Which of the following statements about homeostasis are false?

A. It is defined as a stable state of the normal body.

B. The central nervous system, heart, lungs, kidneys and spleen are the
essential organs that maintain homeostasis at anormal level.
C. Elective surgery should cause little disturbance to homeostasis.
D. Emergency surgery should cause little disturbance to homeostasis.
E. Return to normal homeostasis after an operation would depend upon
thepresence of co-morbid conditions.
In stress response, which of the following statements are false?
A. It is graded.
B. Metabolism and nitrogen excretion are related to the degree of stress.
C. In such a situation there are physiological, metabolic and immunological
changes.
D. The changes cannot be modified.
E. The mediators to the integrated response are initiated by the pituitary.
Which of the following statements about mediators is false?
A. They are neural, endocrine and inflammatory.
B. Every endocrine gland plays an equal part.
C. They produce a model of two phases.
D. The phases occur over several days.
E. They help in the process of repair.
Cell metabolism Which of the following statements is false?
A. Cells change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism when perfusion to
tissues is reduced.
B. The product of aerobic respiration is carbon dioxide.
C. The product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid.
D. The accumulation of lactic acid in the blood produces systemic respiratory
acidosis.
E. Lack of oxygen and glucose in the cell will eventually lead to failure of
sodium/ potassium pumps in the cell membrane and intracellular organelles.
Which of the following statements regarding hypovolaemic shock are true?
 A. It is associated with high cardiac output.
B. The vascular resistance is high.
C. The venous pressure is high.
D. The mixed venous saturation is high.
E. The base deficit is low.
Which of the following statements about ischaemia-reperfusion syndrome is
correct?
A. This refers to the cellular injury because of the direct effects of tissue
hypoxia.
B. It is seen after the normal circulation is restored to the tissues following an
episode of hypoperfusion.
C. The increased sodium load can lead to myocardial stimulation.
D. This is influenced by the duration and extent of tissue hypoperfusion.
E. It usually does not cause death.
Resuscitation in shock Which of the following statements are false?
A. Administration of inotropic agents to an empty heart will help to increase
diastolic filling and coronary perfusion.
B. In all cases, regardless of classification, hypovolaemia and preload must be
addressed first.
C. short, wide-bore catheters allow rapid infusion of fluids.
D. The oxygen-carrying capacity of both colloids and crystalloids is zero.
E. Hypotonic solutions are poor volume expanders and should not be used in
shock except in conditions of free water loss or sodium overload.
Which of the following about reactionary haemorrhage are false?
A. This is delayed haemorrhage occurring within 24 h after operation.
B. It is usually caused by dislodgement of clot, normalisation of blood pressure
or slippage of ligature.
C. It is associated with infection.
D. It can be significant, requiring re-exploration.
E. It is usually arterial.
Wound healing Which of these factors influences healing of a wound except?
 A. Vascular insufficiency
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Malnutrition
D. Site of wound
E. Size of wound.
Which of the following statements about the process of wound healing are true?
A. The inflammatory phase begins 2–3 days after the injury.
B. The proliferative phase lasts from 3 days to 3 months following the injury.
C. The remodelling phase involves fibroblast activity and production of
collagen and ground substance.
D. Fibroblasts require vitamin C to produce collagen.
E. The white cells stick to the damaged endothelium and release adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) and cytokines.
Which of the following statements are true?
A. Healing by primary intention results in minimum inflammation and the best
scar.
B. Tertiary intention involves immediate closure of the wound.
C. A crushed and contaminated wound is best suited for healing by primary
intention.
D. Primary repair of all structures should be attempted in an untidy wound
The following is a risk factor for wound infection Except?
A. Poor perfusion
B. Metabolic conditions such as diabetes and jaundice,
C. Poor surgical technique
D. Not using prophylactic antibiotics.
E. Uraemia.
Which of the following is Not a cause of secondary (or exogenous) infection?
A. Poor hand-washing technique
B. Perforated diverticular disease
C. Anastomotic leak
D. Inadequate air filtration in the theatre.
 E. Admission to hospital
Which of the following statements regarding abscesses are true? False
A. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causative organisms.
B. The abscess wall is composed of epithelium.
C. Most wound-site abscesses occur after the patient is discharged from the
hospital.
D. Antibiotics are indicated if there is evidence of cellulitis.
E. Actinomyces can cause a chronic abscess.
Which of the following may require more than one dose of prophylactic antibiotic
except?
A. Prolonged operations
B. Excessive blood loss
C. Gastrointestinal surgery
D. Insertion of prosthesis
E. Unexpected contamination.
Which of the following measures is useful in reducing surgical wound infection?
A. Antiseptic skin preparation
B. Shaving of area
C. Avoid hypothermia perioperatively
D. Decreasing hospital stay
E. Supplemental oxygen in recovery room.
Which of the following statements about types of wounds are false?
A. The infection rate in a ‘clean wound’ is between 3 per cent.
B. A ‘clean-contaminated wound’ has an infection rate of less than 10 per cent.
C. Antibiotic prophylaxis would be mandatory in ‘dirty wounds’.
D. The role of prophylactic antibiotics in non-prosthetic clean surgery is
controversial
Natural barriers to infection? All except:
A. A intact epithelial surface.
B. Antibiotic.
 C. Antibody.
D. Macrophages.
Which of the following statements regarding abscesses are true? False
A. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causative organisms.
B. The abscess wall is composed of epithelium.
C. Most wound-site abscesses occur before the patient is discharged from the
hospital.
D. Antibiotics are indicated if there is evidence of cellulitis.
Minimal monitoring of patient in shock all except?
A. ECG.
B. Pulse oximetry.
C. Respiratory rate.
D. Blood pressure.
E. Urine output.