Current Electricity

02
 Today’s Goal

Mobility & Current Density

Electrical Resistance

Temperature Dependen
ce of Resistance
Mobility:
Electrical Mobility is the ability of a charged particle to move through
a medium in response to an Electric Field, that is pulling them.

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NEET 2020
Current Density ( 𝑱Ԧ)

Current density at a point is defined as the

amount of current flowing per unit Area
around that point, provided the area is
NORMAL to the direction of current.

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Q6) Under Steady State , which is correct

a) JA > JB
b) JA < JB
c) JA =JB
d) Data insufficient

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 Electrical Resistance
The Resistance of a conductor is defined as the Ratio of
Potential Difference across the ends of conductor to the
current flowing through the conductor.

Unit of Resistance:
Electrical Resistance is Slope of V vs I Curve
Electrical Resistance in terms of charge density & Relaxation time
Factors on which Resistance of a Conductor
depends
1. m- mass of electron
2. e- Charge on electron
3. n- number of electrons per unit volume for
conductor
4. τ- Average relaxation time between two collisions
for conductor
5. L- length of conductor
6. A- Cross section Area of conductor through which
current flows
Resistivity Or Specific Resistance
For example-Resistivity of Copper at 20 oC is
-8
1.68 x10 𝛀m
Q) A wire of resistance R is stretched to double its
Length.Find the new Resistance

a) R
b) R/2
c) 2R
d) 4R
Q) A wire of resistance 9 ohm is compressed to one-third of
its length.Find the new resistance

a) 1 ohm
b) 3 ohm
c) 9 ohm
d) 27 ohm
Shortcut For Stretching and Compressing
Length
Q) If a Wire is stretched to increase its length by 1%. Find the
change in the resistance

a) 1%
b) 2%
c) 0.5%
d) 1.5%
Effect of Temperature on
Resistivity & Resistance
Effect of Temperature on ‘n’ (free e- density)
′
& ‘𝝉 (Average Relaxation time)
➢ On increasing Temperature ➢ On increasing Temperature

➢Thermal speed of free e- increases

➢More ionisation of e-
➢ Free e- collides more frequently
➢ No. of free e- increases ➢ time between two collisions decreases

➢ n increases ➢ 𝝉 decreases
1. For Metallic Conductors/ Conductors
➢ For metals, the number of free e- per unit volume (n) is very large,
about 1028- 1029 per m3 at room temperature
➢On increasing temperature, the increase in n is not significant
➢So, on increasing temperature
Graph for 𝝆 (or R) with T for Metallic
Conductors

Copper Gold, Copper, Silver

2. For Semi-Conductors and Insulators
➢ For Semi Conductors like Si and Ge (sometimes Carbon) and
insulators, the relaxation time 𝝉 does not vary much with
Temperature.
➢The free e- density (actually charge carriers ) depends on
Temperature as
𝒏 = 𝒏𝒐𝒆 -𝑬𝒈/𝑲𝑻
𝑬𝒈 → 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑮𝒂𝒑 𝑲 → 𝑩𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒛𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

➢On Increasing Temperature

Temp ↑ 𝒏↑ 𝑹↓ 𝝆 ↓
Graph for 𝝆 (or R) with T for Semiconductors
or Insulators

Carbon & Silicon

3. For Alloys like nichrome, manganin and
constantan

𝒏↑ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝉↓
Comparision

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Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (or
Resistivity)

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Q1) A copper coil has a resistance of 20.0 Ω at 0oC and a resistance of 26.4 Ω at
80oC . Find the temperature coefficient of resistance of copper.

a) 2 x 10-3 oC-1
b) 4 x 10-3 oC-1
c) 6x 10-3 oC-1
d) 8 x 10-3 oC-1

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Q2) A metallic wire has a resistance of 120 Ω at 20o C. Find the temperature at
which the resistance of same metallic wire rises to 240 Ω where the temperature
coefficient of the wire is 2 x 10-4 C-1

a) 2400 oC
b) 4800 oC
c) 4820 oC
d) 5020 oC

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Values of ‘ 𝜶’ for Conductors,
SemiConductor (& Insulators) and Alloys
❖ 𝜶𝑪𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 = +𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎-3 oC-1

❖ 𝜶𝑺𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒏 = −𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎-2 oC-1

❖ 𝜶𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆 = −𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎-4 oC-1

❖ 𝜶𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎-6 oC-1

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