Role of Soy in Health Promotion

– What Health Professionals Soyfoods

and Consumers Should Know Deserve
a Place
at the
Mark Messina, PhD
Table
Loma Linda University

March 6, 2007

PubMed Search Results: Number

Soyfoods Have of Soy-Related Publications
a Lot to Offer Key words: isoflavones,
genistein, daidzein, soy 1397
1100

665

187 238
124

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year of Publication

• Protein
• Fat
• Fiber
• Vitamins
• Minerals

1
 Approximate Macronutrient Protein and Caloric Content per
Composition of Soybeans (% Kcal) Serving of Selected Soyfoods
Protein Percent
Product Kcal
Protein 38% (grams) protein
Tofu 19.9 183 43.5
Soymilk 10.0 140 28.6
Tempeh 18.2 196 37.1
41% Edamame 8.5 90 37.8
Fat Soynuts 15.1 203 29.8
21% Soybeans 14.3 149 38.4
Carbohydrate Tofu, raw firm, 112 g, Edamame ½ cup, soynuts, 2 oz, soybeans, ½ cup; Tempeh, 100 g; Silk, 1 cup

Dairy,
meat,
and
bakery
Protein products
Product made
content
Flour ~50% using
soy
Concentrate ~65%
protein
Isolate ~90%
10-20 grams protein/serving

Percentage of US women not

meeting the protein RDA

20
- 69
yo
27-32
Diets in developing
countries often low in 70+
high-quality protein yo 38-41

2
 Ghrelin … 24 h Satiety, The Satiating Power
& Energy … Metabolism of Protein: A Key to
during a High-Protein
Diet ….Chamber Obesity Prevention
2006 83:89, 2006 82:1, 2005

“… protein intake increases satiety Evidence suggests it may be

to a higher extent than does time to recommend increasing typical
carbohydrate and fat.” dietary protein intake

• Nutritious
Legumes • Versatile
• Nutritious
• Underutilized • Unique
benefits

Equal in
AJCN 77: 109, 2003

quality to Amino acid

content Digestibility
animal protein

3
 Key Essential Amino Acid Digestibility of Isolated
Content of Raw Soybeans versus
Soy Protein in Young
Recommended Pattern
and Old Rats
Amino Pattern Content % of
acid (mg/g protein) Pattern …… 95%
Threonine 27 43 160
Lysine 51 67 130 …… 93%
Methionine +
Cysteine 25 30 120
133:
220,
USDA NDB No:16109, raw boiled beans without salt. FNB/IOM recommended pattern 2002

High Protein Diets May Kidney Disease Is on

Increase Risk of Kidney Disease in the Rise Worldwide
Susceptible Individuals

Dialysis patient

Soy protein may favorably

affect kidney function

Testosterone
Effects of Protein Supplementation
on Strength after 6 Wks Training
in 27 Healthy Men and Women
40 1.2 g/kg bw/day
* None, whey, soy
30 Age, 18-35 years
Percent ↑

Soy does 20
not lower serum N W S *
10 o h o W S
testosterone levels n e y N
h
e
o
e y o
n
e
y
y
0
Squat Bench press
Int J Sport Nutr
Exerc Metab 16:
233, 2006

4
Fatty Acid Composition of Soy Oil American Heart Association

Fatty acid % Circ 113: 1034

Oleic Linoleic (18:2) 54.0

Linoleic
Palm
Oleic (18:1) 22.0 Beneficial for
itic Palmitic (16:0) 11.0 heart disease
Lin Stearic

Linolenic (18:3) 7.5

ol e

• Low in saturated fat

nic

Stearic (18:0) 4.1

~84 percent Others Tr • High in polyunsaturated fat

unsaturated N6:N3 ratio 7.2:1 • Cholesterol- rf ee

Meta-
Meta-Analysis of αLA & Fatal Meta-
Meta-Analysis of αLA & Fatal
Heart Disease: Details & Results Heart Disease: Details & Results
• MRFIT, N=12,866 0.15 grams αLA
• Health Professionals, N=43,757 per 100 ml
• Finnish ATBC, N=21,930
• Zutphen study, N=667 3 servings
• Nurses’ Health Study, N=76,283 (750 ml) ≈ 1.1 g

RR=0.79 (95% CI: 0.60-1.04) RR=0.79 (95% CI: 0.60-1.04)

Results: Results:
J Nutr 134: 919, 2004
↑ v. ↓ intakes, 2.0 g v. 0.8 g J Nutr 134: 919, 2004
↑ v. ↓ intakes, 2.0 g v. 0.8 g

Product Labels
25 grams of soy protein per Soy Protein
day, as part of a diet low in
saturated fat and cholesterol, Cholesterol-
Lowering
may reduce risk of heart disease

Effects

Joint Health 3 - 5% ↓ LDLC

Claims Initiative
2002 - United Kingdom

5
 Population
Not Medicine (Society)
Over a period

≠
of many years

Each 1% ↓ in LDLC
can ↓ CHD risk
But still important from 2 to 4 percent

DR DH

REST ↑ FLOW
(Hyperemia)
Soyfoods
may favorably
affect multiple coronary
heart disease risk factors Vascular
♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥ reactivity Vascular Health Interventions Laboratory
Sheila G. West, PI

Coronary
Benefits
of Soy
• Displacement effects
• Direct cholesterol reduction
• Effects independent
Early
of cholesterol
Intake

6
 Soy Intake and BCa Risk
• 579 cases, 966 controls (20-55 y):
Chinese, Japanese, Filipino Young
• Mothers interviewed about intake: girls
99 cases (43%), 156 controls (40%) should
High Age (y)
Percent be sure
reduction
versus low -5 11 58 to eat
intake
12
- 19 21 soyfoods
20+ 29

Among Higher Soy Intake

Associated with
Asians Stronger Bones
Healthy

Osteoporotic

Arch Intern Med 165: 1890, 2005

Soy Protein Key Research Underway

Intake and
Fractures 2 years
330 subjects
24,400 Postmenopausal Women
• Diet assessed 3 years
• Follow up, 4.5 years 234 subjects
• 1770 fractures
• High versus low intake 2 years
400 subjects

7
 Soy Has a Lot Going for It!
B vitamins
Protein ↓ LDL
Iron ↓ TG
Fiber Potassium ↑ HDL
↓ Sat. fat Calcium
Omega-3 FA
↓ Hot flashes
↓ Bone loss
↓ Heart disease
↓ BCa/PCa risk