School of Engineering of Yaounde, UYI, 2021 D. B B
TRANSISTORS AMPLIFIERS
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Classify amplifiers
Draw, explain working of transistor amplifiers
Explain roles of coupling and bypass capacitors
Apply the superposition theorem to draw equivalent
circuits for direct and alternative currents regimes
Discuss important characteristics of transistor amplifiers
Calculate some parameters of transistor amplifiers
Introduction
input signal: either voltage, current, power
ouput signal: a signal with the same shape as
the input signal but with larger amplitude and
larger power
Amplifier: device allowing to produce an
output gain from an input signal
Introduction
In many cases in electronic circuits, a small
amplitude or power input signal released
by a component or a circuit must be
amplifed in order to get a larger output
amplitude and power signal
Introduction
General structure of an amplifying circuit
Input and
output
signals are
time-
varying
Introduction
dc: direct current; ac: alternating current
A dc is used to polarize the transistor to its
operating point.
Input current is a low level amplitude or
power signal while ouput signal is a high
level one
Introduction
Amplification generally concerns only an
alternating time varying input signal
Linear amplification: gain remains constant
with varying input.
Saturation: entry increases but output
remains constant.
Description of amplifiers
Many ways to describe amplifiers exist:
Class of operation
Class-A of operation: transistor always in
active region; collector current flows for all
ac values ( of ac cycle of base signal);
Q point near middle of load line
Class of operation
Class-B of operation: collector current
flows for half ac values of base signal
( of ac cycle); Q point at cutoff,
Class-C of operation: collector current
flows for less than of ac cycle of
base signal;
Class of operation
Class-D o f operation: output switches on
and off; spends zero time during each
input cycle in the linear region of
operation
Type of coupling
Direct coupling: direct connection
between collector of the first transistor
and base of the second transistor
Capacitive coupling: a coupling capacitor
used to transmit an amplified ac voltage
to the next stage
Type of coupling
transformer: ac voltage coupled through
a transformer to the next stage
Ranges of frequency
audio amplifier: operates in the range of
20 Hz to 20 kHz
Ranges of frequency
Radio-frequency amplifier: amplifies
frequencies above 20 kHz
Narrowband: operates for small freque-
ncy range e.g.: 450 to 460 kHz;
wideband: operates for large frequency
range e.g.: 0 to 1 MHz
Coupling capacitors
Capacitor reactance or
impedance
In dc regime, capacitor behaves
like an open switch, hence
blocks dc voltage v(t)
For large enough , , almost all ac
voltage v(t) is applied to the resistance R
Coupling capacitors
Capacitor in this case is called

coupling capacitor as it couples or
transmits all v(t) to the resistance
coupling capacitor: for dc behaves as an open
switch; for ac behaves as a shorter
bypass capacitors
Bypass capacitor Fig. 3 is similar
to a coupling one of Fig. 2.
For high enough , if
, point E is bypassed or
shorted to ground
Capacitor C is a called bypass capacitor as it
shorts E to ground, E is an ac point
How to build an amplifier
(a) Place a coupling capacitor between an ac
source voltage and a base
(b) Place a coupling capacitor between a
collector an load
What is important here is that coupling
capacitors prevent the ac source and load
resistance from changing the Q point
Notations
Upper letters are used for dc regime
currents and voltages
Lower letters are used for ac regime

currents and voltages
Load lines for an amplifier
Each amplifer has 2 load lines: a dc load
line and an ac load line due to its dc-
equivalent circuit and ac-equivalent circuit
For large-signal amplifers, Q point has to be at
the middle of the ac load line to get maximum
possible output swing. For Small-signal
amplifier, Q point may be anywhere
dc Load line dc: capacitors
behave as open
switches
(1)
dc Load line
ac Load line ac-equivalent circuit: short all
capacitors as in Fig. 7
Short all
dc voltage
sources to
ground
ac Load line (2)
(3)
(4)
(3) and (4) into (2) gives (5)
(5) load line equation

ac Load line
From Eq. (5) one derives
(6)
+ (7)
ac Load line
BJT amplifiers
BJT ac-equivalent circuits
To describe For small ac signal,
a BJT at ac emitter diode of a
regime, one transistor behaves as an
needs to ac resistance, collector
model its diode behaves as a
functioning source current
BJT amplifiers
T model
: emitter diode ac resistance
: collector diode ac source current
T model: BJT ac-equivalent circuit
BJT amplifiers
T model input impedance
BJT amplifiers
(8), (9)
(10), (9) and (10) into (8) gives

