Phan B

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CAN THO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL PROJECT - KC215H
DESIGN A THREE-PHASE
THREE-WINDING
TRANSFORMER
SUPERVISOR STUDENT
Dr. Quoc Anh Le Tan Phat Nguyen (ID: B2012922)
Major: Electrical Engineering – Course: 46
November, 2023
Power Electronics - KC217H
PART B
SIMULATION RECTIFIER CIRCUITS ON PSIM
CHAPTER 1
UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
1.1. Uncontrolled Single-phase half-wave rectifiers with RL load
Source: 100V, 50Hz
Figure 1.1 Uncontrolled Single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
1.1.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveforms of I(R) and Vd, respectively:
Group 4 – Thursday
Remark:
The waveforms of the rectified voltage and the current through the load are the
same, in phase with each other due to the purely resistive load. The waveform is
discontinuous due to the diode indicating the positive half-phase.
Average dc voltage calculated according to theory:
V m 100
V dc = = =31.8 V
av
2π π
Average dc voltage on PSIM = 31.8(V)
Remark:
The value of the average result from simulation is the same as the theory
1.1.2. R=10Ω, L=0.01
Waveforms of Vd and I(R), respectively:
Waveform of average voltage:

Remark:
The waveform of the rectified voltage has a small portion at the negative half-
wave and the current through the load is no longer in phase (laging) with the voltage.
The load has inductance L, so in the positive half cycle the load stores energy and
in the negative half cycle when diode D1 stops conducting (no current flows through the
load), the load will release the stored energy inside in a short time. very short time. time
(current in the same direction as the original current), continue to excite diode D1 =>
causing an additional negative voltage to appear in each cycle and causing the cycle to
increase. This leads to a decrease in the average voltage as well as a decrease in the
average current through the load.
1.1.3. Applied D0 ( Freewheeling diode)
Circuit of half-wave rectifier with freewheeling diode are shown in figure 1.2
Figure 1.2 Single-phase half-wave rectifier with freewheeling diode

Waveforms of Vd, I(RL1), I(D0), respectively
Average dc voltage on Psim
There is an additional diode D0 going from 0<α<π.

I(D0) is the inductor energy discharging through half cycle π<α<2π.
The energy from the inductor stored in the first half cycle will be transmitted
through D0 and returned through the load in the second half cycle from π<α<2π..
The average voltage value will increase compared to when the circuit does not
have Diode D0, because after having Diode D0 in cycles π<α<2π, the voltage from the
inductor will not return to the source but flow through D0 and dissipation on load.
Therefore, to overcome the decrease in output voltage quality for single-phase
half-wave rectifiers, an additional diode D0 is often applied to use
1.2. 3-Phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
A 3-phase source with line voltage is 220V, and frequency is 50Hz
Figure 1.3 3-Phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
1.2.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveform of 3-phase voltage
Waveforms of I(RL1) and Vd, respectively
The waveform of current flowing through the diode
Average voltage on Psim = 148.95 V
Average voltage calculated according to theory:

3 √ 2U line
U av = =148.55 V
2π
Remark:
π
Each phase differs by an angle of .
3
The current waveform through each diode appears when the instantaneous voltage
of the phase corresponding to that diode at that time is the largest.
The load current waveform is the sum of the current waveforms through the diode
while conducting and is greater than 0
Output voltage is continuous.The average voltage on load are equal to the theory
1.2.2. Increase L (L = 5)
Established steady state of waveforms

Output voltage Vd
Current on load
Current flow through diode
Remark:
Increasing L extremely large has the effect of filtering current noise to produce
square pulses, without affecting the average output voltage. Increasing L does not change
the average voltage.
Relationship between the current through the diode and the load current,i.e the
load current is equal to the sum of the currents through the diode.
Established current through the load: Is a horizontal line with less ripples than in
the case of a purely resistive load.
The steady-state current passing through the load increases respect to time
1.3. Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
Source 100V, f = 50Hz
Figure 1.4 Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
1.3.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveforms of Vs, Vd. I(RL1), respectively
Average voltage on load calculated based on theory

2 Um
U av = =63.66 V
π
Average voltage on Psim = 63.85 V
Remark:
The input voltage waveform is sinusoidal. The rectifier bridge can rectify the
negative half-cycle of the voltage, so the voltage and current waveforms are continuous
and in the same phase due to the pure resistive load.
Established steady-state of waveforms

