CONTENTS

LabDate Experiinen
No.
Compute the dutycycle, average transmitted power, pulse
energy and pulse repetition frequency of Radar wave
1

Computationof Radar Equation

2
Analysis of Radar Signalto Noise Ratio against targe tdetection
range for different values of target Radar cross section
3

Analysis of Radar Signal to NoiseRatio(SNR) against target

4
detection range for different values of Radar peakpower

Compute the pulse-width required to achievea certain SNR for a

5 given detection range

Analysis of the probabilityof false alarm, probability density

function
6

Analyse the performanceof a Delay Line Canceller at different

7 blind speeds

Analyse the performanceof a Double-Tap Delay Line

Canceller at different blind speeds

To study the characteristics of Gunn oscillator,Gun diode

Jas modulated source
9

Beyond Curricula Experiments:

10 Understand andanalyse the sum and difference antenna

pattern of monopulse radar

To study the
11 Characteristics of ReflexKlystron tube& to
determine its electronictuning range.
 Experiment 01
Objective:
Compute the duty cycle, average transmitted power, pulse energy and pulse repetition frequency
of Radar wave.
SimulationTool:
SCILAB
Input Parameters:
Symbol Description Units

tau Pulse width Seconds

pri PRI Seconds

P_power Peak power Watts

Output Parameters:
Descipton Units
Symbo
ep Pulse Energy Joules

prf PRF Hz

Description:
The most common radar signalor wave for misaseries of short duration, somewhat rectangular
shaped pulses modulating a sine wave carrier.(This is sometimes called a pulse train)

transm itted pulses

IPP
pulse 1d pulse 2 pulse 3 time

pulse 1 pulse 2 pulsc 3

ccho ccho echo time
received pulses

Figure 1.1Train of transmitted and received pulses

In general, a pulse radar transmits and receives a train of pulses,as illustrated in figure 1.1. The
Inter Pulse Period(IPP) is T, and the pulse width is r.The IPP is often referred to as Pulse
Repetition Interval (PRI). The inverse of PRIis PRE, denoted by fr.
f-1/PR-1/T
Duríng each PRIthe radar radiates energy only for t scconds and listens for target returns for
the rest of the PRI.The Radar transmitting duty cycled d is defined as the ratio d=/T.The
radar average transmitted power is
P'ayPxd
Where P is radar pcak power. The pulse encrgy is
EpPrPavT=Pav/hr
Scilab Code and Results:
cle ;
clear;
Tdelay =200*10^ -6; //t ime de layinsec
Vo =3*108; /6ve locityin m/s
R{Vo* Tdelay ) /2; //Range ofthe targetinmts
R-R/1000;/% in kns
disp('range of radar')
disp(R)
I96666%66969 %6%FINDINGDUTY CYCLE PRT PULSE WIDTH PULSE ENERGY
P=5000; //Peak x power in wa tis
Pav =1000; /Average Power
PRFI = 10; /Pul serepe titio nfr equencyinkhz
D= PavPt; /Duty cycle
PRII =1/ PRF1 ; /Pul se repetitive intervalinmsec
PWlD* PRIl ; /Pul se Width i nmsec
PEl -Pt*PWl; /Pulse Energy inj ou les
disp(duty cycle)
disp(D)
disp(pulse repetition time in msec')
disp(PRII )
disp(pulse energy in joule')
disp(PEI)
19696%696%%9%9%%%Range Resolutio
UR -200; /hnambiguous r ang e in kms
BW =1*10^6://%bandwidth in hz
V0 =3*10^8; /ov elocityin m/s
PRF =VO /(2* UR *10^3) ; /%6p ulserepetitio nfrequencyin hz
PRI =1/ PRF; //6p ulserepetitionintervalinsec
RR=VO /(2* BW); I1%Range Resolutioninnits
PW -(2* RRY(VO);://%p ulse width
disp('range resolution in mts)
 Experiment 02
Objective: Computation of Radar Equation usingMATLAB.
SimulationTool:
SCILAB

