History

is
map.
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o e
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and Arianie
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to
impressing. blessing,
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port,
whogiven

Detrimental increase
Harmful : opportunity
India theirto India,inThe

and atmosphere
this, during
in to Dalhousie
Lord
Expansion
British
UnderExpansion Government
The Anglo-French Company
orDualBritishRivalry The Topics
the power
India
British
in of TheEuropeans
Tradersas
tpower.
he the of Dyarchy EnglishFrench
end,European chaos Regulating
18th Conquest of
provedThere East in the
century and India
was Act
of India Chapter
detrimental trading anarchy of Bengal
lack 1773
CE,
unityof
companies inprevailing
gave
43 for
the an
 The
emerged Chart
receiveda
English
d Class
East Frenchat
in the the
Surat,Benga.
Chandernagar between
group Civics
Cochin,:
Bharuch,
Nagapatam,
Surat, to European
India founded Pondicher on
Iof3 e Eas
eaet
CODE-YO
the
the at Karaikal English a and
Dutch
the
at
Agra. to otherwas andby factories wars French.
by
CODE-VpYR History
thewith centres came Company
India headquarters
controlled 1Company
This formed cloth.
and with and to the
established
Dutch cottonruler.
trade Patna
trading
Company
along with led the
struggle
Ahmedabad, coast
established was
INDIA India Andhra, rivalry eliminated
in
Masulipatnam
on was ENGLISH
EAST
THE fine aby
carry
gains trading
their Chinsura, India East its Malabar Company
COMPANY
INDIA
company
up this and order
merchants.
Cambay,.
IN commercial
French (now
Puducherry). Anglo-French
coast.
Coromondel Thin
to established for set In Charter:Written
FRENCH
East
theCompany Masulipatnam, and
It French the powers.
1602, 1664, governmnent.
FrenchThe This
India :Muslin
victorious
on
powers.
achieve
CE Indies.
CE IndiaThey THEThe The Mahe Thetwo East
In in
their
British. the England, the
Europe.in These were cotton
exported sailor,
Europe. established
India. thethusIndian
traders Bassein
colonial Hugli the
centresand on over
established to areas. companies Portuguese
and with the and
the Cannanore a Bombay, control
CODE-ItdB
ledof Holland, factories' Items stones. from
by trading
companies coastal silk Portuguese graduallyup
hands. India
routes trade Portuguese
India trade. precious India set area.
establishing
gradually Portugal, the spices, theyDiu, of
of
TRADERS
AS
EUROPEANS theas of a to and their an
sea up Vasco-da-Gama, coast
colonisation agents in
known engaged
were
to permission and century, Daman, of
set in and route theCochin
Europeans newtrading from especially
into
Theposition western
Bengal.of
people
Hugli Denmark commercialIndia pearls sea India, India. passed process
of
of
companieswere
discoveries were Calicut, l6thGoa, indigenous
atFactory to centres from newgranted
to their the in The
including
Theleading establishmentparts, muslin,
factories the
and
factors.
called
1498, comingof trade on Chittagong
Dutch Indians. or Europe adiscoveredat coast consolidated
of :
Tradingdifferent
France trading
officials clothes, end Salsette Colonisation
sea-borne
hold, These CE was factories
western
| The After theempire
to In He
By and and 44
 writenstatement) from Queen
(a of England in
Elizabeth I l600, FACTORIES AND AGENCIES
OF THE
th¹ exclusive right to
givingit EUROPEAN COMPANIES
the East. Thus, all IN INDIA CE 1705
trade with
Çompetition from other English
eliminated.
trading bodies was
from the very
The English traderscombine trade DELHI
beginning tried to Company L ASAM
with diplomacy. Thein CE 1608.
RAJPUTANA
Aimer
Hawkins
sent Captain
in 1615, pátna"
and later Sir Thomas Roe MAU WA BE AL
Roe got
to the court of Jahangir.
GUJARAT
N D
Cambay
Hugli Chandemagore'
Jahangir, which Serampur achinsupa
a farman from
Baroda.

the English East India

Ft. William

ihe eas allowed

Company to set up a factory
at Bassein
Surat
Daman
BERAR NORTHERN
yPippli
eS at Sura Salsette CIRCARS

Surat. The English set up factories

Bombay BAY OF BENGAL
ARABIAN

Nagapa n at Surat, Agra,

Ahmedabad,
Broach, Hugli, Masulipatam and
Madras (now Chennai).
SEA

\
Goa
Kawar
Golconda Wizagapatam
esYanam
Masulipatam
Nellore
Amagaon
COUEAW They opened their first factory in Ft. St. George
Co India the south at Masulipatnam in CE
1611. But they very soon
shifted
Cannanore\ o/Pondicherry
Ft. St. David
English
o French Andaman a
Euras founda
opea to Madras in CE 1639.
Mahe 1Tranguebar
OKaralikal Portuguese
(Indi? Nicobarnd

