‫جريدة الدستور‬

Revision
And
Rules

Second secondary

Mathematics
Prepare by

Mr / Mortagy

1
Prepared by Mr.Mortagy
 calculus rules 4) conjugate
𝒙+𝟐 −𝟐+𝟐 𝟎
To find the limit algebraically: 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→−𝟐 √𝒙+𝟑−𝟏 𝒙→−𝟐 √−𝟐+𝟑−𝟏 𝟎

1) Direct substitute 𝒙+𝟐 √𝒙+𝟑+𝟏

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ×
𝒙→−𝟐 √𝒙+𝟑−𝟏 √𝒙+𝟑+𝟏
a) if we have a value
(𝒙+𝟐)(√𝒙+𝟑+𝟏)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
* 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒃𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙+𝟑−𝟏
𝒙→𝟐

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑 × 𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟓 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝟏
𝒙→−𝟐
𝒙→𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 √−𝟐 + 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟐
b) if we have 𝒙→−𝟐
𝟎

its not exist (has no solution). 5) Law

‫ﺟر‬
𝒙𝟒 −𝟖𝟏
𝟐+𝟏 𝟑 𝒍𝒊𝒎
* 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐−𝟐 = = 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒙→−𝟑 𝒙+𝟑
𝒙→𝟐 𝟎
𝒙𝟒 −(−𝟑)𝟒
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟒 × −𝟑𝟒−𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒙→−𝟑 𝒙−(−𝟑)
c) if we have any unspecified quantity
𝟎 ∞
6) Infinity
, ∞ , ∞ − ∞ , ∞ × 𝟎 , (𝟎)𝟎 , (∞)𝟎 , (𝟏)∞
𝟎

2) Factorization

* 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝟏
𝒙→
𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟐
𝟐𝒙−𝟏

(𝟐𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)
=𝟎
𝟎
‫ﯾدة‬ - the degree up> degree down, limit −∞ 𝒐𝒓 ∞

- the degree up < degree down, limit = zero.

- the degree up = degree down , limit =

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒖𝒑

‫اﻟد‬
𝟐𝒙−𝟏
𝒙→ 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏
𝟐

−𝟑 7) Trigonometric
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙−𝟐 =
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙→ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝟐
a) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓𝒙
𝒙→𝟎
‫ﺳﺗ‬

3) long division = 𝒍𝒊𝒎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝒙
× 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓𝒙
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝒙𝟑 −𝟕𝒙+𝟔
r) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟖𝒙+𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝒙→𝟐 =𝟐×𝟓= 𝟓
(𝟐)𝟑 −𝟕(𝟐)+𝟔
‫ور‬

𝟎
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑(𝟐)𝟐 −𝟖(𝟐)+𝟒 = 𝟎 8) Existence of limit at a point
𝒙→𝟐

𝟐‫ 𝟎 𝟏 ۂ‬−𝟕 𝟔 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟖𝒙+𝟒
𝒙𝟑 −𝟕𝒙+𝟔 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙<𝟑
𝒙→𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 −𝟔
𝒙→𝟑 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙>𝟑
(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟑) 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙→𝟑−
𝒙→𝟐 (𝟑𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟐)

(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟑)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒙→𝟑+
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟐 (𝟑𝒙−𝟐)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎
(𝟐)𝟐 +𝟐×𝟐−𝟑 𝟓 𝒙→𝟑− 𝒙→𝟑
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→𝟐 𝟑×𝟐−𝟐 𝟒
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 → 𝟑
 9) continuity of a function
𝟐𝒙 𝒙<𝟐 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 × 𝒄 × 𝒄𝒐 𝒔 𝑩
𝒇(𝒙) = { at x = 2
𝒙𝟐 𝒙≥𝟐
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑩 = 𝟐𝒂𝒄

𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟒
𝒙→𝟐−
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 × 𝒃 × 𝒄𝒐 𝒔 𝑪
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙→𝟐
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 −𝒄𝟐
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑪 =
𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟐 = 𝟒 𝟐𝒂𝒃

𝒇(𝟐) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒙𝟐

𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆:

