-5ml-

UNIT 8 UU oH

fests for Functional Groups

Present in Organic Compounds
Allthe organic compounds comprises of two parts. Functional group and skeleton of carbon atoms commoniy
called alky group. Functional group is the most reactive part of the organic compound which determines tne
properties of a compound. Diferent compounds with same functional group have similar properties an
functional groups have ditierent
belongs to a tamily of compounds. In contrast, compounds having different
oroperties and belong to different families of compounds.
Some of the important functional groups are listed below:

Class of compounds Functional group Examples

CH2=CH2
Alkenes >c=c< (Ethene)
(Carbon- carbon double bond)

CH=CH
Alkynes -C=C-
(Carbon-carbon triple bond) (Ethyne)
-OH C2HgOH
Alcohols (Ethanol)
Hydroxy)W
CHgCHO
Aldehydes (Ethanal)
-C=
(Aldethydic)
H C-0
8
Ketones >C=0
(Keto) ooe HC
(Propanone)

CHCOOH
Carboxylic acids (Ethanoic acid)
-C-OH
(Carboxyic)
- NH2 CHNH2
Methanamine
Amines (Amino) (1 amine)
Primary amines (1)
Secondary amines (2)
RNH or A2NH H NH
R HC
bals N-methyl methanamine
(2 amine)

CHa
Tertiary amines (3)
or RN N-CH
lodionn R CH3
N, N-dimethyl methanamine

(3 amine)

83
 EXPERIMENT 8,2
functi onD qyoup

Test forlalcoholie group.

m

THEORY/PRINCIPLE
organic compounds having hydroxyl, i.e. --OH group attached to the chain of C-atoms are called
alcoholic compounds or alcohols and the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group is called alcoholic group. Itis
denoted by R-OH, where, R
represents a carbon chain.
m

MATERIAL REQUIRED
Test tubes As per need Anhydrous calcium sulphate, CasO As per need
Test tube holder 1 Conc. sulphuric acid As per need
Ceric ammonium nitrate solution: As per need lodine solution As per need
Piece of sodium metal
As per need Sodium hydroxide :As per need
Glacial acetic acid
:As per need Lucas reagent As per need

PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATIONS

8.2 Experiment Observation

CERIC
Inference
Reactions involved

AMMONIUM NITRATE TEST

Organic The solution
Appearance of pink or red
compound (2 mL)
+ ceric
changes.to the red colour confirms the oH n be
or pink colour.
ammonium nitrate. presence of-OH group
in the given
(3-4 drops) compound.
Note The red colour PYesehl
disappears after keeping
the reaction mixture for
some time. The colour (NH)ICe(NO)e] +3ROH
Ceric ammonium nitrate
also disappears f
excess of ceric
ammonium
nitrate solution is [Ce(NO),(ROH)a]+2NH,NO3
Red complex
added. Therefore, use
of excess ceric
ammonium nitrate
solution should be
avoided.

86
 Experiment Observation Inference Roactions involved

sODIUM METAL TEST

Organic Effervescence Brisk effervescence,
cmpound2mL)NoliCed due to the contirms the presence of
liberation of H R-OH +Na
+anhyd
gas. This gas can
-OH group 1
Ca$O2 g)
be detected by
f pop sound comes. it R-ONa +4,
2
+File+Na shows that H, gas is
bringing the
burning matchstick released
metal
Note Anhydrous
near the
CaSO, is added
Tmouth of the
o absorb the
test tube.
moisture it

present

OESTER TEST
Organic Fruity smell of ester A fruity smell confirms the
A-OH + R-COH
compound (2 mL isnoticed presence of-OH group Carboxylic acid
Alcohol
0.1 g)+glacial
aracetic o H
acid (2 mL)
+Conc. sulphuric
acid
(4-5drops)+ R-C-0-RH0
heal Ester

V-am| H So4
1ODOFORM TEST
First method Yellow ppt. confirms the
Yellow crystals of CH,CH OH
Organic ompound presence of alcoholic
(0.2 mL or 0.1 g)
iodoform separate
-OH group KO
out
+10%aqueous KI CH,CHO
solution (10 mL)+ KOI
NaOCl solution
ClyCHO
(10 mL)
NaOH
CHIg+HCOONa

Second method The formation of yellow OH

Yellow precipitate of
Organic precipitate confirms the
odoform is HC-CH-CH + +2NaOH-
compound (0.1 g presence of-OH group
Or 4-5 drops of
obtained. 2-propanol
CHI +CH,COONa + Nal +H,O
compound+2 mL
odoform
water) +I2 solution
(1%)+aq. NaOH
(2 mL of 5%) +
heat