Rectified voltage, and current flow through diode
Remark:
The current through the diode is the current through the load and the load current
through L will filter the wave more flat. The sum of the currents through the conduction
diode in the two half-cycles is the current through the load.
The rectified voltage wave is constant.
1.4. 3-Phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
A 3-phase source with line voltage is 220V and frequency is 50Hz
Figure 1.5 3-Phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
1.4.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveforms of 3-phase voltage and rectified voltage
Current waveform of D1, D3, D5 and D2, D4, D6, respectively
Remark:
The current passing through D1, D3, D5 has a phase angle difference of π/3
compared to the current passing through D2, D4, D6. At the same time, there are 3 diodes
conducting. Each conduction position of the diode has 2 undulations because part of it
conducts current to 1 phase and part of it conducts current to the other phase. The current
through the diode and the current through the load are in phase with each other.
The voltage and current waves through the load are in phase (due to purely
resistive loads) and are continuous, the average output voltage is 2 times larger than that
of ray rectifiers.
Waveform of output voltage
Electric current passes Diode
Remark:
Time to reach steady state is t > 3s
When L increases, the waveform will be flat-filtered.
The current through the diodes has a square pulse shape, gradually increasing to a
steady state.
Output voltage Ud remains unchanged.
CHAPTER 2
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
2.1. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
Source 100V, and frequency is 50Hz
Figure 2.6 Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
2.1.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 30°
Source voltage (Vs) and output voltage (Vd), respectively
Current through load I(RL1)
Shockwave (Vgs)
Remark:
The Vd waveform is a sinusoidal waveform but has had the negative cycle omitted
and combined with a firing angle of 30° , so it is partially cut off at the positive cycle.
Id is a sinusoidal waveform but has had the negative cycle removed and combined
with a 30° delay angle so the positive cycle of the wave has been partially cut off.
The Vgs waveform is a signal pulse with two values 0 and 1 and each pulse is 2 π
apart. The current through the load RL is not continuous.
Average output voltage on Psim is 29.64 v
Average output voltage calculated based on theory:

Vm 100 × (1+ cos 30 )
V av = ( 1+cosα ) = =29.62 V
π 2π
The measured value on the simulation is as theory calculated
2.1.2. R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 30°
Source voltage waveform Vs, rectifier voltage Vd
Current passes load
Delay voltage (Vgs)
Remark
Output voltage waveform: output voltage waveform is discontinuous. The
unshocked phase is similar to load R. When there is a pulse, the SCR conducts similarly
to a diode.
At the source voltage is 0, the inductor L release energy, causing the SCR to
continue to conduct to a negative half-wave cycle until L release all energy, the SCR
stops, the output voltage returns to 0.
The current wave passing through the load is later in phase than the voltage wave
due to the presence of inductance. The current through the load is discontinuous because
the SCR does not conduct the entire cycle. The current through the load is not
continuous. into the diode circuit D0, delay angle 30°
2.1.3. Applied Diode D0, delay angle 30°
Figure 2.7 Applied Diode D0
Waveform of source voltage Vs and rectifier voltage Vd
Waveform of current through the diode I(D0)
Current passes load I(RL1)
Shockwave (Vgs)
Average output voltage on Psim is 29.95 V
Remark
The voltage waveform after rectification Vd is no longer negative. The average
voltage value after rectification when Diode D0 is installed is larger than when Diode D0
is not installed. Because when there is Diode D0, the current through the load I(RL) will
still conduct when the source voltage Vs changes to a negative cycle. the negative part is
lost even though the load current is still present.
The current through load I(RL) is continuous and has a larger amplitude when
Diode D0 is not installed because of connecting D0 to the circuit will create a channel for
L to discharge the energy stored in the positive half-cycle without exciting the SCR,
thereby making the average voltage of the circuit unchanged compared to the purely
resistive load. Looking at the waveform, we can also recognize that the current through
the load I(RL) is a combination of the current through SCR and D0 and continuous
2.2. Controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
The 3-phase source is 220V, 50Hz
Figure 2.8 Controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
2.2.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 20°
3-phase voltage waveform
Rectifier voltage waveform Vd
Xung kích X1, X2, X3
Current through the load I(RL1)
Remark:
The output voltage waveform is the positive half-wave of the voltage of each
input voltage starting at the SCR position that is pulsed to terminal G.
The shocks to the SCRs of each phase are 120 degrees apart.
The output voltage and current are continuous.
Increase delay angle to 45°
Remark
The current through the load is interrupted because the current reaches 0
To make the current equal to 0, we need to increase the alpha angle = 180 ° -30°
=150°
2.2.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle is 20°
3-phase voltage waveform
Rectifier voltage waveform Vd
Xung kích X1, X2, X3
Current through load, and current through SCR
Increase delay angle to 45° ,
Current through load is continuous