Description:
The radar equation is given by:

SNR-|PLG²a².o/|(4r).k.Te.B. Fn.L.R') ---- A)

InputParameters:

SVibol
Pt Peak Power Watts
f Frequency Hz
G Gain of theAntenna dB
Target cross section 2
Te Effective noise temperature Kelvin
B Bandwidth Hertz
Fn Noise figure dB
K Boltzmann constant J/K
Radar loss meters
R Target range dB
SNR Signal to noise ratio dB

Simulate the Radar equation(A). The program must consist of a reasonably simple user
interface that will enable users to enter the input parameters for the Radar Equation. Attach the
code and output result.
SCILAB Code and Results:

clc
clear ;
Pt -500000; //peak power in watts
F-10*j09; loperating freg in hz
MRP -0.1*10^ -12;/mininnum r eceivable power in wattS
Ac =5;/c ap tureare aof antenna l n n^2;
RCS -20; /r ada rcrosssection alare ainm^ 2;
Vo =3*10^8Aelocilyinn/s
landa -Vo/F
Rmax -(( Pr*Ac^2*RCS) /(4* opi * lamda^24 MRP )) 0.25/n mt
Rnax -Rmax/|000;/in kim
disp('maximum range in km)
disp(kmax)
 Experiment 03
Objective: Analysisof Radar Signal to Noise Ratio against target detection range for different
values of target Radar cross section.

SoftwareRequired: SCILAB

Description:
The radar equation is given by:

SNR-(PLG²A.o|(4r).kTe.B.Fn.L.R) ----A)

Here,

Pt Peak Power Watts

f Frequency Hz
G Gain of theAntenna dB
Þ Target cross section
Te Effective noise temperature Kelvin
B Bandwidth Hertz
Fn Noise figure dB
K Boltzmann constant J/K
Radar loss meters
R Target
range dB
SNR Signal to noise ratio dB

The radar minimum and maximum detection ranges are Rmin-25km and Rmax-165km. The
different target cross section values are O-0dBm, O=-10 dBmandâ =-20dBm.

SCILAB Code and Results:

function (snr]-radar eq(pt, freq1, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, rangel)

/This program implenments
C= 3.0e+8; llspeed of light
lambda = c/freq1; / wavelength
p_peak = 10*log10(pt); / covert peak power to dB
lambda sqdb 10*log10(lambda^2); /eomputewaveleng1h square in dB
sigmadb = 10*log10(sigma);//% convertsigma todB
four pi cub - 10*logl0((4.0*%piy 3); /"% (46pi)^3 indB
k db- 10*log 10(1.38e-23); 7% Boltzman'kconstant in dB
te db 104logl0(te); /% noise temp, indD
b db 10*log10(b)://% banhwidh in dB
range pwr4 db 10*logl0(rangel4);/ovector oflargetrngetin dB
num p peak + g +g+ lambda sqdb +sigmadb;
den - four pi cub +k db +te db +b db nf4loss t range pwr4 db;
Snr=num -den;
return
endfunction
I969%969%9%969%9%% main program target v/s range
pt =1.5et6;//% peak power in Watts
freql = 5.6e+9;//% radar operating frequency in Hz
g= 45.0;/% antenna gain in dB
sigma = 0.1;/% radar cross section in m squared
te = 290.0; //% effective noise temperature in Kelvins
b=5.0et6; //% radar operating bandwidth in Hz
nf = 3.0; /onoise figure in dB
loss =6.0; //% radar losses indB
rangel = linspace(25e3, 165e3, 1000); /% traget range 25 -l65 Km, 1000 points
snrl = radar eq(pt, freql, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, rangel);
snr2 radar eq(pt, freql, g, sigma/10, te, b, nf, loss, rangel);
snr3 radar eq(pt, freql, g, sigma* 10, te, b, nf, loss, rangel);
Ilplot SNR versus range
figure(1)
rangekm = rangel / 1000;
plot(rangekm,snr3, k,rangekm,snrl,'k -.,rangekm,snr2,k:')
legend(\sigma =0 dBsm'\sigma = -10dBs,\sigma = -20 dBsm')
xlabel (Detection range - Kmn');
ylabel (SNR - dB);