87
EXPERIMENT 8.3
Test for phenolic group.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE
The 0 H group attached directly to the
phenolic (Ar-OH) group and carbon atom of a benzene ring
the compounds (or aromatic ring) is calied
possess phenolic group are collectively called
phenols.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
Test tubes As per need Conc.
Test tube holder 1
sulphuric acid As per need
Sodium hydroxide A s per need
Blue litrmus paper As per need
Ferric chloride solution As per need
Phthalic anhydride A s per need
Organic compound containing As per need
phenolic (Ar-OH) group
PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATIONS
Experiment Observation Inference Reactions involved

Add 2-3 drops of aqueous

LITMUS TEST
Colour of blue litmus paper Phenolic group
8.3
solution of organic changes to red: may be present.
compound on blue
litmus paper

Add aqueous solution of
compound (2 mL) + 4-5 drops
of neutral FeCl,solution.
2 FERRIcCHLORIDE TEST
Appearance of blue, green, Presence of 6CHOH+FeClg
violet, red, eto., colour is phenolic group [Fe(CeH O) +3HCI
observed. is confirmed.
Ferric phenoxide
(Violet complex)

89
 Reactions involved

Interence8

Experiment Observation
PHTHALEIN DYE TEST

Presence Df
OH
blue, CO
Add 02 g of organic Appearance of pink, red, phenolic group
observed.
Compound +02g of green, etc, colour is is confirme0d

phthalic anhydride+ CO
2-3 drops of conc. Conc HS0,
HSO, + heat.
HO OH

co

NaOH

COO Excess
-OH
NaOH
coo

(Colourless)
(Pink)
O-

BROMINE WATER TEST

OH
A white precipitate is formed.
Formation of
Add organic compound (1 g) white precipitate
+water (2 mL) + bromine
confirms the
+3Brzlaq)
solution (1-2 mL) presenceof
phenolic group.
OH
Br Br
+3HBr

Br

RESULT
The given compound shows all mentioned tests...(positive/negative) for having phenolic
(Ar-OH) group.

PRECAUTIONS
freshly prepared, neutral and dilute solution of ferric chloride.
Always use

Use dry and clean test tubes.

should be handled with
Phenol is toxic and corrosive in nature and
care.

90
 EXPERIMENT 8.4
Test for aldehydic and ketonic groups.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE commonly known as carbony

group C = 0 ) and
Aldehydes and ketones both have carbonyl
compounds.

MATERIAL REQUIRED
solution: As per need
Beaker (250 mL) :As per need Dilute ammonium hydroxide
As per need
Test tube holder :1 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagent
:As per need
Test tubes As per need m-dinitrobenzene
:As per need Sodium nitroprusside :As per need
Schiff'sreagent
Fehling's solutions A and B: As per need NaOH :As per need
Silver nitrate : A s per need Sodium bisulphite : As per need

PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATIONS

Experimet Observation inference Reactions involved

1 TESTs FOR CARBONYL GROUP

.4 2, 4-DNP test
Given organic compound (3-4 Yellow, orange or
drops)+alcoholic solution of orange-red ppt. is
2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine formed.
Confirms the
presence of
CO+HN-NH
NONO2-H
NO2
(4-5 drops)
C=O group. 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine

CN-NH -NO2
OpN
Hydrazone
Sodium bisulphite test
GIven organic compound Crystalline ppt. is Confirms the
(2 mL or 2 g) + sodium formed. presence of
CO+ NaHSO3
bisulphite (2 mL). Sodium
>C=O group. bisulphite
OH
C
SOgNa
Addition product
2 TESTS FOR ALDEHYDIC
GROUP
Schiff's test
Given organic compound (4-5 Solution turns to
drops or 0.5 g) +Schiff's Confirms the
pink colour.
presence of Aldehyde+ Schiff's reagent Pink
reagent (3-4 drops).
CHO group. (Colourless) colou

