ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP MÔN VIẾT HỌC THUẬT

Topic 1: Process essay

1. Explain the process of finding volunteer work.
Finding volunteer work can be an exciting and fulfilling process. Here are some steps
to help you find the right volunteer opportunity:
1. Identify your interests: Start by thinking about the causes or issues you are
passionate about. Consider what skills or experiences you would like to
contribute.
2. Research organizations: Look for local or international organizations that
align with your interests. Explore their websites, social media pages, and
mission statements to understand their goals and activities.
3. Contact local volunteer centers: Reach out to volunteer centers in your area.
They can provide information about various organizations and help match you
with suitable opportunities.
4. Attend volunteer fairs or events: Many communities organize volunteer fairs
or events where different organizations showcase their work. Attend these to
meet representatives, ask questions, and gather information.
5. Utilize online platforms: Websites like Volunteer Match, Idealist, and United
Way offer databases of volunteer opportunities. You can search based on your
location, interests, and availability.
6. Network and ask for recommendations: Talk to friends, family, colleagues,
or community members who have volunteered before. They may have valuable
insights or know of organizations looking for volunteers.
7. Contact organizations directly: Once you have identified a few organizations
of interest, reach out to them directly. Inquire about their volunteer programs,
requirements, and any training they might provide.
8. Consider your availability: Determine how much time you can commit to
volunteering. Some organizations may require a specific time commitment,
while others offer more flexible opportunities.
9. Prepare for interviews: Some organizations may require an interview or
application process. Be prepared to discuss your skills, interests, and why you
want to volunteer with them.
10.Start volunteering: Once you have found the right opportunity, get ready to
make a difference! Follow the organization's guidelines, attend any training
 sessions, and enjoy the rewarding experience of giving back to your
community.
Topic 2: Comparison essay
1. Compare and contrast city life and country life.
City life and country life offer distinct lifestyles and have their own advantages
and disadvantages. Here's a comparison and contrast between the two:
1. Environment:
In the city, there are tall buildings, bustling streets, and a polluted atmosphere
somewhere. The country, on the other hand, offers open spaces, green landscapes, and
a peaceful ambiance.
2. Population Density:
Cities tend to have a higher population density, resulting in more people, traffic, and
noise. In the country, the population is generally sparser, leading to a quieter and more
relaxed environment.
3. Amenities and Services:
Cities offer a wide range of amenities and services, such as shopping centers,
restaurants, entertainment options, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions. In
the country, these amenities may be more limited, with fewer options and potentially
longer travel distances.
4. Job Opportunities:
Cities are often hubs for job opportunities, with a diverse range of industries and
businesses. This can provide more career options and higher salaries. In the country,
job opportunities may be more limited, especially in specialized fields.
5. Cost of Living:
Generally, the cost of living in cities is higher due to higher housing prices,
transportation costs, and overall expenses. In the country, the cost of living is often
lower, with more affordable housing options and fewer expenses.
6. Community and Social Life:
Cities offer a vibrant social scene with various cultural events, nightlife, and a diverse
community. The country may have a tighter-knit community, with a slower pace of
life and opportunities for outdoor activities.
7. Transportation:
Cities typically have well-developed transportation systems, including buses, trains,
and subways. This makes commuting easier and more accessible. In the country,
transportation options may be more limited, with a greater reliance on private
vehicles.
8. Health and Environment:
Cities may have higher pollution levels, noise, and stress, which can impact health.
The country often provides cleaner air, a closer connection to nature, and a healthier
environment overall.
Ultimately, deciding between city life or country life depends on personal preferences
and priorities. Some people thrive in the energy and opportunities of the city, while
others seek the tranquility and simplicity of the countryside. It's important to consider
factors like career goals, lifestyle preferences, and overall well-being when making a
choice.
2. Compare and contrast knowledge gained from books and that gained from
life.
Comparing and contrasting knowledge gained from books and knowledge gained
from life experiences can shed light on their unique qualities. Here are some points to
consider:
1. Source of Information:
Books are written by authors who have researched and compiled knowledge on
