Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Research in Transportation Business & Management

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rtbm

Analyzing bibliometric and thematic patterns in the transition to

sustainable transportation: Uncovering the influences on electric
vehicle adoption
Vedant Singh a, *, Harbansh Singh b, Bhaskar Dhiman b, Nitin Kumar c, Tej Singh d
a
Amrita School of Business, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru 560035, India
b
Faculty of Engineering & Management, Abhilashi University Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175045, India
c
Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246194, India
d
Savaria Institute of Technology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely 9700, Hungary

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Electric vehicle adoption (EVA) is gaining significant attention as a sustainable transportation solution to reduce
Electric vehicle adoption greenhouse gas emissions. However, social acceptance of EVA poses substantial challenges, and research on its
Sustainable transportation antecedents is crucial for facilitating greater social acceptance. Although there is increasing attention, more
Greenhouse emissions
comprehensive overviews of this topic must be provided. To summarize EVA's antecedents, this paper focuses on
Social acceptance
Bibliometric analysis
conducting a bibliometric analysis of 1800 research articles from the Scopus database published between 2011
Thematic analysis and 2022. Conceptual topography and bibliometric analysis were performed using the Biblioshiny R Package,
VOS Viewer, CiteSpace, and MS Excel software. The study highlights research trends, relevant journals, highly
cited publications, co-occurrence analysis, productive nations, best affiliations, and impactful authors. Tsinghua
University is noted as a top contributor with 39 publications related to EVA, while the United States emerged as
the most productive country in EVA publications, with 573 documents. Additionally, a thematic analysis iden­
tified critical antecedents of EVA, including technological factors, individual and organizational adoption levels,
economic considerations, social influence, and sustainability. The paper concludes by summarizing areas for
further investigation and possible future research directions, providing scholars with a deeper understanding of
EVA research and its antecedents.

1. Introduction
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has become crucial in
achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
associated with climate change, environmental protection, and energy
security (Pandey & Asif, 2022). According to the latest report by the
International Energy Agency (IEA), the mass of EVs worldwide reached
ten million in 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on the
motor industry (IEA, 2021). Moreover, the IEA estimates that the elec­
tric car stock will reach 145 million by 2030, a significant step toward
realizing the Paris Climate Accord's target of curbing global warming to
below 2 ◦ C (Meinshausen et al., 2022). The adoption of electric vehicles
(EVA) has significant environmental benefits, as they emit fewer
greenhouse gases and pollutants than conventional vehicles (CVs)
(Singh, Paul, & Pandey, 2023). Furthermore, the increased adoption of
EVs creates job opportunities, promotes energy security, and enhances
economic growth (Singh, Singh, Higueras-Castillo, & Liebana-
Cabanillas, 2023). With the powerful impetus of achieving sustainable
transportation systems and mitigating carbon emissions, countries
worldwide strive to accelerate EVA adoption (Singh, Singh, Higueras-