Remark:
The rectified average voltage and current through the load are continuous and
uninterrupted. The peak voltage of the rectified average voltage and the rectified peak
current are high. When increasing alpha to 45° : the current through the load is
uninterrupted
The current waveform has changed compared to the load R. Due to the
presence of inductance L, the current is slower than the voltage, the undulation of the
current is reduced.
The current through the load is the total current through the 3 SCRs
2.2.3. Applied diode D0, delay angle is 45°
Remark
The three-phase voltage waveform between section 2.2.2 and section 2.2.3 has
no change, still the amplitude source is 220V, 50Hz. The voltage waveform after
rectification Vd in section 2.2.2 has no negative part, while the voltage waveform after
rectification Vd in section 2.2.3 has a negative part. The shock waveforms X1, X2 and
X3 but in seciton 2.2.2 the amplitude is larger than in section 2.2.3. Similar to the
waveform of the current through the load, the waveform of the current through the
SCR (SCR1, SCR2 and SCR3) only differs in that the amplitude in section 2.2.2 is
larger than the amplitude of section 2.2.2.
2.3. Controlled single-phase asymmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 100V, frequency50HZ
Figure 2.9 Controlled single-phase asymmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
2.3.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30°
Waveforms of source voltage, output voltage and current, respectively
The rectified voltage appear when there is a shockwave applied. The voltage
and current waveforms are in phase and not continuous due to the gap between the
natural switching time and the control pulse generation time.
2.3.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 30°
Current flow through SCR1, SCR2
Current flow through D1, D2
Remark
The inductor has reciprocating properties, causing the current to approach a
straight line, just like the voltage across the capacitor when there is a filter capacitor
The output voltage waveform is unchanged compared to the load R.
When the circuit is naturally reversed, the SCR immediately stops conducting,
the inductance L changes polarity, causing the two forward-biased diodes to become
energy discharge channels, so the current through the load is SCR current and diode
current.
2.4. Controlled single-phase symmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 100V, frequency 50Hz
Figure 2.10 Controlled single-phase symmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
2.4.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30°
Remark:
The output voltage and current waveforms are not continuous and are exactly
the same as section 2.3a.b. Load R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 30°
2.4.2. R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 30°
Waveforms of source voltage, output voltage
Output current I(RL1)
Waveforms of SCR1, SCR2
Waveforms of D1, D2
Remark:
The voltage waveform does not change compared to the load R. The current is
continuous due to the charging/discharging process of inductance L.
The current waveform through the SCR has changed compared to section 2.4a.
The current through the load is now equal to the total current through the SCRs,
because the diodes have been installed symmetrically. The natural reversing process
of the source voltage does not cause the SCRs to stop conducting immediately
because the energy in L discharges, causing the current to maintain.
2.5. Controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 100V, 50Hz
Figure 2.11 Controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
2.5.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30°
Current waveforms of SCR1, SCR3
Average output voltage Vd
Average output voltage calculate according to theory

Us 100 ×(1+cos 30)
Ud= (1+ cos α )= =59.38 V
π π
Remark:
At same time, when there is a conduction shock signal, there are 2 conduction
SCRs. The voltage and current waveforms are in phase and discontinuous.
The ouput volage from simulation is equal to theory
2.5.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 30°
Remark:
The output voltage waveform has changed. The output voltage is continuous
and a negative voltage
The current waveform is continuous and gradually increases to a set value.
At the same time, there are still 2 SCRs running as in the case of R load.
2.6. Controlled 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 220V, 50Hz
Figure 2.12 Controlled 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
2.6.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30°
Waveforms of 3-phase voltage
Output current waveform I(RL)
Average voltage simulate on Psim
Average voltage calculate according to theory

3 U line 3× 220 √ 2
U av = cosα= cos ( 30 )=257.3 V
out
π π
Remark:
The output voltage and current through the load are continuous.
The rectifier voltage has a larger value than the source voltage, because at the
same time, there are three SCRs conducting to rectify, so the voltage increases
compared to single-phase rectifier.
Alpha excitation angle value for load current to be discontinuous: 60°
Load current is 0 when delay angle is 90°
2.6.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 30°
Waveforms of 3-phase voltaeg, output voltage and current, respectively
Remark:
The output voltage and current through the load are continuous.
The rectifier voltage has a larger value than the source voltage like the load R.
The current waveform changes. Due to the existence of inductance L, the