LAKSHAD
Nagapatam Dutch
A Danish
fort
the Eas
he Frend
ndichern
The English built their first
at Madras and named it Fort
St.
George (1639). This fort was well
(INDA) IND |A N
SRI
LANKA oCE AN

equipped with arns and guns.

t Sural The English East India Company acquired Bombay
Charles II of
nBengu (now Mumbai) in CE 1668, from King
l on t England. Charles had married a Portuguese princess
dowry.
and got Bombay (now Mumbai) as part of
Hugli. In
veent In CE 1640, they established a factory at Sutanati,
villages
emerg CE 1680, they purchased three
Govindpur and Calicata. Later on they developed
(now
Calcutta
these villages and formed the city of power for
Kolkata). Calcutta became their centre of
Fort St George, Madras
many years.

roup Ihe English East India Company made progresS gradually succeeded in establishing the British
rule
the rival
Chatt rapidly and eliminated the influence of the in India. The English came as
became
traders and
of
powers in India. It took full advantage the masters of this country
in course oftime.
and
prevailing weak political condition in India
45

History and Civics Class-8

 3of
I

that the English East India theN

Think and Do Company had of
Who am 1?
fortify their settlements in Bengal. Siraj
the actions of the Company. He
wanted todid started
not
t
lke
part
battle because
Jafarjoined
growing power of the English East India check the
1. Iwas found in CE 1664. defeated. Ho
2. I granted Charter to English East India
Company.
So he asked the Company not to
settlements. But the English East India Companthy.eit
fortify killed.
Mir Jafar w
3. lgot a farman from Jahangir to set up factory
at Surat. not pay any heed to the Nawab's
repeated
Hence Siraj attacked and occupied the
Company did
requests,
English East
trade freely
4. 1married a Portuguese princess and got
Bombay as a dowry.
in Calcutta in 1756. Fort Wil iam gave24 Parg
Company. C
ANGLO-FRENCH RIVALRY The Battle
CODEPG
the history
From CE 1744 to l 763, the English and the French
milestone a
East India Companies were engaged in three wars. India. The
These wars are known as Carnatic Wars. These
community
wars were fought in the area corresponding to the
gradual Br
present state of Tamil Nadu, over a span of nearly
the whole c
two decades. The English won these wars and
were explo
established their monopoly over Indian trade. At
the end of these wars, the French could no longer | Fort William, Kolkata
claim to be a political powe.
When the news of capture of Calcutta reached
The French were finally defeated in the Battle
of Wandiwash in 1760. The French lost all their Madras, Clive was immediately sent to Calcutta and
the Nawab was forced to come to
possessions in India. The war ended in 1763 with terms. As a result,
Siraj had to vacate Calcutta and also pay
the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
to the British. indemnity
DD
BRITISH CONQUEST OF BENGAL D Clive now hatched a conspiracy against the Nawab.
CODE-VNS

The prosperity of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in the 18th Rai Durlabh, the Treasurer of the Nawab; Mir Jafa,
century was growing remarkably. During the same the comnmander-in-chief of the Nawab's forces; and
War Me
period, the Mughal Empire in Delhi was declining. Jagat Seth, the richest banker of Bengal,were induced
Bengal became an independent state under Murshid to revolt against the Nawab. It was decided that Clive
Quli Khan. Ali Vardi Khan was was to march at once to Plassey. Mir Jafar then was
Benga
grandson Siraj-ud-Daulah. It wassucceeded
by his The Co
under the rule to join Clive with allthe forces under his command.
of Siraj that Bengal lost its Nawab
Mir Jafar was promised the throne of Bengal.
British came to power. independence and the treasury
The Battle of Plassey (1757)
interfer
Causes of Conflict between CODE--CKG
Jafar wa
English and the Nawab The forces of Nawab and the British East India deposec
n1756, Company fought on the field of Plassey on June in-law,
Siraj-ud-Daulah came to power. He found 23, 1757. This was abattle onlyin name. A majo From
ndemnity : Apenalty given
by the
Qasim
defeated ruler to the victorious one for
causing Nar. Depos
46
History and Civics Classs History
 the
Nawabs army did not take part in the Enrich Your Knowedge
comspiracy of Mir Jafar. Mir
beause ot the How Plassey got its nmame? Plassey is an anglicised,
Clive. Siraj-ud-Daulah was completely pronunciation of Palashi and the place derived its name
However. he was captured and later on trom the palash tree known for its beautiful red flowers
that yield gulal, the powder used in the festival of Holi.
made the Nawab of Bengal. The
Iatar was
East India Company was given rights to The Battle of Buxar (1764)
English Bihar and Orissa. Mir Jafar
tieelv in Bengal,about one crore rupees to the Under these circumstances, Nawab Mir O
and
+Parganas other oficials made huge money. Qasim challenged the Company and a war
(ompav: Clive and
broke out between them. The Nawab was defeated
Plassey is of great significance in
The
Battle
was an important and fled to Awadh. But Mir Qasim formed an alliance
India. The Battle
the
historv of
history of with Shuja-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Awadh, and
a turning point in the
milestone and Alam, the Mughal Enmperor. The three forces
British were transtormed from a trading Shah
India. The
power. The Battle led to met the British forces at Buxar on October 22, 1764.
community to a political This battle is known as Battle of Buxar.
gradual British control over Bengal and eventually
emerged victorious. They made Mir
thewhole offIndia. Ihe immense resources of Bengal The British
the British to their advantage. Jafar the Nawab of Bengal for the second time.
were exploited by
Shah Alam II who took the side of the Nawab
and the Nawab of Awadh surrendered to the English.