Abbreviations: EV, Electric Vehicle; SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals; IEA, International Energy Agency; EVA, Electric Vehicle Adoption; NREL, National
Renewable Energy Laboratory; NNSF, National Natural Science Foundation; DOE, Department of Energy; EERE, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; EPSRC,
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; FRFFCU, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; V2G, Vehicle-To-Grid; CSR, Corporate Social
Responsibility; TCO, Total Cost of Ownership; CV, Conventional Vehicle; GHGE, Greenhouse Gas Emission; E2W, Electric Two Wheelers; E3W, Electric Three
Wheelers.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: s_vedant@blr.amrita.edu (V. Singh), harbanshsingh9999@gmail.com (H. Singh), bhaskaradhiman@gmail.com (B. Dhiman), nitinbali100@
gmail.com (N. Kumar), sht@inf.elte.hu (T. Singh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.101033
Received 19 May 2023; Received in revised form 21 July 2023; Accepted 28 August 2023
Available online 31 August 2023
2210-5395/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
V. Singh et al.
Castillo, & Liebana-Cabanillas, 2023). To achieve this goal, numerous
types of research over the past decade have yielded significant insights
into EVA. Thus, it is critical to promote the EVA worldwide to achieve
sustainable transportation systems and meet the SDGs.
Despite efforts to promote EVA, public uptake still needs to be
improved. Researchers have examined factors influencing EVA at the
individual, organizational, and community levels (Corradi, Sica, &
Morone, 2023; Li, Long, Chen and Geng, 2017a; Singh, Paul, & Pandey,
2023; Singh, Singh, & Vaibhav, 2020). With the advancement of
investigation methods and the accessibility of more comprehensive data,
scholars are increasingly employing factual research designs to explore
the antecedents of EVA (Pinto, Bansal, & Goyal, 2022; Singh, Paul, &
Pandey, 2023). While some researchers have conducted structured
literature reviews to explore these antecedents (Anastasiadou & Gav­
anas, 2022; Corradi et al., 2023; R. R. Kumar & Alok, 2020; Li et al.,
2017b; Singh et al., 2020, Singh, Singh, Higueras-Castillo, & Liebana-
Cabanillas, 2023), this approach requires a reviewer with high exper­
tise. The digitization of research-based journals has made it challenging
to manage the large volume of publications (Qin, Xu, Wang, & Škare,
2022). As such, finding more effective ways to present a comprehensive
review of the ongoing state of research on EVA and its antecedents is
required.
To analyze EVA, several scholars have used bibliometric analysis,
and to give a more thorough knowledge of EVA, this work expands upon
the bibliometric investigations carried out by various researchers (Bhat
& Verma, 2023; Bryla, Chatterjee, & Ciabiada-Bryła, 2023; Pinto et al.,
2022; Qin et al., 2022; Singh, Paul, & Pandey, 2023) Although earlier
research looked at EVA patterns, they frequently lacked in-depth ex­
aminations of antecedents and their effects. On the other hand, this work
looks more closely at these precursors across 12 years, examining how
they induce EVA and change over time. This study also addresses the
shortcomings of earlier studies by providing a structured analysis of
antecedent categories and their interrelationships. By thoroughly
examining factors impacting EVA and offering a clearly defined con­
ceptual framework, this study also builds on the work of others. This
research sets itself apart from other general works on the use of green
energy by concentrating especially on EVA. Overall, this study advances
knowledge in the field by thoroughly investigating antecedents and their
roles in EVA.
The main research questions of this paper are based on a survey of
the literature, as stated above, with a concentration on EVA:
• What is the main conceptual topography of EVA publications by the
spatial depiction, i.e., year of publication, subject area, affiliations,
funding, authors, co-citation, bibliographic coupling of sources,
countries, documents, and cooccurrence of keywords?
• What are the key antecedents of EVA as identified through the the­
matic analysis?
• What are the areas for further investigation and possible future
research directions in the field of EVA based on the findings of this
study?
Addressing the above research questions aims to give a coherent
overview of the literature on EVA and explore its antecedents through a
bibliometric review. Three main objectives are identified: investigating
the conceptual topography of EVA publications, identifying the ante­
cedents of EVA, and suggesting future research directions. The study
uses software tools, including Biblioshiny R-package, VOS viewer
1.6.19, CiteSpace, and MS Excel 2021, to analyze data gathered from the
Scopus database's core collection. The first objective is achieved by
employing performance analysis and science mapping techniques to
disclose the value of research elements to EVA study and identify re­
lations and cognitive systems among them. The second aim is accom­
plished by conducting a thematic analysis and literature review to
identify critical antecedents of EVA, categorized under five themes:
technological, adopter-level (individual and organizational adoption
2
Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
levels), economic, social influence, and sustainability antecedents.
Finally, based on the findings from the first two objectives, the study
investigates possible areas of insufficient knowledge and puts forward
fresh concepts for future research.
This paper's significance resides in its capacity to educate and direct
academics, legislators, and decision-makers on sustainable trans­
portation. The study provides useful information that can be applied to
influence policies, tactics, and interventions targeted at hastening the
transition to EVs by emphasizing research patterns and identifying
influencing factors. The findings lay a strong foundation for additional
research and add to our current understanding of the uptake of EVs.
This study's relevance goes beyond academia because it has real-
world ramifications for those in charge of making decisions on sus­
tainable transportation. The knowledge acquired from this study can be
used to create focused interventions that will help remove obstacles and
encourage the wider use of EVs. Stakeholders can develop efficient ways
to speed the switch to sustainable transport systems by making well-
informed decisions and understanding how technological, social, eco­