current through the load gradually increases until it reaches the integration region, the
undulations decrease, and the waveform is relatively flat.
Increase the delay angle to 60° , the current is continuous because the inductor
is discharged so there is always current
Remark:
The current through the load decreases in magnitude and increases in
fluctuation. However, it is still continuous because the amount of energy stored in the
charging cycle of L is larger than the amount it discharges, so the current has not
reached 0.
2.6.3. Controlled 3-phase full-wave rectifier with removable components
Figure 2.13 Controlled 3-phase full-wave rectifier with removable components
Waveforms of 3-phase voltage
Output current at steady-staet
CHAPTER 3
CHOPPER & INVERTER
3.1. Step down chopper
Source DC 100V, square shockwave, f = 1kHz, E=20V, R=10 Ω, L=0.1H
Figure 3.14 Step down chopper
3.1.1. Run simulation
Waveform of Vg
Output voltage Vo
Output current I(RL)
Average output current and voltage
Average output voltage calculated according to theory

V o =M V s=0.5 ×100=50 V
V o−E 50−20
I o= = =3 A
R 10
The output voltage and current are matched with simulation result
Remark:
Vo and Vg relationship: When there is a gate signal pulse for the lock, a
voltage appears
The current through the load is continuous.
3.1.2. Increase E to 60V
Waveform of Vo
Waveform of Vg
Output current I(RL)
Remark:
The voltage Vo has a step in the cycle with a magnitude equal to E (60V).
Because: the discontinuous is the time the inductance L takes to release energy.
Because E has a large load and L stored little energy and has a quick discharge time.
When all the energy has been released, the diode is reverse biased, the two load
terminals are open circuited, the current is 0 so the voltage at both load terminals is
equal to E
The current through the load is intermittent and has an amplitude many times
smaller than part a, because E is too large, causing M to be outside the limit for
continuous current of the chopper at coordinate I.
The average voltage cannot be calculated as in part a, because the voltage
waveform has changed and is no longer a square pulse.
3.1.3. In case there is no D0
Figure 3.15 Without D0
Waveform of Vo
Waveform ofVg
Output current waveform I(RL)
Remark:
The output voltage on the load is continuous and in the form of a square pulse
ranging from 20 - 100V, because when the key is turned off, the load is open
circuited, the voltage on both ends of the load is the voltage of the EMF of the load.
The current through the load is intermittent, because there is no diode, so there
is no discharge channel for the inductance L at the time of locking.
If L continues to increase, the current will still be intermittent
The circuit only has R
Waveform of Vg
Output voltage Vo
Output current IR
Remark:
The voltage waveform does not change, the current waveform becomes a
square pulse in phase with the voltage due to the load R.
3.1.4. Closed loop-control of DC Motor
Figure 3.16 Close loop-control of DC Motor
Gain/time:
5/1200 - 0.01
Waveform of S và S_dat and Vdc
At steady-state
Remark:
The speed set for the motor is constant over time, however the instantaneous
speed of the motor is an oscillation around the set speed value.
The chopper's output voltage waveform is trapezoidal and continuous when the
instantaneous speed is in the lower threshold region and gradually changes to
intermittent and sharp when changing to the upper threshold speed.
Change the Gain and timing values of the PI controller
1/1200-0.01
S, S_dat, and Vdc
No longer is the chopper voltage region a straight line, the instantaneous speed
fluctuation increases.
25/1200-0.01
S và S_dat, Vdc
The instantaneous speed fluctuation is reduced, the set speed is more stable.
5/1200-0.001
S S_dat, and Vdc
Instantaneous speed fluctuations are reduced. The output voltage of the

chopper has a long discontinuous before increasing and remaining continuous.
5/1200-0.1
S , S_dat, Vdc
The output voltage of the chopper has a trapezoidal shape throughout the
waveform, the width of each trapezoidal pulse changes according to the fluctuation of
speed. The instantaneous speed fluctuates with a very small and stable amplitude
compared to the set speed value.
3.2. Step up chopper
Source 120V. R=10 Ω , L=0.1 H, E=100 V, shockwave 1kHz, duty cycle 0.8
Figure 3.17 Step up chopper
3.2.1. Receives energy from the load

Waveform of voltage Vi
Current flow through diode D1
Output current, at steady-state
Average of output voltage ViDC on Psim = 24.17
Average of output voltage calculate according to theory

U av =( 1−d ) V i =( 1−0.8 ) ×120=24 V
out
Remark:
There is current flowing through diode D1, proving that the load voltage
generated is larger than the source voltage.
The current through the load is continuous.
Decrease duty cycle to 0.6
Current flow through load is still continuous
Average ouput voltage increase
3.2.1. High voltage generating circuit
Source 100V, L=0.1H, R=10 Ω , Load: R=100 Ω, C=0.1uF, shockwave 1kHz,

duty cycle 0.8
Figure 3.18 High voltage generating circuit
Current flow through load is continuous
Average input and ouput voltage and ViDC1, ViDC2
Average ouput voltage

Us 100
U av = = ≈ 133.33V
out
t OFF 0.2
1− 1−
t ON 0.8
The measured value is close to the calculation.