War Memorial at Plassey

Bengal after Plassey Battle of Buxar

Ihe Company made heavy demands which the
Nawab was unable to meet. Gradually, the Nawab's
treasury became empty. The Company also started
in the day-to-day administration. Mir
interfering
Jafar was not happy
with the Company. The Company
deposed Mir Jafar and made Mir Qasim, his son
In-law, the new Nawab of Bengal.
From the very beginning relations between
Vasim and the English were not cordial.
vepose :Removal of a leader from position of power.
The defeat in the Battle of Buxar finally sealed the
fate of the Indian rulers. The victory at Buxar made
the English the supreme power in India.
The treaty which was concluded on 16th August,
1765, between the Nawab of Awadh and Robert
Clive is known as the Treaty of Allahabad.
Mir The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam Il granted the
right of Diwani (or land revenue collection) over
revenue
Right of Diwani : The right to collect land

47
Historyand Civics Class-8
 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa on a permanent basis to EXPANSION OF BRITISH POWER IN
the British. In return, the Company agreed to pay Rs
26 lakhs annually to him. From this time onwards Subsidiary Alliance
INDIA
the Company for the first time got involved in the CODE-GV)
direct administration of Bengal. Lord Wellesley was the British Governor

DUAL GOVERNMENT OR DYARCH9

DO
Bengal from 1798 - 1805. He was the
the doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance. Under
General
originator
o

(1765-1772)
CODE-vuwg
The period which followed from 1765, i.e., after the
grant of Diwani, is known for its Dual system or
Dyarchy. This system was characterised by the rule
of two - the Nawab and the Company. Under this
system, the Nawab was responsible for administering
the province and maintaining law and order, and
providing criminal justice. The Company controlled
the military and had the right to collect and utilise
the revenue of Bengal, called the Diwani powers.
The corruption and inefficiency of the Dual
Government was exposed when a terrible famine
struck Bengal in 1770, whereby one-third of the
entire population lost their lives. No relief measures
were undertaken.
Alliance, the native ruler of an
compelled to keep a permanent British
Suforcestbastiediarywas
Indian
his territory and to pay a subsidy for its within
This was
but was, in fact, form through
a matheintenofanckien.g
allegedly done for the protection
which
ruler paid tribute to the Company. WithoutIndiathen
approval of British Resident, the ruler would
employ any European in his service and also not
not negotiate with any other Indian would
consulting the Governor-General.
ruler without
In return, the British undertook to defend the rula
from his enemies. They also promised the policy
of non-interference in the internal affairs of the
allied state which was seldom true. The Nizam of
Hyderabad signed Subsidiary treaties in 1798 and
1800.

The Court of Directors of the company appointed Anglo-Mysore Wars

CODE-QSIU
Warren Hastings as the Governor of Bengal in 1772. From CE 1767 to 1799, the English and the rulers of
He abolished the Dual Government.
Mysore fought four wars. Mysore was an independent
state ruled by twO very able rulers Haider Ai and
THE REGULATING ACT 1773
CODE-K 3ac
then his son Tipu Sultan. These two rulers posed a
The Regulating Act of 1773 is very significant serious challenge to the English in India.
in the history of modern India. It D
changed the
function of the English East India Company from Anglo-Maratha Wars
a trading Company to an CODE-ycQ9

This Act gave the Company administrative body.