‫ﺟر‬
𝒇(𝒙)𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟏) 𝑺. 𝑺. 𝑺 ∶ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝟐) 𝑺. 𝑨. 𝑺 ∶ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 , 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍.
Some continues functions
𝟑) 𝑨. 𝑺. 𝑨 ∶ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 , 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
1) Polynomial fun. are continues on R
𝟒) 𝑺. 𝑺. 𝑨 ∶ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆
2) Rational fun. are continues on R - set of
zeros of denominator
3) Sine and cosine functions are continues on R
4) Tangent functions are continues on 𝑹 −
𝝅
{𝒙: 𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝅 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁}
‫ﯾدة‬ 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒅

The number of possible triangles could be

existed from a given data:
1) SSS : 3 sides
‫اﻟد‬
if the sum of any 2 sides > 3rd side →→ 1 ∆
Trigonometry Rules sec 2 1st term
2) AAA : 3 angles →→ infinite number of ∆
3) SAS : 2 sides and included angle →→ 1 ∆
‫ﺳﺗ‬

4) AAS : 2 angles and any side →→ 1 ∆

5) SSA : 2 sides and angle not included
- <A is obtuse a>b →→ 1 triangle
‫ور‬

- <A is obtuse a<b →→ 0 triangle

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = = 𝟐𝒓 - <A is acute a≥b →→ 1 triangle
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩+𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪

𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐 𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 =
𝟏
× 𝒂 × 𝒃 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪 - <A is acute h<a<b →→ 2 triangle
𝟐
- <A is acute h=a →→ 1 triangle
Ratio of sides = ration of sin of angles
- < A is acute a<h →→ 0 triangle
Where 𝒉 = 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃 × 𝒄 × 𝒄𝒐 𝒔 𝑨
𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 = 𝟐𝒃𝒄
 Studying functions Graphically
Algebra rules
1) Function

1) Function Function if each vertical line cut the curve at

only 1 point (Vertical line test )
If each element in X has only one image in Y
Put x with any value it gives 1 value of y

2) Monotony

‫ﺟر‬
In a function f(x) and for all 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 ∈]𝒂, 𝒃[⊂
𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇, where 𝒙𝟐 > 𝒙𝟏 2) Monotony

If 𝒇( 𝒙𝟐 ) > 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 )then the fun. is increasing on

]𝒂, 𝒃[
If 𝒇( 𝒙𝟐 ) < 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) then the fun. is decreasing on
]𝒂, 𝒃[
‫ﯾدة‬
If 𝒇( 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) then the fun. is constant on
]𝒂, 𝒃[
increasing decreasing

3) Even , odd or otherwise

constant

3) Even , odd or otherwise

‫اﻟد‬
Even if f(-x) = f(x)
(𝒂, 𝒃), (−𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Odd if f(-x) = - f(x)
‫ﺳﺗ‬

(𝒂, 𝒃), (−𝒂, −𝒃) ∈ 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 Even odd

4) 0ne to one 4) 0ne to one

‫ور‬

If f(𝒙𝟏 ) = f(𝒙𝟐 ) , then 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 If each horizontal line cuts the curve of the
function at 1 point (horizontal line test)
Put y with any value it gives 1 value of x

Important Remark:
-The domain is deduced from x axis.
One to one Not
-The range is deduced from y axis.
 Discussing domain of some functions
1) Polynomial function 𝑫= 𝑹
2) Fractional function
𝑫 = 𝑹 − 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓.
3) Root function
a) If the root is even then:
- if the root in the numerator
Transformations of function
𝒇(𝒙) → 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒂) + 𝒃
The curve moves in the +ve direction of y-axis
with magnitude b if b>0
The curve moves in the -ve direction of y-axis
with magnitude b if b<0
The curve moves in the +ve direction of x-axis
its domain is with magnitude a if a<0

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 ≥ 𝟎 The curve moves in the -ve direction of x-axis
with magnitude a if a>0

‫ﺟر‬
- if the root in the denominator its domain is
Reflection of the curve about x-axis
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 > 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) → −𝒇(𝒙)
b) If the root is odd then:
- if the root in the numerator 𝑫= 𝑹
Properties of the equations of absolute
value:
- if the root in the denominator
𝑫 = 𝑹 − 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓

Operations on functions
‫ﯾدة‬ 1) |𝒂𝒃| = |𝒂| × |𝒃|
2) |𝒂 + 𝒃| ≤ |𝒂| + |𝒃|
3) If |𝒙| = 𝒂
4) If |𝒂| = |𝒃|
then 𝒙 = 𝒂
either a=b
or 𝒙 = −𝒂
or a=-b
1) (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)
‫اﻟد‬
5) |𝒙|𝟐 = |𝒙𝟐 | = 𝒙𝟐
2) (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)
6) √𝒙𝟐 = |𝒙| but √𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙
3) (𝒇 × 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) × 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) Properties of the inequality of absolute
4) (𝒇 ÷ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙)
‫ﺳﺗ‬

value:
5) If the domains of the functions 𝒇 , 𝒈 1) 𝑰𝒇 |𝒙| ≤ 𝒂 , 𝒂 > 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 − 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂
𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑫𝟏 , 𝑫𝟐 respectively then, 2) 𝑰𝒇 |𝒙| ≥ 𝒂 , 𝒂 > 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 ≥ 𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂
‫ور‬

a) the domain of (𝒇 + 𝒈), (𝒇 − 𝒈), (𝒇 × 𝒈) is Special cases

𝑫𝟏 ∩ 𝑫𝟐
a) |𝒙 − 𝟑| < −𝟐 𝒔. 𝒔 = ∅
b) the domain of (𝒇 ÷ 𝒈) is
b) |𝒙 − 𝟑| ≤ −𝟒 𝒔. 𝒔 = ∅
𝑫𝟏 ∩ 𝑫𝟐 − 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈
c) |𝒙 − 𝟑| < 𝟎 𝒔. 𝒔 = ∅
d) |𝒙 − 𝟑| ≤ 𝟎 𝒔. 𝒔 = {𝟑}
6) (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))
e) |𝒙 − 𝟑| > 𝟎 𝒔. 𝒔 = 𝑹 − {𝟑}
7) The domain of (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) is
f) |𝒙 − 𝟑| ≥ 𝟎 𝒔. 𝒔 = 𝑹
𝑫𝟐 ∩ 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆
g) |𝒙 − 𝟑| > −𝟓 𝒔. 𝒔 = 𝑹
h) |𝒙 − 𝟑| ≥ −𝟑 𝒔. 𝒔 = 𝑹
 The exponential function Rules of exponents
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 , 𝒂 > 𝟎 , 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏 1) 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 × 𝒂 × 𝒂 × 𝒂 … … × 𝒂 𝒏 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔
1) domain 𝑹 , range = ]𝟎, ∞[ 2) 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏 𝒂≠𝟎
2) If 𝒂 > 𝟏 𝒇𝒖𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟏
3) 𝒂−𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏
If 𝒂 < 𝟏 𝒇𝒖𝒏. 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
4) 𝒂𝒎 × 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎+𝒏
3) The function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 , 𝒂 > 𝟎 , 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏 𝒂𝒎
5) = 𝒂𝒎−𝒏
𝟏 𝒂𝒏
𝒑𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟏) , (𝟏, 𝒂), (−𝟏 , 𝒂)
6) (𝒂𝒃)𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 × 𝒃𝒏
4) The function is one to one 𝒂 𝒂𝒏
7) (𝒃)𝒏 = 𝒃𝒏

‫ﺟر‬
5) The curve of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 , is the
𝟏
image of the curve 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒂)𝒙 by reflection in 8) (𝒂𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒏
𝟏
y axis 𝒏
9) 𝒂𝒏 = √𝒂 , 𝒂 ≥ 𝟎 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁+ − {𝟏}
6) 𝒂𝒙 → ∞ 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 → ∞ 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 > 𝟏 𝒎
𝒏 𝒏
10) 𝒂 𝒏 = ( √𝒂 )𝒎 = √𝒂𝒎 , 𝒂 ∈ 𝑹,
𝒙
𝒂 → 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 → ∞ 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏

Exponential growth and decay:

Growth function: 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒕
‫ﯾدة‬ m,n integer numbers with no common factor
between them , n>1
𝒏
11) √𝒂𝒃 = √𝒂 × √𝒃

𝒏
12) √ =
𝒃
𝒂
𝒏
√𝒂
𝒏
√𝒃
𝒏 𝒏

𝒏 𝒏
, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎 , √𝒂 , √𝒃 ∈ 𝑹
a is the initial value
‫اﻟد‬
𝒎 𝒏
r is the percentage of growth 13) 𝑰𝒇 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒂 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒎

t time interval 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓

𝒎 𝒏
14) 𝑰𝒇 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒂 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = ± 𝒂𝒎
‫ﺳﺗ‬

Decay function: 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒓)𝒕 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓

a is the initial value 15) 𝑰𝒇 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒏
r is the percentage of growth 𝒂 ∉ {−𝟏 , 𝟎 , 𝟏}
‫ور‬

t time interval 16) 𝑰𝒇 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒃𝒎 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃

𝒊𝒇 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒓
For the compound interest: 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝒏)𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒇 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒃𝒎 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = ±𝒃

a is the initial value 𝒊𝒇 𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏

r is the percentage of growth 𝑰𝒇 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒃𝒎 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎 = 𝟎

𝒊𝒇 𝒂 ≠ 𝒃
t time interval
𝒂 , 𝒃 ∉ {−𝟏 , 𝟎 , 𝟏}
n is the number of compounded times
 The Inverse Function Some Properties of logarithms
If the function 𝒇 is one to one function 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒂 ∈ 𝑹+ − {𝟏} , 𝒙 , 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹+

𝒇: 𝑿 → 𝒀 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇−𝟏 : 𝒀 → 𝑿 1) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒂 = 𝟏

for each (𝒙, 𝒚) ∈ 𝒇 then (𝒚, 𝒙) ∈ 𝒇−𝟏 2) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝟏 = 𝟎

* The domain of 𝒇 is the range of 𝒇−𝟏 3) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒚 multi.

𝒙
* The range of 𝒇 is the domain of 𝒇−𝟏 4) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒚 Division

* 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒙 , 𝒇−𝟏 ∘ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 5) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 power

* The graph of 𝒇 , 𝒇−𝟏 together is symmetric 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
6) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒚
about the straight line whose equation 𝒚 = 𝒙.

‫ﺟر‬
𝒂

* Any symmetric function about the straight 𝒂 , 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹+ − {𝟏} , 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹+ base changing

line whose equation 𝒚 = 𝒙 is the inverse 𝟏
7) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
function of itself. 𝒙𝒚

* If the point (𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ 𝒇 , 𝒇−𝟏 , then the point 𝒙 , 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹+ − {𝟏} multi. inverse
(𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙 →→ 𝒂 = 𝒃

Logarithmic function
‫ﯾدة‬
If a ∈ 𝑹+ − {𝟏} , then the function 𝒇 ∶ 𝑹+ → 𝑹
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 is the inverse function of the
8) 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒃 = 𝒃

9) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝟓 𝒃𝟓 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏

exponential function 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙
‫اﻟد‬
* Its domain is 𝑹+
* Range is 𝑹
‫ﺳﺗ‬

* increasing when 𝒂 > 𝟏

* decreasing when 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏
* 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 is equivalent to 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒙
‫ور‬

* 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 is the common logarithm

* Logarithmic function is 1-1
* The function f(x) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 passes through
𝟏
the points (1,0) , (a,1) , (𝒂 , -1)

* The curve of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 , is

the image of the curve 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏 𝒙 by
𝒂
reflection in x- axis
(A) Choose the correct answer :

2
Prepared by Mr.Mortagy
8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

3
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17

18

19

20

21

22

23

4
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 24

25

26

27

28

(B) Answer the following questions :

1

5
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 2

3 Find:
a) b)

Find value of

6
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 1. C Model Answer
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. B
17. B
18. C
19. C
20. A
21. D
22. B
23. A
24. B
25. B
26. A
27. C
28. A

1 A )-2 B) 2 , -2 3 A ) 1/3 B) 3/7

2

4 2

7
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