Decrease duty cycle to 0.6, voltage is increase
Chapter 5 Solution
3.3. Inverter three-phase, six-step
DC source 100V, Load: R = 10Ω, L = 0,1H, f = 60Hz.
a. Chạy mô phỏng xem dạng sóng.
Figure 3.19 Inverter 3-phase, six-step

Waveforms of V1, V2, V3
Output phase voltage waveform.
Chapter 5 Solution
Output line voltage
Output line current
RMS line voltage
Remark :
The phase voltage waveform has 6 steps in one cycle.
The current through the load has a nearly sinusoidal shape, with sharp peaks
remaining. The reason is due to the existence of inductance L, so when the voltage
Chapter 5 Solution
increases or decreases stepwise, the current does not decrease immediately, thus
creating curves.
b. Decrease L = 0,01H.
Ouput current
When reducing inductance, sharp peaks appear in the current through the
load, making the current wave more different from a sine wave because the
inductance charges and discharges less energy.
3.4. Inverter sine – PWM.
DC Source 100V, f = 60Hz, biên độ 1V
Figure 3.20 Inverter sine - PWM
a. Run simulation
Waveform of Vc1.
Waveform of Vr.
Waveform of Vg1.
Waveform of Vp. at steady-state
Waveform of Vline.
Waveform of rms line voltage

Waveform of output line current
Remark:
The load's phase voltage increases and decreases continuously and has a
profile similar to a sine wave.
The current is continuous, increasing and decreasing more evenly than in
3.3b.
b. Increase L = 0.01H
Current flow through load
The load current waveform has very low ripple and the wave profile is very
close to a sine wave

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

INDUSTRIAL PROJECT - KC215H

1.1. Uncontrolled Single-phase half-wave rectifiers with RL load

Source: 100V, 50Hz

Figure 1.1 Uncontrolled Single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load

Waveforms of I(R) and Vd, respectively:

1.1.2. R=10Ω, L=0.01

Waveforms of Vd and I(R), respectively:

Waveform of average voltage:

1.1.3. Applied D0 ( Freewheeling diode)

Figure 1.2 Single-phase half-wave rectifier with freewheeling diode

Waveforms of Vd, I(RL1), I(D0), respectively

Average dc voltage on Psim

There is an additional diode D0 going from 0<α<π.

1.2. 3-Phase half-wave rectifier with RL load

A 3-phase source with line voltage is 220V, and frequency is 50Hz

Figure 1.3 3-Phase half-wave rectifier with RL load

Waveform of 3-phase voltage

Waveforms of I(RL1) and Vd, respectively

The waveform of current flowing through the diode

Average voltage on Psim = 148.95 V

Average voltage calculated according to theory:

Established steady state of waveforms

Current flow through diode

1.3. Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

Source 100V, f = 50Hz

Figure 1.4 Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

Waveforms of Vs, Vd. I(RL1), respectively

Average voltage on load calculated based on theory

Established steady-state of waveforms

1.4. 3-Phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

A 3-phase source with line voltage is 220V and frequency is 50Hz

Figure 1.5 3-Phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

Waveforms of 3-phase voltage and rectified voltage

Current waveform of D1, D3, D5 and D2, D4, D6, respectively

Waveform of output voltage

Electric current passes Diode

2.1. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load

Source 100V, and frequency is 50Hz

Figure 2.6 Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load

2.1.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 30°

Source voltage (Vs) and output voltage (Vd), respectively

Current through load I(RL1)

Average output voltage on Psim is 29.64 v

Average output voltage calculated based on theory:

2.1.2. R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 30°

Source voltage waveform Vs, rectifier voltage Vd

Current passes load

Delay voltage (Vgs)

2.1.3. Applied Diode D0, delay angle 30°

Figure 2.7 Applied Diode D0

Waveform of source voltage Vs and rectifier voltage Vd

Waveform of current through the diode I(D0)

Current passes load I(RL1)

Average output voltage on Psim is 29.95 V

2.2. Controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load

The 3-phase source is 220V, 50Hz

Figure 2.8 Controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load

2.2.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 20°

3-phase voltage waveform

Rectifier voltage waveform Vd