the necessary power
The British fought three wars with the Marathas and
Ang
of it took them 43 years (CE 1775-1818) to
administration of the subjugate
in India. The Governor ofconquered provinces the Marathas. Puni
Bengal became the
Governor-General of Bengal. The Third Anglo-Maratha War led to the abolition by a
of the Peshwa's hereditary office and the British had
emerged as the unchallenged power in India. Eurc
Dyarchy:The system of rule by two rulers rela
Tribute : Payment of British Resident: British officer who stayed at Indian ruier his
valuables
ruler tO another more or money by one Court.
the
order to be protected. powerful one in
var
8
His
History and Civics Class3
 3of

Bengal, Bihar and Orissa on a permanent basis to EXPANSION OF BRITISH POWER IN

the British. In return, the Company agreed to pay Rs
26 lakhs annually to him. From this time onwards Subsidiary Alliance
INDIA
the Company for the first time got involved in the CODE-G3
Lord Wellesley wasthe British Governor
direct administration of Bengal.
Bengal from 1798 1805. He was
the doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance.
the
origGener
inatoalr
o
of
DUAL GOVERNMENT OR DYARCH9
CODE-vuwg
Under
Alliance, the native ruler of an Indian Subsidiary
(1765-1772) compelled to keep a permanent British state was
The period which followed from 1765, i.e., after the his territory and to pay asubsidy for its force within
grant of Diwani, is known for its Dual system or
Dyarchy. This system was characterised by the rule
This was allegedly done for the protection of
but was, in fact, a form through which
the
maintenance.
king
of two the Nawab and the Company. Under this ruler paid tribute to the Company. Without Indin
system, the Nawab was responsible for administering approval of British Resident, the ruler would
the province and maintaining law and order, and employ any European in his service and also not
providing criminal justice. The Company controlled not negotiate with any other Indian ruler would
the military and had the right to collect and utilise consulting the Governor-General. without
the revenue of Bengal, called the Diwani powers. In return, the British undertook to defend the rule.
from his enemies. They also promised the policy
The corruption and inefficiency of the Dual of non-interference in the internal affairs of the
Government was exposed when a terrible famine allied state which was seldom true. The Nizam of
struck Bengal in 1770, whereby one-third of the
entire population lost their lives. No relief measures Hyderabad signed Subsidiary treaties in 1798 and
1800.
were undertaken.

The Court of Directors of the company appointed Anglo-Mysore Wars CODEOsU

Warren Hastings as the Governor of Bengal in 1772.
He abolished the Dual Government.
THE REGULATING ACT 1773 D
CODE-K3ac
The Regulating Act of 1773 is very significant
in the history of modern India. It changed the
function of the English East India Company from
a trading Company to an
From CE 1767 to 1799, the English and the rulers of
Mysore fought four wars. Mysore was an independent
state ruled by two very able rulers Haider Ali and
then his son Tipu Sultan. These two rulers posed a
serious challenge to the English in India.
Anglo-Maratha Wars
CODE-yc09

This Act gave the Company administrative body.

the necessary power
The British fought three wars with the Marathas and
Ang
of it took them 43 years (CE 1775-1818) to subjugate
administration of the
in India. The Governor ofconquered provinces the Marathas.
Punj
Bengal became the The Third Anglo-Maratha War led to the abolitioD by a
Governor-General of Bengal. of the Peshwas hereditary office and the British had
emerged as the unchallenged power in India. Euro
Dyarchy: The system of rule by two rulers rela
Tribute : Payment of valuables or British Resident: British officer who staved at Indian rulers his
ruler tO another more money by one COurt.
the
order to be protected. powerful one in
var
8
His
History and Civics Class3
 INDIA IN 1805
A Present extermal boundary of India
Peshawar KASHMIR
Attock INDEX
Rawalpindt
British Territory
Maratha Territory
Of
Df Multan,
Panipat

S
Delhi
RAJPUTANA Jaipur Agrae Lucknow
"Ajmer ANADH Patna
Jodhpur Gwalior Allahabad BIHAR
MARATHA TERRITORY
BENGAL
Chatdernagore (Fr.),
Calcutta"
Baroda
Kpthiakr Surat
Diu (Por,) Daman (Port "Cuttack
Bassin
Bombay
NIZAM
BAY OF
Hiderabad " BENGAL
Yanam (Fr.)
Goa (Por. )
CARNATIC
ARABIAN
SEA Madras
Mysore Pondicherri (Fr.)
Mahe (Fr.e
Calicut Karaikal (Fr)
Cochin2

Anglo-Sikh Relations
was still independent and was ruled CODE-mNPC
Punjab
Singh. He
by an able ruler, Maharaja Ranjit trained in the
was
had built up a strong army which
maintained friendly
curopean tradition. Ranjit Singh death, in 1839. After
relations withthe English till hispolitical instability in
his death there was a state of conflict among
the Punjab. For six vears, there was Anglo-Sikh War
49
Various claimants to the throne.