(11)
ac current gain
BJT amplifiers
model ac-equivalent circuit
BJT amplifiers
model ac-equivalent circuit
In general, ,
BJT amplifiers
Analysis of BJT amplifiers
Amplifiers analysis is complex especially due to
the presence of both dc and ac source signals.
complexity circumvented by applying the
superposition theorem
calculate alone effects of dc and ac sources,
respectively, and add to get total effects
BJT amplifiers
Analysis of BJT amplifiers: method
1) dc-equivalent circuit
all capacitors are replaced by open switches
Calculate all dc voltages and currents needed,

especially the dc emitter current
BJT amplifiers
Analysis of BJT amplifiers: method
2) ac-equivalent circuit
Short all dc voltages to ground
Short all coupling and bypass capacitors
Replace each transistor by its T or model
Calculate all ac voltages and current needed
BJT amplifiers: characteristics
ac load voltage
Voltage gain:
input ac voltage
ac load current
current gain:
ac input current
ac input voltage
Input resistance:
ac input current
ac load voltage
Output resistance:
ac load current
BJT amplifiers: case 1 CE BJT amplifier
In ac-regime,
emitter
connected to
ground
≫ , find , , ! ,
loop: , C, E, ground: ≫ ,
B
C
" , " , "
" " (12)

E
# #
" " (13) ! " " (14)

# # # #
BJT amplifiers: case 1 C-E BJT amplifier
transistor well polarized hence → ∞, " ′ =
Voltage gain '
# ( // )) (15)
loop: B, E, ground:
" " !, " (16), (16) into (15)
!
# "( // ) / ! (17)
# // )
' (18)
!
Input resistance:
" +( + " (19)
loop: ground, , # // ); : current through # // )
# // ) (20)
loop: ground, , B, ground: " (21)

!
(22), when # (23)

Input resistance:
! # // )
" (24)
! # //
Ouput resistance:
# # when (25)
# " # ( (26), " " (27) from (16)
Ouput resistance: (28)
Current gain:
#
, " (28)
Inserting (18), (23), (24), and (27) into (28) gives
# // ) # // )
, " " ' ( (29)
! # //
FET amplifiers
General considerations regarding BJT
amplifiers remain valid for FET amplifiers: so
look for dc Q point coordinates, then use the
ac representation and finally apply the
superposition theorem in order to get the FET
amplifiers characteristics that are the same as
those presented above
JFET amplifiers: CS JFET amplifier
- " , find . , .' , -'
- " ⇒ - " , ' " .

D
G -' " -- ' "− ' "( # . (30)
S -' #
. " .'' ( (31)
-'
Inserting (30) into (31) gives (32)
# # #
.'' 0 . 1 # .'' 0 -' ( -' . 1
#
-' .'' " (32)
Solving (32) for .
# #
" .'' 0 , " # .'' 0 -' ( -' ,
#
" -' .''
#
∆" (3 , if ∆4
∆ ∆
. .# (33)
# #
In (33) choose the value greater than .''
Q point coordinates: consider midpoint polarization

.''
. " (34)
#
03 0 : -' " ( .7 -' (35)
loop: .. , D, S, ground:
.' .. 0 . (35)
.' .. 0 .'' (36)
Input loop: ground, G, S: + (37)
output loop: ground, D, S:
. ' 8 + 0 // ) ) (38)
Voltage gain
8 0 // ) ) (39)
Input resistance: calculated for ) "
(40)
output resistance: calculated for "
0 0
0 (41)
0 0
Current gain:
) / )
(42)
/ )
9.
we recall that 8 9 -'
FET amplifiers: E-MOSFET CS amplifier
" , find . ,
- .' , -'
Loop: ground, G, ..
#
- - + .. (43)
#
-' - ' - -' (44)
If .' -' -' : .' , saturation
#
hence, . -' -' : (45)
.
# (46)
-' -' :
. , -' are hard saturation values

Input loop: ground, G, S: + (47)
output loop: ground, D, S:
. ' 8 + 0 // ) ) (48)
Voltage gain
8 0 // ) ) (49)
Input resistance: calculated for ) "
// #
// # (50)
output resistance: calculated for "
0 0
0 (51)
0 0
Current gain:
) / ) // #
(52)
/ )
9.
we recall that 8 9 -'

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African Centre for National Advanced School of

Advanced Studies Engineering, UYI

ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Dr. DIDIER BELOBO BELOBO

Capacitor in this case is called

Lower letters are used for ac regime

(5) load line equation

(10), (9) and (10) into (8) gives

Calculate all dc voltages and currents needed,

" " (12)

" " (13) ! " " (14)

loop: ground, , B, ground: " (21)

(22), when # (23)

- " ⇒ - " , ' " .

Q point coordinates: consider midpoint polarization

.' .. 0 .'' (36)

-' - ' - -' (44)

. , -' are hard saturation values

output resistance: calculated for "

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