50
o=0dBsm
o=-10Bs
40 g=20 dBsmi

30
SNR-
dB

20

10

1020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Dtectinrae-Km
 50
G=0dBsm
G=10Bs
40 G=0Brm

30

SNR

10

100 120 140 160 180

40 60 80
Detectinrae- Km
different valuesof RCS.
Figure 3.1 SNR versusdetection range for three
 C

Experiment 04

Objective:
Analysis of Radar Signal to Noise Ratio against target detection range for different values of Radar
peak power

SoftwareRequired:
SCILAB

Description:
The radar equation is given by:
SNR-[PL.G²a.o/((4n').kTe.B.Fn.L.R ----- (A)

Syntax: [snr]=radar_eq(Pt,Freq,G,sigma, Te,B,N{]os,range)

Here,

Symbol
Pt Peak Power Watts
f Frequency Hz
G Gain of theAntenna dB
Target cross section m²
Te Effective noise temperature Kelvin
B Bandwidth Hertz
Fn Noise figure dB
K Boltzmann constant JK
Radar loss meters
R Target range dB
SNR Signal to noise ratio dB

The radar mínimum and maximum detection ranges are Rmin= 25Km and Rmax= 165Km. The
different target cross section values are P= 2.16 MW, P= 1.5 MW and P0.6 MW.
Plot the SNR versus detection range forgiven values of Radar Peak Power. Also attach the code and
result plots,
SCILAB Code and Results:

function (snrl-radar eg(pt, freq1, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, rangel)

WThis program implements Eq,A
C=3.0e+8, /1% speedof light
lambda =c /freq1;//% waveleng1h
p peak 10*log10pt); /% convert peak power to dB
lambda sqdb = 10*logl0(lambda 2); /"% compute wavelength square in dB
sigmadb 10*log10(sigma);/ % convert siguato d3
four pí cub =10*1og10(4,0* %piy 3): /% piv^3 in dB
k db= 0 logl0(L.38c-23); //% Bolzin 's constant in dlB
te db= 0*log10te); //% noise temp. in dB
b db= 10*logl0(b)://% bandwidth in dB
range
7
pwr4 db = 10*logl0(rangel.^4); /% vector of target range^4 indB
Implement Equation (1. 56)
num =p_ peak +g +g+lambda sqdb + sigmadb;
den = four pi _cub + k db +te db +b db +nf +loss + range pwr4 db;
snr =num - den:
return
endfunction
I969%9%96969%696969%%main program SNR v/s peak power
close
clear all
pt =1.5et6; /% peak power in Watts
freql = 5.6e+9; /% radar operating frequency in Hz
g=45.0; /% antenna gain in dB
sigma 0.1; /% radar cross section in msquared
te =290.0;//% efective noise temperature in Kelvins
b=5.0e6; //% radar operating bandvidth in Hz
nf= 3.0; Ionoise figure in dB
loss 6.0://% radar losses in dB
renge =linspace(25e3, 165e3, 1000); /% traget range 25 -165 Km, 1000 points
snrl =radar eq(pt, freq1, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range);
Snr2 radar eg(pt*.4, freql, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range);
snr3 radar eg(pt*1.8, freq1, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range);
figure (2)
plot(rangekm,snr3,'K',rangekm,snr1, k-.,rangekm,snr2, k:')
legend(Pt=2.16 MW, Pt = 1.5 MW"Pt =0.6 Mw)
xlabel (Detection range - Km);
ylabel (SNR - dB');

R=216W
R=15MW
P=06MW
30

20
16
10

02 04 1.2 14 1.6 1.8

Dtetiane-Km
Fig, 4.1 SNR versus detection range forgiven values of Radar Peak
Power
 Experiment 05
Objective:
To compute the pulse-width required to achieve a certain SNR for a given detection range.

