AERODYNAMIC

Teaching Assistant
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND EQUATIONS
Tutorials

1 Review of Vector Relations 6 Pathlines , Streamlines , Streaklines

2 Control Volumes and Fluid Elements 7 Angular velocity, Vorticity and Strain

Continuity Equation, Momentum Equations and Energy Circulation

3 Equation
8

4 Navier-Stokes Equation 9 Stream Functions, Velocity Potential

5 Substantial Derivative

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 3

 Review of Vector Relations
Tutorials
Why we use it?

Vector notation is a useful mathematical device, which not only provides a convenient shorthand system but,
what is more important, also permits us to write relations involving vector quantities in a way that clarifies
their meaning and emphasizes their independence of coordinate systems.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 4

 Review of Vector Relations
Tutorials
Some of more Important:

Scaler Product: 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 cos 𝑢, 𝑣

Vector Product: 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑤

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Scalar Triple Product: 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

Vector Triple Product: 𝑎× 𝑏×𝑐 = 𝑎⋅𝑐 𝑏− 𝑎⋅𝑏 𝑐

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 5

 Scalar and Vector Field
Tutorials

Aerodynamic Quantity:

• Scalar : For example, pressure, density, and temperature

• Vector : velocity

• Tensor : stress

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 6

 Gradient of Scalar Field
Tutorials

1. Its magnitude is the maximum rate of change of p per unit length of the
coordinate space at the given point.
2. Its direction is that of the maximum rate of change of p at the given point.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 7

 Divergence of Vector Field
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 8

 Curl of Vector Field
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 9

 Relation between Line, Surface, Volume Integral
Tutorials
Stokes Theorem:

Divergence Theorem:

Gradient Theorem:

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 10

 Control Volumes and Fluid Elements
Tutorials
Finding velocity, Temperature, Pressure, Density in
Each point of Fluid

a. Mass is conserved (i.e., mass can be neither created nor destroyed).

b. Newton’s second law: force = mass × acceleration.
c. Energy is conserved; it can only change from one form to another.

Model of Fluid:
1-Finite Control Volume Approach
2-Infinitesimal Fluid Element Approach
3-Molecular Approach

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 11

 Continuity Equation
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 12

 Momentum Equation
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 13

 Energy Equation
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 14

 Substantial Derivative
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 15

 Navier-Stokes
Tutorials

Continuity: 4 equation ,4 Unknown

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 17

 Pathline ,Streamline
Tutorials

Pathline: Streamline:

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 18

 Streakline
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 19

 Streamline
Tutorials

2D Flow:

ⅆ𝑦 𝑣
=
ⅆ𝑥 𝑢

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 20

 Angular Velocity
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 22

 Vorticity
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 23

 Vorticity
Tutorials

2D Flow:

2D Flow and Irrotational:

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 24

 Circulation
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 25

 Circulation
Tutorials

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 26

 Stream Function
Tutorials
2D Flow: 2D Flow and Incompressible:

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 27

 Velocity Potential
Tutorials
2D-3D Flow and Irrotational:

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 28

EXAMPLE
Example
A static thrust stand in convergent-Nozzle to be designed for testing a jet engine.
The following conditions are known for a typical test: Intake air velocity = 200
m/s; exhaust gas velocity = 500 m/s; intake cross-sectional area = 1 𝑚2 ; intake
static pressure = -22.5 kPa = 78.5 (abs); intake static temperature =268 °K
exhaust static pressure = 0 kPa = 101 kPa (abs). Estimate the nominal anchoring
force for which to design.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 30

Example

Solution :
The cylindrical control volume outlined with a dashed line in
Figure is selected. The external forces acting in the axial direction are also
shown. Application of the momentum equation to the contents of this control
volume yields :

Assuming Steady, Inviscid, No Body Forces

𝑢2 𝑚2 − 𝑢1 𝑚1 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 − 𝑃2 𝐴2

Conservation of Mass:

𝑚1 = 𝑚2

𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = − 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴2 +𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

𝑃𝑔,1 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 31

Example

Solution :

𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = − 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴1 + 𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴2 +𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

We Know:

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒,1 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒,2 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = −𝑃𝑔,1 𝐴1 + 𝑃𝑔,2 𝐴2 +𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

We don’t have Mass flow rate:

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑢𝐴
Ideal gas State equation:
𝑃
𝜌=
𝑅𝑇
𝑝1 (78.5 kPa) × 1000
Fore Section 1: 𝜌1 = = = 1.02 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑅𝑇1 (287 J
) × (286 °K)
kg × °K
Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 32
Example

Solution :

𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = −𝑃𝑔,1 𝐴1 + 𝑃𝑔,2 𝐴2 +𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

We don’t have Mass flow rate:

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑢𝐴
Fore Section 1:

𝑚1 = 𝜌1 𝑢1 𝐴1 = 1.02 × 1 × 200 = 204 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

Thrust Force:

𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = −𝑃𝑔,1 𝐴1 + 𝑃𝑔,2 𝐴2 +𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

𝐹𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = −𝑃𝑔,1 𝐴1 +𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

= −25 × 1000 × 1 + 204 × 500 − 200 = 83700 N

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 33

Example
Air flows into the jet engine shown in Figure at a rate of 9 slugs/s and a speed of 300
ft/sec. Upon landing, the engine exhaust exits through the reverse thrust mechanism
with a speed of 900 ft/sec in the direction indicated. Determine the reverse thrust
applied by the engine to the airplane. Assume the inlet and exit pressures are
atmospheric and that the mass flowrate of fuel is negligible compared to the air
flowrate through the engine.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 34

