Describe how a vaccine results in active immunity.

(4)

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i)State what is meant by the term anthropogenic climate change. (2)
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ii) Explain one way in which the effects of anthropogenic climate

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change can be reduced. (2)

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*

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*(iii) Explain the changes in these sand dunes with distance from the sea.
Use the information in the table to support your answer. (6)
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Explain how the products of the light-independent reactions
become NPP below the ground. (4)

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Explain the changes in the number of bacteria and phages
following the start of the phage therapy.
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Use the information in the graph to support your answer. (6)

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 CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE

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Structures T and U are membranes.

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Compare and contrast the structure of these two membranes.(3)

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Natural active immunity can develop when a person is infected with a virus.
(i) Describe the role of macrophages in the development of natural active immunity to a
virus, following infection. (3)
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Explain why both T helper cells and T killer cells are needed in the
immune response to a virus. (4)

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State the meaning of the term biodiversity.(2)
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Explain how this process
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amplifies the DNA.

Use information in the diagram to
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support your answer. (3)

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 Describe how a vaccine results in active immunity.
(4)

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State what is meant by anthropogenic climate change.
(2)
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8.2 Photosynthesis – summary of mark schemes
8.2.3 Explain the light-dependent reactions.

Mark Scheme

A. chlorophyll / photosystem absorbs light;

B. electron raised to higher energy level / photoactivated;
C. splitting of water / photolysis replaces electron;
D. passing of excited electrons between chlorophyll molecules in photosystems;
E. electron passed from photosystem II to carriers (in thylakoid membrane);
F. production of ATP in this way is called photophosphorylation;
G. electron causes pumping of protons into the thylakoid;
H. proton gradient used by ATPase to drive ATP production;

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I. lectron passes to photosystem I at end of carrier chain;
J. electron re-excited and emitted by photosystem I;
K. electron passed to / used to reduce NADP+;
L. NADPH + H+ / reduced NADP produced;

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M. cyclic photophosphorylation using photosystem I, electron carriers and ATPase only;

8.2.4 Explain photophosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.

Mark Scheme

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A. chemiosmosis is synthesis of ATP coupled to electron transport and proton movement;
B. photophosphorylation is the production of ATP with energy from light;
C. light energy causes photolysis / splitting of water;
D. electrons energized (from chlorophyll) / photoactivation;
E. photolysis provides (replacement) electrons for those lost from excited chlorophyll;
F. photolysis provides protons / H+ (for thylakoid gradient);
G.
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electron transport (carriers on membrane of thylakoid;)
H. causes pumping of protons / H+ across thylakoid membrane / into thylakoid space;
I. protons / H+ accumulate in thylakoid space / proton gradient set up;
J. protons / H+ move down concentration gradient;
K. into stroma;
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L. flow through ATPase / synthetase;
M. leading to ATP formation;
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8.2.5 Explain the light-independent reactions.

Mark Scheme
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A. light-independent reaction fixes CO2;

B. to make glycerate 3-phosphate;
C. glycerate 3-phosphate / GP / phosphoglyceric acid becomes reduced;
D. to triose phosphate / phosphoglyceraldehyde / glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate;
E. using NADPH;
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F. using ATP;
G. ATP needed to regenerate RuBP;
H. ATP is made in light-dependent reactions;
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I. light causes photoactivation / excitation of electrons;

J. flow of electrons causes pumping of protons into thylakoid;
K. ATP formation when protons pass back across thylakoid membrane;
L. electrons are passed to NADP / NADP+;
M. NADPH produced in the light dependent reactions;

8.2.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its function.

Mark Scheme

A. light dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane;

B. thylakoids provide a large surface area;
C. pigments / chlorophyll is located in the membrane;
D. in groups of (hundreds of) molecules called photosystems;
E. folds in thylakoid allow photosystems to be close to each other;
F. electron carriers embedded in membrane;
 G. NADP+ accepts two high energy electrons and an H+ from stroma to form NADPH;
H. electron flow causes H+ to be pumped into thylakoid space;
I. proton gradient formed in space between thylakoids;
J. H+ flow back through ATP synthase / synthetase channels to produce ATP;
K. coupling of electron transport produces ATP / chemiosmosis;
L. ATP synthase / synthetase embedded in thylakoid;
M. photolysis of water occurs in thylakoid space;

8.2.7 Explain the relationship between the action spectrum and the absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments in green plants.

Mark Scheme

N. x-axis labelled light wavelength / frequency and y-axis labelled rate of photosynthesis;

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O. curve increases, decreases and then increases again to decrease again;
P. peak approximately at 450 nm / blue region;
Q. peak approximately at 670 nm / red region;
R. first peak higher than second peak;

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Rate of photosynthesis

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400 450 500 550 600
M 650 700
blue green red
Light wavelength / nm
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Explain how food production could be made more sustainable.

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Use the information in the diagram and your own knowledge to support your answer.(6)
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Anthropogenic climate change

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 *(d) Forests, shrublands and grasslands are three types of ecosystem.
Biotic and abiotic factors affect how much biomass is stored in the roots of plants.

The graphs show the importance of some abiotic factors in determining how

much biomass is stored in the roots in these ecosystems.
Forests

yearly mean temperature

soil moisture content

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density of trees

carbon : nitrogen ratio in soil

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depth of soil

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Shrublands an Relative importance

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yearly mean temperature

soil moisture content

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density of trees

carbon : nitrogen ratio in soil

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depth of soil
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Relative importance
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Grasslands

yearly mean temperature
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soil moisture content

density of trees

carbon : nitrogen ratio in soil

depth of soil

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Relative importance
Question Answer Mark

*9(d) Yearly mean temperature:

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• (overall) has the greatest influence /has the greatest influence in forests and shrublands
• because temperature affects enzyme activity
• details of effects
• in plants of all three ecosystems

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• therefore faster photosynthesis and production of glucose
• RUBISCO works faster increasing light-independent reactions
• and production of GALP
Soil moisture content:

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• has the greatest influence in grasslands / second greatest influence (overall)
• because water needed for photolysis / light-dependent reactions
• without which photosynthesis will not occur and GALP will not be made
• water needed for transpiration and transport of mineral ions

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• water needed to transport sucrose / amino acids to roots
• water maybe more important to trees / grass as they have extensive root systems
Density of trees:
• influential in all ecosystems
• high density of trees will cause {competition for light / shading}

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• so rate of light-dependent reactions will be slower
• so less ATP for light-independent reactions

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• so less biomass available in the roots

• affects all three types of plant to some extent but low importance
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• plants need soil nitrates for amino acid production
• less nitrogen less protein available
• protein examples e.g. enzymes, RUBISCO
• for active transport of mineral ions
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Depth of soil:
• affects trees the most but least importance (6)
• soil needed for anchorage / water / mineral ions
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• because they need deeper soil and more extensive root system
• therefore more biomass needed in their roots
• shrubs / grass can grow in shallow soil as root system less extensive