Software Required:
SCILAB

Description:

The equation linking the SNR and radar pulse width is given by:

rl(4r).).Te).(B),(Fa),(L),(SNR).R»VICD(CH.a.01
Here,

Snbol Description
Pt Peak Power Watts
f Frequency Hz
Gain of theAntenna dB
Target cross section m
Te Effective noise temperature Kelvin
B Bandwidth Hertz
Fn Noise figure dB
K Boltzmann constant JK
Radar loss Meters
R Target range dB
SNR Signal to noise ratio dB

The three different range values are Rj=75 Km, R2= 100 Km and R3= 150 Km.

Obtain a plot for pulse width versus required SNR for three given range values. Also attach
the code along with plot.

SCLAB Code andResults:

close
clear all
pt 1.et6, /peak power in Watts
freqi =5.6e+9;// %radar operating frequency in lH:
240.0; /% antnna gain in dB
sÍema =).1;/% radar cross section in msquared
te -300.0;/%effective noise lemperatune in Kelvins
nf-5.0; anoise figure in dB
loss 6,0, 1%radar lossesin dB
rangel = [75e3, 100e3, 150e3]: /% three range values
from 5 dB to 20 dB 200 points
snr db = linspace(5,20,200): /% SNR values 10
snr = 10.0.1.*snr db):// % convertsr into base
antenna gain into base 10
gain = 100.1*g); //P6convert base 10
loss = 100.1*loss); /% covert losses into
F= 10\0.1*nf);// % covert noise figure into base 10
lambda = 3.e8 /freql//% compute wavelength
den pt gain * gain * sigma * lambda^2; range1(1)^4.* snr;
numl =(4*%pi)^3 * 1.38e-23 * te * F * loss * rangel(2)^4.* snr;
num2 =(4*%pi)^3 * 1.38e-23 *te *F * loss *
range1(3)^4.* snr;
num3 =(4*%pi)^3 * 1.38e-23 * te * F * loss *
taul =num1 / den ;
tau2 num2 /den;
tau3 num3 /den;
l/plot tau versus snr
figure(1) 1e6*tau3,'k:')
plot(10*log10(snr_db), l e6*taul,'k, 10*logl0(snr db), le6*tau2,'k -.,10*log10(snr_db),
legend(R= 75 Km', R= 100 Km,'R = 150 Km')
xlabel (Minimum required SNR - dB');
ylabel (tau (pulsewidth) in \mu sec);

10
-R=75Km
-R=100 Km
-R=150 Km
sec 1
u
in
(pulseidth)

10°

5 10 15 20
Mrimumequred SNR-B

Figure5.1 Pulse width versus required SNR for tlhree different detection range values
 Experiment 06
Objective:
function using Gaussian and
Analysis of the probability of false alarm, probability density
Rayleigh Distribution.
SoftwareRequired:
SCILAB

Description:
Here,
Probabilityof Detection
Pd Probabilityof FalseAlarm
Pfa
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
r() will
probability of false alarm P% is defined as the probability that a sample R of the signal
The present in radar.,
exceed the threshold voltage V when noise alone is

dr = exp
2y
V

SCILAB Code and Results:

liprobability density function(Guassian &Rayleigh)
clear all
close variable berween - and 6
xg = linspace(-6,6, 1500); //9% randomvariable between 0 and 6
X=linspace(0,6,1500); //% random
mu=0; II% zero mean Gaussian pdf nnean
sigma = 1.5; /1%%standard deviation (sqrt(variance)
ynorm-(1/(2*%pi))*exp(-(xg-mu)^2/2*sigma^2);
function normpdf
lynorm =normpdfxg, mu,signa);//% use MATLAB
yray-(xr/sigma 2)."exp(-xr^2/(2*sigma^2))
raylpdf
lyray =raylpdxr, sigma);/1% use MATLAB function
plotxg.ynorm, k,xr,yray,'k-.');,
legend( (Gaussian pdf,Rayleigh pdf)
xlabel(%)
ylabel(Probability density')
gtext('mu 0; sigma 1.5)
gtext('sigma -1.5)
%%%%%/%%
cle;
clear ;
BW=0.5*109; /P6bandeidth ofp ulse dr ada r inhz
Ta 10; /%fa lsealarm t ime in minut e s
Tal =Tfa "60; /96false alarm time inseconds
Pfa = 1( BW* Tfal )
disp(probability of false alarm is)
disp(Pfa)
Q45
Gaussian pdr
04 Fayleigh p

035
Probetility
dersity
Q3

a2 --
a15 --

a1

4 4
X

045
CaLssian pd
a4
------t-i Raylegh p

a35
-t-------i
a3
Pbsbility
----.
L---\---1
a15
a1

2 0 6
 Experiment 07
Objective:
Write a MATLAB codeto plot the frequency response of asingle-tap delay canceler (with
normalized frequency). Amplitude is to be shown in Volts and in dB.
SoftwareRequired:
SCILAB

Description:
Single-Delay Line Canceler frequency response:
The signal from a target at range Ro at the output of phase detector is
VË-Vosin(2rfdt-D0)
Where, fd- Doppler frequency shift =2v hor n/Tp
DO constant Phaseshift -47Ro (Range at time- 0) Vo= Amplitude
ofthe signal

V2-Vosin(2rfd(t-Tp)-D0)
Where, Tp-F Pulse Repetition Intervl
DelayLine Cancelation:V=V1-V2

The amplitude response hence derived to be: H()-2sin(rfdTp)

Syni Description
Fd Doppler frequencyshift
Vo Amplitude ofsignal
Tp Pulse Repetition Period
DelayLine Canceleroutput
H Amplitude Response
 Ardituce
resporBe-Vots

05

2 25 35 4
Q5 1 1.5
Norlizd frequeoy - tfr
Amplitude
resporee-d

05 1 1.5 2 25 3 35 4
Nmelizdfrequecy-tf

Figure7.1Singletap delay canceler frequency response

SCILAB Code and Results:
clc
clear all
close
fofrl-4;/ono of periods required
eps =0.00001:
fofr =0:0.01:fofr1;
arg1 =%pí .* fofr;
resp = 4.0 .*(sin(arg1)),^2);
maxl =max(resp);
resp =resp ./ maxl;
subplot(2,1, 1)
plot(fofr,resp, 'k')
xlabel (Normalized frequency - ffr)
ylabel( 'Amplitude response - Volts')
lgrid
subplot(2, 1I,2)
resp=10.*logi0(resp+eps);
plot(fofr,resp,'k'):
xlabei (Normalized frequency - f/r)
ylabel("Amplitude response -d)
 Ct

Experiment 08

Objective:
different
Understand andanalyse the performance of aDouble-Tap Delay Line Canceller at
blind speeds.
SoftwareRequired:
SCILAB

Deseription:
Double- Delay Line Canceler frequency response:
The signal from a target at range Ro at the output of phase detector is
VË=Vosin(2rfdt-Do)

Where, fd- Doppler frequency shift =2vr/ hor n/Tp

of the signal
O0= constant Phaseshift -4Roh (Range at time= 0) Vo =Amplitude

V2=Vosin(2nfd(t-Tp
o0) Where, Tp- Pulse Repetition Interval
DelayLine Cancelation:V=V1-V2
hence derived to be:
The amplitude response of two cascaded delayline canceller
H(O-4sin(taTp)
Here,

ymbo
fd Doppler frequencyshift
Vo Amplitude ofsignal
Pulse Repetition Period
Tp
DelayLine Canceleroutput
H Amplitude Response