nomic, and sustainability issues interact. The paper also acts as a spark
for additional study in this field. It shows future directions for further
research and points to knowledge gaps. This study may motivate aca­
demics to delve deeper into facets of the adoption of EVs, resulting in a
more thorough comprehension of the topic.
The study distinguishes between specific findings from the biblio­
metric analysis of research on the EVA and general, surface-level out­
comes. The results offer more granular and nuanced insights, while the
available results give a broad understanding of the study landscape.
These findings include research trends, relevant journals, highly cited
publications, co-occurrence analyses, productive nations, top affilia­
tions, and influential authors.
The paper's contribution to EVA is noteworthy, as it offers a deep
dive into the literature and investigates the antecedents of EVA through
a bibliometric examination. The study uses performance analysis and
science mapping techniques to explore the conceptual topography of
EVA publications, uncovering interconnected relationships and knowl­
edge trends within research components. Additionally, the study iden­
tifies critical determinants of EVA under five themes: technological
antecedents, adopter level, economic antecedents, social influence, and
sustainability. The paper suggests directions for future research and
potential knowledge gaps, providing valuable insights for policymakers,
practitioners, and scholars working toward achieving sustainable
transportation systems and meeting the United Nations SDGs.
The arrangement of this research is as follows: Section 2 details the
research methodology, and Section 3 depicts the outcomes of biblio­
metric analysis in multiple descriptive and visual network formats.
Based on thematic analysis, Section 4 categorizes and identifies the
critical antecedents influencing EVA across five dimensions. Section 5 of
the paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the findings and offers
policy recommendations for the field of EVA. Finally, in Section 6, the
study acknowledges its limitations, suggests directions for future
research, and presents concluding remarks.
2. Methodology
This study aims to analyze research trends and activities in EVA and
identify the factors influencing them. A bibliometric review that in­
cludes performance analysis and science mapping is done to accomplish
this. A comprehensive analysis of relevant literature on EVA antecedents
is also performed using clustering via Biblioshiny. The methodology
used in this study is presented in Fig. 1. Finally, the results and discus­
sions are presented.
2.1. Data source and collection
This study used A search query to retrieve bibliographic data from
the Scopus database. The search query used for this purpose was TITLE-
V. Singh et al.
Fig. 1. The four-step methodology employed for bibliometric analysis of EVA.
ABS-KEY (“Electric Vehicles” AND “Adoption”) AND PUBYEAR >2010
AND PUBYEAR <2023 AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENGI”) OR LIMIT-
TO (SUBJAREA, “ENER”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENVI”) OR LIMIT-
TO (SUBJAREA, “SOCI”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “COMP”) OR
LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “BUSI”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “DECI”) OR
LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “MATE”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ECON”)
OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “CHEM”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA,
“CENG”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “PSYC”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOC­
TYPE, “ar”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO
(SRCTYPE, “j”)).
The bibliographic data for the study was obtained from the Scopus
database using the keywords “electric vehicles” and “adoption” for
1971–2023, yielding a total of 3537 articles. For the selected period of
2011–2022, 3277 articles were identified. After excluding 1476 irrele­
vant articles from other fields, 1801 were screened for eligibility, pub­
lished only in English, and related to the study's focus areas. Quality
control measures were taken to ensure the review's quality, with du­
plicates (0 records) and incomplete records (1 paper) carefully examined
and removed. The inclusion criteria specified that any articles published
globally, indexed in Scopus, and pertinent to EVA within the defined
timespan (2022− 2011) were eligible for analysis. Each article was
assessed against the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and
1800 articles were ultimately selected for further analysis. The
research's ultimate focus was to map the quantity of EVA literature
available across various disciplines.
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Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
2.2. Strategies for analysis
Using practical data mining and analysis techniques, the research
objectives of this study were to extract worthwhile and trustworthy
research outputs (Qin et al., 2022). The main goal was to acquire
deliberate and thorough coverage of the literature by using a biblio­
metric procedural method that ensures organization and reproducibility
(Tranfield, Denyer, & Smart, 2003). Following the methodology sug­
gested by Aria and Cuccurullo (2017), (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017), the
publication trends and affiliations-wise publication for EVA were
examined using the Biblioshiny tool in R studio to achieve this goal.
Additionally, co-occurrence analysis (Gurzki & Woisetschläger, 2017;
Koseoglu, 2016), co-authorship study (Cheng, Huang, Yu, & Wu, 2018),
and word correlations (Turatto et al., 2021) were employed to uncover
the purpose and links between researchers, reveal the conceptual
structure of the literature, and assess the strength of word associations.
With the help of van Eck and Waltman (2010), the study also used
the VOS viewer to carry out co-citation analysis, bibliometric coupling
of sources, nations, and documents, and keyword co-occurrence anal­
ysis. Bibliographic coupling was carried out following Su and Lee (2010)
technique for evaluating critical information and linkages between
publications, and co-citation analysis was carried out using Kovács, Van
Looy, and Cassiman (2015)’s method. Bibliometric indicators were
analyzed using MS Excel 2021 tables and charts, serving as a quantita­
tive basis for the study. By leveraging network visualization and
V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