Example

Solution :
The Momentum Equation (x-component) can be written as :

Assuming Steady, Inviscid, No Body Forces

𝑉1 𝜌1 −𝑉1 𝐴1 + −𝑉2 cos 30° 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 + −𝑉3 cos 30° 𝜌3 𝑉3 𝐴3 = −𝐹𝑥

Conservation of Mass:
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 = 9 slug/sec

𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 + 𝜌3 𝑉3 𝐴3 = 9
know 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 :

𝑉1 𝑚1 + 𝑉2 cos 30° 𝑚2 + 𝑉2 cos 30° 𝑚3 = 𝐹𝑥

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 35

Example

Solution :

𝑉1 𝑚1 + 𝑉2 cos 30° 𝑚2 + 𝑉2 cos 30° 𝑚3 = 𝐹𝑥

𝑉1 𝑚1 + 𝑉2 cos 30° (𝑚2 +𝑚3 ) = 𝐹𝑥

(𝑉1 +𝑉2 cos 30°)(𝑚1 ) = 𝐹𝑥

(300 + 900 cos 30°)(9) = 𝐹𝑥

𝐹𝑥 = 9714.8 𝑙𝑏𝑓

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 36

Example
Consider the incompressible, two-dimensional flow of a non-viscous fluid between the
boundaries shown in Figure. The velocity potential for this flow field is ∅2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
(a) Determine the corresponding stream function. (b) What is the relationship between
the discharge, q, (per unit width normal to plane of paper) passing between the walls and
the coordinates of any point on the curved wall? Neglect body forces.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 37

Example

Solution :
∅2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

𝑎)𝑇𝑜 ⅆ𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛:

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝜙
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜙
𝑢= = = 2𝑥 𝑣=− = = −2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

ⅆ𝛹 = 2𝑥ⅆ𝑦 ⅆ𝛹 = 2𝑦ⅆ𝑥

𝛹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝛹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓2 𝑦

To Satisfy both Equations : 𝛹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛹 = 0 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 = 0 , 𝐶 = 0 𝑎𝑛ⅆ

𝛹 = 2𝑥𝑦

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 38

Example

Solution :
𝛹 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑏 The discharge, q passinq through any surface connecting the two walls,
such as AB see figure , is

𝑞 = 𝛹𝐵 − 𝛹𝐴

From Eq. 3 ,ΨA =0 and ΨB =2xi yi . It follows That:

𝑞 = 2𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 39

Example
The stream function for an incompressible flow field is given by the equation 𝜓 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑚2
where the stream function has the units of with x and y in meters.
𝑠
(a) Sketch the streamline (s) passing through the origin. (b) Determine
the rate of flow across the straight path AB shown in Figure.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 40

Example

Solution :
𝜓 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
Lines of constant 𝛹 are streamlines.

For 𝛹 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 the streamline passing through the origin 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 0

has a value 𝛹 = 0 Thus, the equation for the streamlines through the
origin is
0 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 𝑦 = ± 3𝑥

A sketch of these streamlines is shown in the figure.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 41

Example

Solution :

𝑏 𝑄 = 𝛹𝐵 − 𝛹𝐴

𝐴𝑡 𝐵 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:

2 3
𝛹𝐵 = 3 0 1 − 1 = −1 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖ⅆ𝑡ℎ

𝐴𝑡 𝐴 𝑥 = 1𝑚 , 𝑦 = 0 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:

2 3
𝛹𝐴 = 3 1 0 − 0 =0

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑄 = 𝛹𝐵 = −1 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖ⅆ𝑡ℎ

The negative sign indicates that the flow is from right to left as we look from A to B.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 42

Example
The velocity components of an incompressible, two dimensional velocity field
are given by the equations 𝑢 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑦 2𝑥 + 1 Show that the
flow is irrotational and satisfies conservation of mass

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 43

Example

Solution :

𝑢 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑦 2𝑥 + 1

For a 2-D flow ,IF 𝜔z = 0 ,flow is Irrotational else it’s Rotational:

1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜔𝑧 = −
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1
= 2𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝜔𝑧 = 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 0 𝜔z = 0 ,flow is Irrotational.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

To satisfy conservation of Mass: For a 2-D flow:

𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 1 −1 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 = 0
+ + =0 + =0 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 conservation of Mass is satisfied:
= −1 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 44

Example

A one-dimensional flow is described by the velocity field 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0

where a and b are constants. Is the flow irrotational? For what combination of constants
(if any) will the rate of angular deformation be zero?
rate of Shearing strain

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 45

Example

Solution :
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑤 = 0

For irrotational flow 𝜔 = 0 ,and for the velocity distribution given:

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣
𝜔𝑥 = − =0
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝜔𝑦 = − =0
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝑎
𝜔𝑧 = − = − + 𝑏𝑦
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
Thus, 𝜔 is not-ero everywhere and the flow is not Irrotational. No 𝜀= +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
It follows for the velocity distribution given that: 𝜀 = 𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑦

Thus, there are no values of a and b (except both equal to -zero) that will give 𝛾 = 0 for all values of y. None.

Amir Mahdi Naderi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021 46