92
 R e a c t i o n s involved
Eperiment
Oborvation nfarence

+ 5OH
Brick red ppt of (complexed)
8
olulion A, aq Conlirms the RCHO+ 2Cu Cu,O(s)+ RCOO +3H,O
asin
CuSO, solution(1 mL) Cu) oxide ls presence of
formed CHO group Red
Rochelle Pp
s
Feniling
solulion B,
NaCOH (1 mL)
sall in

i v e n o r g a c compOund

(34 drops)

hoa

RCHO+20H
21Ag(NH,)l
+
Taken'stest A mirror like layer of Conlirms the
NaOH
(2 mL of 2%) +
silver metal at the presence of
4 drops)+ NH,OH bottom of the test -CHO grOup + 3NH, + HO
tube is observed.
RCOONH, +2Ag
given organic compound
(aqueous or alcoholic

solution)

heat
RCHO+2Cu+ 50H
onedict's test Appearance of Confirms the
RCOO+Cu,O+ 3H,O
Organic compound(1 pinch) presence of
Benedict's Orange-red ppt. of
+alcohol (1 mL) +
Cu (0) oxide. CHO groupP
solution (2 mL) + heat
GROUP
3 TESTS FOR KETONIC

dinitrobenzene test
Confirms the
NO2
(0.5 mL Appearance of violet
Organic compound colour which slowlypresence
of
Violet colouration
or0.5 g)
m-dinitrobenzene

(01 g)+ NaOH (1 mL)

fades away.
C=
RCOO
R NO2
which fades away

Bbdium nitroprusside test

Red colouration is
group

Confirms the CH,COCH +OH CH,COCH +H,O 8.

g) FeCN),NO+CH,COCH
8odium nitroprusside (0.1
presence of
produced.
+distilled water (1 mL) mL or
+
R
organic compound (0.5 C=0
NaOH Fe(CN) NO.CH,cOCH,
0.5g)+ shake + Red colouration
solution (dropwise)
group

RESULT (positive/negative) for the presence

of carbonyl

1. The given compound

tested..
CC=0) group. confirmed for the given sample.
(aldehydic/ketonic group) is
2. Presence of . .

PRECAUTIONS the
SOlution, Fehling's solution, etc) to perform
reagents (ike AgNO,
Always use freshly prepared
test not directly on the flame
water bath and
mixture on
Heat the reaction the silver
SIlver mirror layer in order to destroy
experiment, add HNO TO dil.
After pertorming the solution with e x c e s s of water.
mirror and flush
off the

93
EXPERIMENT 8.5
Test for carboxylic group.

THEORY/PRINCIPLE
Organic compounds possessing carboxyl
-OH|functional group are called carboxylic acids. The
term carbOxyl derives its name from the
combination of words carbonyl and hydroxyl because carboxylC

functional group contains both of these

groups OH

MATERIAL REQUIRED
Test tube holder 1
Glass rod 1
Test tubes As per need
Blue litmus paper/solution

Ethyl alcohol
Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
As per need
As per need
As per need
8.5
PROCEDURE AND XOBSERVATIONS
Experment Observation Inference Reactlone Involved

1 LITMUS TEST
Given organic compound + Indicates the presence of
Colour of blue litmus paper
Blue litmus paper carboxylic acid or phenolic
changes to red.
group.
2 sODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE TEST
aq.NaHcO, (2 mL solution)+ Brisk effervescence of CO Confirms the presence of RCOOH+NaHCO
gven organic compound is observed. carboxylic group. RCOONa +CO, 1 +H,0
4-5 drops or 0.5 g)

95
 ESTER TEST

Given organic compound

R OH+R'OH
(0.5g)+ the presence
of
ethanol (5 mL) + conc. Sweet smell of ester is
Confirms

carboxylic group.
HSO, (4-5 drops) + heat
+NaCO3 observed. R OR+ H,0

RESULT for the presence

Or carDOxylic groun
tests......
(positive/negative)
vEnOrganic compound gives the

PRECAUTIONS is noticeable.
effervescence
slowly so that the
AOa given compound to NaHCO, solution

Use properly washed, clean and dry equipmentS

Viva-Voce
Q1 How will you distinguish between phenol and benzoic acid?
NCERT
A. Phenol gives ferric chloride test positive while benzoic acid does not. Again, benzoic acid gives ester test positive
while phernol does not. Hence, by performing these tests, we can distinguish between phenol and benzoic acid

benzoic acid by chemical method? [NCERT

Q2 How would you separate a mixture of phenol and
A. Dissolve the mixture of phenol and benzoic acid in distilled water. Then, add little amount of dil. HCI into it. The
benzoic acid precipitates out while phenol remains dissolved in aqueous medium.

Q3 Name the compound which is the cause of sweet smell in the ester test.
A. Carboxylic ester.

.5 Q4 The carbon dioxide gas released in sodium hydrogen carbonate test is contributed by which of
the compound used?
A. NaHCO

TEA12UMTH

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