Vent – An opening in the surface of the Earth
VOLCANOES
• A volcano is a rupture in the Earth’s crust that
allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to
escape from a magma chamber below the
surface.
• A volcano is a vent or an opening and a rupture
that enables the magma, which will soon turn
into lava once erupted on the Earth’s surface,
gases, and ash break free from the structure,
itself. Furthermore, it is instilled in the Earth’s
crust.
– HOW THEY ARE FORMED –
•Imbalances in litostatic pressure, rock strength,
and magmastatic pressure.
1. The stunning morphological variety of volcano
landforms starts with the magma
- We acknowledge that every dominant start of
a volcano starts with the magma, working along
with its naturally produced pressure.
2. Imbalance in Lithostatic and Magmastatic
pressure
- Before going further with the stated pressures,
lithostatic is the applied pressure downwards.
On the contrary, with magmastatic, this is the
knowing pressure coursed upwards. Due to the
correlation of the disposition imbalance of
three geological factors; lithostatic pressure,
magmastatic pressure, and rock strength, the
enlightened magma retains in staying under the
Earth’s surface. As a result, a volcano is formed.
– BASIC PARTS –
Crater – The mouth of a volcano
Conduit – An underground passage which magma
travels through
through which volcanic materials can escape.
Magma – Liquid rock inside a volcano. It can be
runny or viscous (thick and sticky)
Flank – Side of volcano
Magma chamber – Underground compartment of
magma
– TYPE OF VOLCANOES –
- Appearance
- Activity
APPEARANCE
1. CINDER VOLCANO “scoria cone” –
Cinder cones are the simplest type of
volcano. They are built from particles
and blobs of congealed lava ejected
from a single vent.
Ex: Mt. Babuyan , Taal Volcano
2. SHIELD VOLCANO – Shield volcanoes
are usually constructed almost entirely
of basaltic and/or andesitic lava flows
which were very fluid when erupted.
Ex: Mauna Kea , Mauna Loa
3. COMPOSITE/STRATOVOLCANO –
Stratovolcanoes have relatively steep
sides and are more cone-shaped than
shield volcanoes. They are more likely
to produce explosive eruptions due to
gas building up in the viscous magma.
Ex: Mt. Vesuvius , Mayon Volcano
ACTIVITY
1. Active volcanoes – has at least one
eruption within the last 10,000 years.
 ERUPTING VOLCANO
- Explosive eruption
- Quiet eruption
DORMANT VOLCANO
- If it has not erupted within the last
10,000 years but is expected to occur in
the future.
2. Inactive volcanoes – had no eruption
within historic times and is not
expected to erupt again in a
comparable time scale of the future.
Ex: Mt. Butay
– HAZARDS POSED BY VOLCANOES –
BURSTS – The hot bursts of trapped gas inside the
volcano.
DOME GROWTH – Mound of lava that grows inside
the crater.
GASES – Gas release by active volcanoes.
- Water vapor
- Carbon dioxide
- Methane
- Sulfur dioxide
LAHAR – Mud flow
- Primary or hot lahar
- Secondary or cold lahar
TEPHRA FALL – combinations of pumice, scoria
(basalt), and thick rocks.
TSUNAMI – caused by underwater volcanoes
eruption.
Lahar and flood – Volcanic eruptions may trigger
lahars by melting snow and ice, generating
flood flow. Lahars, also known as mudflows are
highly cautious hot floods of tiny debris
fragments brought on by shallow land sliding
and quick snowmelt. This cataclysmic hazard
may result in the destruction of property,
infrastructure, and even settlements. There is
also something cold the primary and secondary
mudflow, acknowledging the flow of hot or cold
substances.
Global warming and contaminated water – Next, it
is affecting in the quality of the neighboring
water supply, volcanic erosions can solely
produce chemicals coming from fallen ashes
and potentially hazardous gases. Lastly, without
being oblivious to our global warming situation,
it also gives its adverse effects primarily caused
by dominant methane, sulfur dioxide, and
carbon dioxide that is emitted in the process of
eruption.
– DISASTER PREPAREDNESS –
Before
- Pack safety equipment for each member
of the household.
- Portable radio
- Bottles of water
- Have a family escape plan
- Secure a map on possible lava flow
During
- Evacuate!
- Tune in to the radio
- Wear protective equipment
- Close the windows and doors
After
- Stay indoors
- When it is announced that it is
undoubtedly safe to go outside, keep
your gutters and roof clear of ash.
- Use a mask or a damp cloth and eye
protection when cleaning up.
 - Look for updates regarding the
aftermath's adverse effects.
PROS AND CONS OF LIVING NEARBY
VOLCANOES
PROS OF LIVING NEARBY VOLCANOES
 volcanic rock and ash provide fertile
land which results in a higher crop yield
for farmers
 tourists are attracted to the volcano,
which increases money to the local
economy
 minerals are contained in lava, eg
diamonds - these can be mined to make
money
 geothermal energy can be harnessed,
which provides cheaper electricity for
locals
CONS OF LIVING NEARBY VOLCANOES
 Volcanoes are dangerous. They can kill
people and damage property
 Economic activity can suffer as it is hard
for businesses to operate after an
eruption.
 Habitats and landscapes are damaged
by lava flows.
WHAT CAUSES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS?
PRESSURE BUILD UP
 Increase magmastatic pressure
 Gases dissolved causes increased
pressure forcing the magma out of the
mantle
HOW DO WE HARNESS THIS ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 Geothermal powerplant uses steam to
power turbine
ADVANTAGES
 Aside from being essentially unlimited
like many other renewables,
geothermal energy is always available
 Generate more energy compared to
coal-fired power plant
 Cleaner energy compared to coal-fired
powerplant
 Renewable energy
CLIMATE
Weather
- Weather refers to the day-to-day
changes in the atmosphere at a
particular place and time.
Weather is determined by: Air temperature,
Air pressure, Amount and type of precipitation,
Wind strength and Direction, Types of clouds
Precipitation - formed by condensation, where
liquid water, ice or snow is released from
clouds.
CLIMATE
4 main seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn,
Winter
Climates in the Philippines: Dry season, Wet
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE - Latitude,
Bodies of water, Elevation, Wind
 (Latitude) The Earth’s axial tilt defines
its season