various subjects. They provide a structured and organized way of learning. On the
other hand, life experiences offer firsthand encounters, observations, and personal
interactions with the world around us.
2. Depth of Understanding:
Books offer in-depth knowledge on specific topics. They provide a comprehensive
exploration of theories, concepts, and ideas. Life experiences, however, provide a
more practical and experiential understanding. They allow us to apply concepts
learned from books and gain a deeper insight into their real-world implications.
3. Context and Relevance:
Books provide a broader context by presenting information from various perspectives
and historical contexts. They offer a wealth of knowledge that may not be readily
available in our immediate environment. Life experiences, on the other hand, offer a
more contextual understanding of how knowledge applies to specific situations and
challenges.
4. Flexibility and Adaptability:
Books allow us to learn at our own pace and explore topics of interest. We can choose
what to read, when to read, and how much to absorb. Life experiences, however, often
present unexpected situations and challenges that require us to adapt and learn on the
go. They teach us to be flexible and think critically in real-time.
5. Practical Application:
Books equip us with theoretical knowledge and concepts that can be applied in
various situations. They provide a foundation for problem-solving and decision-
making. Life experiences, however, provide practical skills, emotional intelligence,
and interpersonal understanding that may not be as easily acquired through reading
alone.
6. Subjectivity and Perspective:
Books offer a wide range of perspectives and viewpoints, allowing us to explore
different ideas and opinions. They can challenge our preconceived notions and
broaden our worldview. Life experiences, too, offer a unique perspective shaped by
personal encounters, cultural background, and individual circumstances.
In summary, books and life experiences complement each other in the pursuit of
knowledge. Books provide a structured foundation, while life experiences offer
practical application and a deeper understanding of the world. Both are valuable
sources of learning, and a combination of the two can lead to a well-rounded and
enriched understanding of the world around us.
Topic 3: Cause-effect essay
1. Today more people are overweight than ever before. What are the primary
causes of this? What are the main effects of this epidemic?
The primary causes of the increase in overweight individuals can be attributed to
several factors:
1. Unhealthy Diets:The prevalence of easily accessible, high-calorie, and processed
foods contributes to unhealthy eating habits.
2. Sedentary Lifestyle: Modern lifestyles often involve prolonged periods of sitting,
whether at work or during leisure time, leading to a lack of physical activity.
3. Lack of Exercise:Insufficient physical activity, partly due to changes in
transportation and increased reliance on technology, contributes to weight gain.
4. Genetic Factors: Genetic predispositions can influence an individual's likelihood of
gaining weight, although lifestyle factors play a significant role.
5. Environmental Factors:Built environments that discourage physical activity, limited
access to fresh and healthy foods, and food marketing practices contribute to the
problem.
The main effects of the overweight epidemic include:
1. Health Issues: Overweight individuals are at an increased risk of developing
various health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain types
of cancer.
2. Economic Impact:The economic burden of treating obesity-related health issues
places a strain on healthcare systems and individuals.
3. Psychosocial Effects:Overweight individuals may face social stigma,
discrimination, and negative impacts on mental health, including depression and low
self-esteem.
4. Reduced Quality of Life: Obesity can limit mobility, affect personal relationships,
and lead to a diminished overall quality of life.
5. Public Health Challenge:The prevalence of overweight and obesity poses a
significant public health challenge, requiring interventions at individual, community,
and policy levels.
Addressing this epidemic requires a multifaceted approach, including promoting
healthy eating habits, encouraging physical
2. The gap between the rich and the poor has been widened after Covid-19.
What are the primary causes and what can be done to bridge the gap?
1. Economic Disparities: Industries and sectors were differently affected by the
pandemic. Some businesses thrived, while others struggled or collapsed, exacerbating
existing economic inequalities.
2. Job Losses and Insecurity: Disproportionate job losses in lower-income sectors
increased unemployment and financial insecurity for many, while higher-income
individuals often had more secure employment.
3. Access to Resources: Disparities in access to education, healthcare, and technology
became more pronounced during the pandemic, contributing to inequality.
4. Government Policies: The response of governments to the economic fallout varied,
and policies might not have equally protected all segments of the population.