History and Civics Class-8

 Think and Do misgOvernan
1. The English fought wars with rulers of Pause and think annexedi n
Mysore, known as The British came as traders and
2. It took the British What do you think was the became our The Nawab

Marathas in three
to defeat the
wars.
turning point
consolidated their position? Discuss. maswhitersc.,h lakh rupees
palhousieh
he wanted
mismanage
BRITISH EXPANSION UNDER
norelief
LORD DALHOUSIE (1848-1856) CODE-Juda Other stat
The method of expansion in this
period was Berar, Pun
annexation. The person who masterminded it was
Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General
(1848-1856).
Like Wellesley, Dalhousie was an
aggressive
administrator. His expansionist policy gave the final
touch to the British Empire in India.
Dalhousie used three chief methods to expand British
rule in India. These were
(i) Wars and conquests
(ii) Doctrine of Lapse T
| Nana Saheb tt
(iii) Maladministration or Misgovernance
Arcot and Tanjore were annexed in this
Doctrine of Lapse manner
Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Ran
If Clive's name is associated with the Dual II, was not even given a pension and the
Government" and Wellesley's name with the imperil
title of the Mughal Emperor was discontinued after
"Subsidiary Alliance' Dalhousie's name is associated Bahadur Shah II.
with the "Doctrine of Lapse." Dalhousie introduced
this system which enabled him to annex vast
territories. According to this doctrine, if the ruler Annexation of States
of a dependent state died without leaving a natural " By conquest - Bengal, Mysore, Maratha states, Sind,
heir, the state would automatically pass over to the Punjab, portions of Burma and Nepal.
" By Subsidiary Alliances - Hyderabad, Bellari,
British. The Doctrine of Lapse did not recognise
adopted children as rightful heirs.
Cuddaph, Rohilkhand and Gorakhpur.
" By Doctrine of Lapse Satara, Jaitpur, Sambhalpu,
Satara, Sambalpur, Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed Baghat, Udaipur, Jhansi and Nagpur.
under the Doctrine of Lapse. " Misgovernance Awadh.

Abolition of Titles and Pensions

Dalhousie also abolished the titles and pensions of Annexation on the
childless Indian rulers after their death and Basis of Misgovernance
annexed their territories. thereby Dalhousie also carried on his polig
expansionist
through annexation of states on the basis 0

50

Hi:
History and Civics Classs
 Awadh was the only state that was
in 1856 on the ground of misgovernance.
Nawab of Awadh was given a pension of 12
sent to Calcutta. The excuse
rupces a year and
lkh given for
palhousie had annexing Awadh was that
santedto free the people from the Nawabs
mismanagement,
he but, in practice, the people got
o reliet
states annexed by Dalhousie were Sikkim,
Other
Berar. Pune,
Tanjore, Carnatic.
| Lord Dalhousie

POINTS TO REMEMBER

traders.
The Europeans came to India as
to trade with India, followed by the Dutch
The Portuguese were the first European power who came
the French and the English.
known as Carnatic Wars, were fought
The English and the French developed conflicts and three wars,
between the French and the English.
became supreme in the south.
The French were defeated and the English
conflict with
misuse of duty free trade by the merchants of English East India Company led to a
The
Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah.
Calcutta in 1756.
Siraj-ud-Daulah attacked Fort William in Jafar was
fought on July 23, 1757. Siraj-ud-Daulah was completely defeated and Mir
Battle of Plassey
made king.
replaced by his son-in-law Mir Qasim by the British.
But soon Mir Jafar was Shuja-ud-Daulah,
so he formed an alliance with the Nawab of Awadh,
British
Mir Qasim had conflict with
Alam.
and the Mughal Emperor, Shah were defeated by the English.
1764, all three Indian rulers
In the Battle of Buxar, the English in Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa.
right of Diwani to
1765 gave the any
" Ireaty of Allahabad Bengal. The Company enjoyed power without
government or Dyarchy was introduced in
" Dual
responsibility. subjugate the Marathas and the Marathas
three wars to
British 43 vears (CE 1775-1818) and
took the
Subsidiary Alliance. more permanent.
Were forced to accept the British influence in India
Subsidiary Aliance system made the annexations, with his Doctrine of Lapse.
Wellesley's
Cord final stages of
(1848-1856)completed the
ord Dalhousie

51

Story and Civics Class-8