Single
coicellotlon Chutter oldorer
elrum

Doubte
(o0cellolion
04
Z02
2
Frenuency
SCILAB Code and Results:

fofrl-4;/P6no of periods
eps =0.00001;
fofr = 0:0.01:fofrl;
argl =%pi.* fofr;
resp = 4.0,* (sin(argl). ^2);
maxl = max(resp);
resp=esp maxl;
resp2 =esp.* resp;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(fofr,resp, k--,fofr, resp2, k');
vlabel (Amplitude response - Volts')
resp2 -20.* log10(resp2+eps);
respl =20.* logi0(respteps);
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(fofr,respl, k-",fofr,resp2, k');
legend ('single canceler', double canceler')
xlabel (Normalized frequency f/fr)
ylabel (Amplitude
Anpitue response - dB')
resparse-Vts

05

0.5 1 1.5 2 25 3 35

-singe cade,'dbtle caoeler

-10 05 1 1.5 2.5 3 35 4

Nandized freqeytr
 Q5 1 1.5 2 25 35

50
singe caode;'dotle canosler

50

05 1 1.5 2 25 3 35 4
Nmaizedfreqey tfr
Figure8.I Frequency response of a double tap DLC compared with that of single DLC

05

0.5 1 1.5 2 25 3 35 4
Adittbrse-B
50
singe nle,daubecaader

50

05 1 1.5 2 25 3 35
Nrmdliad fieqency tir
 Experiment 9
Objective:
Understand and analyse the sum and difference antenna pattern of monopulse radar
SoftwareRequired:
SCILAB

Description:
A simplified monopulse radar block diagram is shomr in Fig. 9.1.The sum channel is used for both
transmit and receive. In the receive mode the sum channel provides the phase reference for the other
two diference channels. Range measurements can also be obtained fron the sum chamiel. Inorder
to illustrate how the sum and difference antenna patterns are formed. We will assume a sinp/Í single
element antenna patten and squint angle po. The smn signal in one coordinate (azimuth or elevation)
is then given by

E() = sin (p @o), sin(p + %)

(p-Po) (p+ Po)
Clearly, the sum and difference patterns depend heavily on the squint angle. Using a relatively small
squint angle produces a better sum pattern than that resulting from a larger angle. Additionally, the
difference pattern slope is steeper for the small squint angle.

Po =0.15
Po =0.75

bybrid
uplexer
transmitter

mixer
AMP

AGC
- amplitude
detector
to range
measurement

azimuth
bcam
fornang IF phase angle error
Detworks mixer detector
AMP

elevation
IF phase angle enor
mizer AMP detectoT

LO

Figure 9.3 Sinplified amplitude coumparison nonopulse radar block dingraxn

 MATLABCode and Results:

phi0-0.15;
eps =0.0000001;
angle = -%pi:0.01:%pi;
yl =sinc(angle + phi0);
y2 - sinc(angle - phi0));
ysum = yl + y2;
ydif= -yl + y2;
figure (1)
plot (angle,yl, 'K',angle,y2, k');
xlabel (Angle - radians')
ylabel ('Squinted patterns')
figure (2)
plot(angle,ysum, k');
xlabel (Angle - radians")
ylabel (Sum pattern')
figure (3)
plot (angle,ydif, 'k');
xlabel (Angle - radians')
ylabel (Difference pattern')
angle = -%pi/4:0.01:%pi/4;
yl =sinc(angle + phi0);
y2 = sinc((angle - phi0);
ydif = -y1 + y2;
ysum = yl + y2;
dovrs =ydif./ ysum;
figure(4)
plot (angle,dovrs, 'k') ;
xlabel (Angle - radians')
ylabel ('voltage gain')
 a6

04

02

02

3 2 1 2 3 4
Ande-raadas

1.5

Smpattem

05

2 1 2 4
Ande-radars
 05,

04

a3
02

a1

-01

-02
-03

04

2 1 2 3 4
Arde-rdas

08

06

04

02

-02

04

06

08
08 0.6 0.4 02 0.2 04 Q6 0.8
Ande- radars