To bridge the wealth gap:

1.Progressive Taxation: Implementing or adjusting progressive tax policies can ensure
that higher-income individuals contribute proportionally more to social welfare and
public services.
2.Social Welfare Programs: Strengthening social safety nets, such as unemployment
benefits, healthcare, and education, can provide a buffer for those facing economic
hardships.
3. Education and Job Training:Investing in education and job training programs helps
individuals acquire skills for high-demand industries, empowering them to secure
better-paying jobs.
4. Minimum Wage Policies: Adjusting minimum wage standards can ensure that all
workers receive a fair and livable income.

5.Affordable Housing Initiatives:Addressing housing affordability can alleviate

financial burdens on lower-income individuals and families.
6. Access to Healthcare: Improving access to affordable healthcare can reduce the
financial strain on vulnerable populations.
7. Inclusive Economic Policies: Governments and businesses can adopt policies that
prioritize inclusivity, diversity, and equal opportunities, fostering a more equitable
economic environment.
It's crucial to address these issues comprehensively.

Topic 4: Argument essay

1. Most countries offer free education through high school. Should university
education also be free?
Arguments for Free University Education:
1. Equal Access: Making university education free promotes equal access, allowing
individuals from diverse socio-economic backgrounds to pursue higher education
based on merit rather than financial means.
2. Social Mobility: Free university education can contribute to greater social mobility,
enabling talented individuals from low-income families to advance their careers and
improve their socio-economic status.
3. Economic Growth: A well-educated population is often seen as an investment in a
country's future economic growth. Free university education can lead to a more skilled
and competitive workforce.
4. Reduced Inequality:Providing free university education helps reduce socio-
economic inequality by ensuring that educational opportunities are not limited by
financial constraints.
Arguments Against Free University Education:
1. Costs: Implementing free university education can impose significant financial
burdens on governments. Funding higher education can divert resources from other
essential public services.
2. Quality Concerns:Some argue that making university education free might
compromise the quality of education, as institutions may struggle with limited
resources and funding constraints.
3. Alternative Funding Models: Advocates for tuition fees argue that they provide an
alternative funding model, allowing universities to generate revenue to maintain and
improve educational standards.
4. Focus on Vocational Training: Critics suggest that not everyone needs a traditional
university education and that emphasis should be placed on providing diverse
educational paths, including vocational training.
Ultimately, the decision on whether university education should be free involves
considering the specific context, economic capacity, and societal values of each
country. Many countries adopt a middle-ground approach, providing a mix of public
and private funding, scholarships, and financial aid to ensure that higher education is
accessible to as many qualified individuals as possible.
2. The government should free the university tuition fees for those who are
over 70. Do you agree or disagree?
the government should waive university tuition fees for individuals over 70
involves weighing various considerations. Here are arguments on both sides:
Agree:
1. Lifelong Learning: Encouraging older individuals to pursue higher education
supports the concept of lifelong learning, allowing them to continue acquiring
knowledge and skills.
2. Contributions to Society: Older individuals can bring valuable life experiences
and perspectives to the academic environment, enriching the educational experience
for the entire university community.
3. Improved Well-being: Continuing education can contribute to the mental and
emotional well-being of older individuals, offering intellectual stimulation and
social engagement.
4. Symbolic Recognition: Offering free tuition for those over 70 can be seen as a
symbolic recognition of their contributions to society over the years.
Disagree:
1. Resource Allocation: Providing free tuition to older individuals may strain
educational resources that could be directed toward other priorities, such as
supporting younger students or improving infrastructure.
2. Limited Impact on Workforce: Critics argue that individuals over 70 are less
likely to enter the workforce after completing their education, raising questions
about the economic impact and return on investment.
3. Budget Constraints: Governments often face budget constraints, and allocating
funds to waive tuition for a specific age group may limit resources available for
broader educational improvements.
4. Focus on Access for All Ages: Some argue that efforts should be directed
toward ensuring affordable education for all age groups rather than targeting a
specific demographic. Whether to support free university tuition for individuals
over 70 depends on a society's values, available resources, and priorities. A
balanced approach might involve considering alternative ways to encourage lifelong
learning, such as providing reduced fees, scholarships, or community education
programs.

3. Some people who have been in prison become good citizens later. Some
people think that having these people give a talk to school students is the best
way to tell them about the dangers of committing a crime. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
I agree to a certain extent that having reformed individuals who have been in prison
speak to school students can be an effective way to convey the dangers of committing
a crime. Here's why:
Pros:
1. Real-Life Perspective: Former inmates can provide a firsthand account of the
consequences of criminal behavior, offering a real-life perspective that may resonate
with students.
2. Impactful Storytelling: Personal stories of redemption and rehabilitation can be
powerful, illustrating the potential for positive change and encouraging students to
make better choices.
3. Emphasis on Rehabilitation: It supports the idea of rehabilitation and highlights
that individuals can transform their lives, promoting a more empathetic understanding
of those who have been through the criminal justice system.
4. Prevention through Awareness: Hearing about the challenges and repercussions
of criminal behavior directly from someone who has experienced them may serve as a
deterrent, helping students make informed decisions.
Cons:
1. Varied Experiences: Not all individuals who have been in prison have the same
experiences or lessons to share. The effectiveness of this approach may depend on the
speaker's ability to convey a meaningful and relatable message.
2. Limited Scope: While personal stories are impactful, they may not cover all
aspects of crime prevention. A comprehensive approach could involve a combination
of strategies, including education, community programs, and mentorship.
3. Potential Stigma: There's a risk that relying solely on individuals with a criminal
history to deliver anti-crime messages may unintentionally stigmatize them,
reinforcing negative stereotypes.
4. Need for Additional Resources: While personal testimonials are valuable, they
should complement broader educational efforts that address the root causes of crime
and promote a deeper understanding of societal issues.
In conclusion, while hearing from reformed individuals can be a valuable component
of crime prevention education, it should be part of a more comprehensive strategy that
includes diverse perspectives, educational programs, and community initiatives.