 (Proximity to bodies of water) Islands
surrounded by bodies of water can have
a windward or leeward side. Wind from
bodies of water is rich from moisture
due to evaporation.
Evaporation - process of liquid turning into gas
 (Wind) Wind from warm areas brings
warm temperature.
 (Elevation) The higher the elevation the
lower the temperature
CLIMATE CHANGE
What causes climate change?
Greenhouse gases- Too many greenhouse gases
will cause to extreme increase in global
temperature
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Industrial gases: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
Carbon footprint- The amount of carbon
dioxide released in the atmosphere
Ecological footprint- measures the use of
resources against the Earth’s capacity to
regenerate.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
When chlorine and bromine atoms come into
contact with ozone in the stratosphere, they
destroy ozone molecules. One chlorine atom
can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules
before it is removed from the stratosphere.
Ozone can be destroyed more quickly than it is
naturally created.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Economic consequences
Extreme weather
Waterborne and foodborne diseases
Extinction
IS GLOBAL WARMING NATURAL
Over the course of Earth’s existence, volcanic
eruptions, fluctuations in solar radiation,
tectonic shifts, and even small changes in our
orbit have all had observable effects on
planetary warming and cooling patterns. But
climate records are able to show that today’s
global warming—particularly what has occured
since the start of the industrial revolution—is
happening much, much faster than ever before.
THE SUN AND THE OTHER
STARS BEYOND OUR
SOLAR SYSTEM
SUN - The closest star in our planet The sun
drives the weather on our planet.
  The sun is a medium-sized star with a
diameter of 1.39 million kilometers
(about 110 times than Earth.
Thermonuclear fusion - a collision of two light
elements.
 hydrogen becomes a helium
CHARACTERISTICS OF A STAR
Color, Surface temperature, Size, Brightness,
Composition
COLOR
 The color of the star ranges from red to
yellow to blue depending on the surface
temperature. The sun is a mid-range
temperature star.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
 expressed in Kelvin
 Sunspot- They are caused by twisting,
chaotic magnetic fields from within the
Sun's convective zone
SIZE
 Stars are classified as dwarf, giant, or
supergiant.
 dwarf stars are very small. they are
about 75 to 80 percent of the sun
 Giants are twice or 10 times bigger than
the sun
 Supergiant are more than 10x bigger
than the sun.
 Stars with a mass of more than 8 suns
end in an explosion; Supernova.
 Stars with a mass of more than 20 suns
end by collapsing into a blackhole.
 Massive stars have shorter life spans.
They burn their fuel faster.
COMPOSITION
 All stars are composed of hydrogen (60-
80%), helium (16-36%), and traces (4%)
of oxygen, neon, carbon, and nitrogen.
STELLAR EVOLUTION
1. Giant dust cloud - All stars are born
from collapsing clouds of gas and dust,
often called nebulae or molecular
clouds.
2. Protostar - When the gas particles in
the molecular cloud run into each
other, heat energy is produced.
3. Red giant - happens when a star stops
burning hydrogen, and helium expands
to a large, low-density star
4. Supernova - happens when its
temperature reaches more than 100
billion degrees, and the repulsive
forces between the iron nuclei explode
the star’s mass into space
5. Blackhole - a large mass star completely
collapsed so that no energy or matter
can escape.
LAYERS OF THE SUN
CORE - The core is the Sun’s middle region
where energy is generated by thermonuclear
reactions, which create extreme temperatures
of about 15 million degrees Celsius.
PHOTOSPHERE - the layer visible directly from
Earth. It is also called the solar surface. The
photosphere’s temperature varies from roughly
6500 degrees Kelvin at the bottom to 4000
degrees Kelvin at the top
CORONA - This is the Sun’s outermost layer. It
starts at roughly 1300 miles above the
photosphere and has no upper limit. Its
temperature is between 500,000 degrees Kelvin
to 1 million degrees Kelvin

STAR CONVERGENCE

 Stars form recognizable patterns in the

sky which are called Constellations.

TYPES OF CONSTELLATIONS

1. Circumpolar constellation – is visible all

year round within the Northern
Hemisphere.
2. Non-circumpolar constellation – is only
visible within a particular season.

THE ZODIAC

The months that correspond to each zodiac are

based on the Sun's position relative to the
zodiac constellations. For instance, the Sun
faces the constellation Aries in April, so people
born in (most of) April are of the Aries
astrological sign.

Aug 22-Sept 22 - Virgo Sept 23 - Oct 23- Libra

Oct 24-Nov 22 – Scorpio

ASTRONOMY VS ASTROLOGY

ASTROLOGY - PSEUDOSCIENCE DETERMINES

THE INFLUENCE OF THE STATE OF THE STARS
AND THE PLANETS AT THE TIME OF ONE’S
BIRTH.

ASTRONOMY - SCIENCE THAT USES THE

PRINCIPLE OF PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS TO
EXPLAIN AND PREDICT THE PHENOMENON OF
THE CELESTIAL BODIES.