Problem 1

Describe the following sets in set builder notation and roster method.
a. A consists of all positive integers between 3 and 9.
b. B contains all integers satisfying 𝑥 2 + 1 = 10.
c. C contains the positive odd integers between -5 and 5.
d. D contains the odd integers between -5 and 5.

Roster Method
a. 𝐴 = {4,5,6,7,8}
b. 𝐵 = {3}
c. 𝐶 = {1,3}
d. 𝐷 = {−3, −1,1,3}

Set builder notation

a. 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍 + , 3 < 𝑥 < 9}
b. 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍 + , 𝑥 2 + 1 = 10}
c. 𝐶 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍 + , −5 < 𝑥 < 5}
d. 𝐷 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍, −5 < 𝑥 < 5}

Problem 2
a. List all subsets of {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}. How many do you get?
{}, {𝑥}, {𝑦}, {𝑧}, {𝑥, 𝑦}, {𝑥, 𝑧}, {𝑦, 𝑧}, {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}. Total 8 subsets.
b. List all subsets of {𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}, containing 𝑦 but NOT containing 𝑧.
{𝑦}, {𝑣, 𝑦}, {𝑤, 𝑦}, {𝑥, 𝑦}, {𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑦}, {𝑣, 𝑥, 𝑦}, {𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦}, {𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦}
c. Define a set of which both {1, 3, 4} and {0, 3, 5} are subsets. Find such a set with the smallest possible number of
elements.
{0, 1, 3, 4, 5} is the smallest possible superset of both sets.
d. What is the number of subsets of a set with n elements, containing a given element (one element becomes fixed;
it is part of every subset)?
2𝑛−1
Problem 3
a. We form the union of a set with 5 elements and a set with 9 elements. Which of the following numbers can
we get as the cardinality of the union: 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 20?
6,9,10 and 14
b. We form the union of two sets. We know that one of them has n elements and the other has m elements. What
can we infer about the cardinality of their union?
The cardinality of their union can be at least equal to the cardinality of the greater set; this happens when one
of the set is a subset of the other set, and it can be at most equal to the sum of the cardinality of both the sets,
when there is no common element between the sets.
Let |𝐴| = 𝑚 and |𝐵| = 𝑛, then
max(𝑚, 𝑛) ≤ |𝐴 ∪ 𝐵| ≤ 𝑚 + 𝑛
c. What is the intersection of
i) the sets { } and {1, 2, 3};
{}
ii) the set of girls in this class and the set of boys in this class;
null/ empty set ∅
iii) the set of prime numbers and the set of even numbers?
 {2}
d. We form the intersection of two sets. We know that one of them has n elements and the other has m elements.
What can we infer about the cardinality of their intersection?
The cardinality of the intersection can be at least zero, when there is no common element between the sets
and it can be equal to the cardinality of the smaller set when one (smaller) of the set is the subset of the other
set.
Let |𝐴| = 𝑚 and |𝐵| = 𝑛, then
0 ≤ |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵| ≤ min(𝑚, 𝑛)
Problem 4
For the following sets
U = {1,2,3, …, 8,9}, A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {2,4,6,8}, C = {3,4,5,6}
Find
a. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
b. (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)𝑐
c. (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)\𝐶
d. (𝐴\𝐵)𝑐

a. First find 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2,3,4,5,6,8}; then 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = {2,3,4}

b. First find 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,6,8}; then (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)𝑐 = {5,7,9}
c. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {2,4}. Note that 4 ∈ 𝐶, but 2 ∉ C; hence (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)\𝐶 = {2}
d. 𝐴\𝐵 = {1,3}; hence (𝐴\𝐵)𝑐 = {2,4,5,6,7,8,9}

Problem 5
For sets
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
B = {4,5,6,7,8,9}
Find 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵
𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,7,8,9}

Problem 6
a. What is the symmetric difference of the set ℤ+ of nonnegative integers and the set 𝔼 of odd integers (𝔼 =
{. . . , −3, −1, 1, 3, . . . } contains both negative and positive odd integers).
ℤ+ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ⋯ }
𝔼𝑜𝑑𝑑 = {⋯ , −3, −1, 1, 3, ⋯ }
ℤ+ Δ 𝔼𝑜𝑑𝑑 = {⋯ , −3, −1, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ⋯ }
b. For sets
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
B = {4,5,6,7,8,9}
Find 𝐴Δ𝐵
𝐴Δ𝐵 = {1,2,3,7,8,9}

Problem 7

For the Venn diagram of sets, A, B and C as shown in figure below

Shade the following sets:
a. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 𝑐
b. 𝐴𝑐 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
c. 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵\𝐶)
d. 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵∆𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)∆(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)

a.

b.

c.

d
Problem 8

1. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3} and let 𝑅 = {(1,1), (2,1), (3,2), (1,3)} be a relation on A (i.e. a relation from A to A).
Determine whether each of the following is true or false.
a. 1R1 b. 2R3 c. 3R2
a. True
b. False
c. True

2. Let 𝑅 be the relation with ordered pairs (Abdul, 22), (Brenda, 24), (Carla, 21), (Desire, 22), (Eddie, 24), and
(Felicia, 22). Here each pair consists of a graduate student and this student’s age. Specify a function
determined by this relation.

Problem 9

1. Let f assign to each country in the world its capital city. Find
a. The domain of f
b. f(France), f(England), f(Pakistan)

a. The domain of f is the set of countries of the world

b. Here f(France) = Pairs
f(England) = London
f(Pakistan) = Islamabad

2. Determine whether the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 from the set of integers to the set of integers is one-to-one or
onto.

3. Determine whether the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 from the set of real numbers to itself is one-to-one or onto.
 4. Let 𝑓 be the function from {a,b,c} to {1,2,3} such that 𝑓(𝑎) = 2, 𝑓(𝑏) = 3, and 𝑓(𝑐) = 1. Is 𝑓 invertible,
and if it is, what is its inverse?

5. Let 𝑓: 𝒁 → 𝒁 be such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1. Is 𝑓 invertible, and if it is, what is its inverse?

The function 𝑓 has an inverse because it is a one-to-one correspondence.

6. Let 𝑓 be the function from 𝑹 to 𝑹 with 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 . Is 𝑓 invertible?

7. What is the 10-bit string for the complement of 10-bit string 1010101010.

Problem 10
A. Verify that if 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0} and 𝐵 = {2, −3}, then 𝐴 = 𝐵.
B. Let 𝑋 = {𝑥|3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0}. Prove that 𝑋 is not a subset of 𝒁.