descriptive analysis techniques, the study examined the bibliometric
data on EVA retrieved from the Scopus database, identified and screened
literature related to EVA antecedents, and conducted in-depth content
analysis through clustering analysis in the Biblioshiny software. Ulti­
mately, the study aimed to conclude by identifying limitations, pre­
senting a conclusive summary, and proposing potential areas for future
research, driven by extensive bibliometric scrutiny and abductive con­
tent investigation. MS Excel 2021 tables and charts were used to analyze
bibliometric indicators as a quantitative foundation for the inquiry. The
study examined the bibliometric data on EVA retrieved from the Scopus
database, identified and screened literature related to EVA antecedents,
and conducted in-depth content analysis through clustering analysis in
the Biblioshiny software. It did this by utilizing network visualization
and descriptive analysis techniques. The study's ultimate goal was to
conclude by outlining its limitations, providing a conclusive summary,
and suggesting possible research fields, all of which were motivated by
intense bibliometric analysis and abductive content examination.
3. Conceptual topography of EVA publications
This section presents the conceptual topography of EVA publications.
The spatial depiction is divided into ten parts, providing an overview of
exciting results and findings on publication trends, year of publication,
subject area, affiliations, funding, authors, co-citation, bibliographic
coupling of sources, countries, documents, and co-occurrence of key­
words. By visually presenting the results, the analysis reveals the
research priorities, perspectives, and trends prevalent within the EVA
scientific community, thereby enhancing comprehension of the present
research landscape in the EVA domain.
3.1. Publications trends of the EVA
The publication trends in EVA between 2011 and 2022 have been
summarized in Table 1, which was created using a Scopus database file
imported into Biblioshiny on R-studio. For this study, final published
publications were chosen to guarantee the accuracy and trustworthiness
of the data. The stringent peer-review procedure and the scholarly
community's endorsement of these articles attest to their high calibre
and reliability. Analyzing research trends and the variables affecting the
EVA can be done strongly and reliably by concentrating on final pub­
lished publications. The data was sourced from 1800 documents pub­
lished in 445 peer-reviewed journals and showed a sharp increase in
publications with an annual growth rate of 33%. For capturing the
recent interest in EVs among consumers, the search was restricted to
articles published between 2011 and 2022, which corresponds to the
period when Germany and other countries initiated extensive research
programs to develop vehicles and batteries and conducted field trials to
test these technologies for mobility solutions (Stockkamp, Schäfer,
Millemann, & Heidenreich, 2021). Despite the search's limited time­
frame, numerous studies addressed the combined search terms. The
current research has an average document age of 3.81 years and an
average of 31.41 citations per document, suggesting that the topic is
receiving significant attention from the scientific community. The high
number of references (79,793) and keywords (8348) highlights this
field's diverse range of research. Collaboration is also a prominent
feature of EVA research, with 28.83% of co-authors from international
collaborations indicating a global effort. Additionally, all documents are
peer-reviewed academic articles reflecting the rigorous nature of EVA
research. Overall, these results suggest that the field of EVA is expand­
ing, becoming more diverse, and attracting significant interest and
collaboration from researchers worldwide.
Table 2 lists the top 10 most-cited articles related to EVA between
2011 and 2022 based on citation count. The table lists the author/year/
journal, the total number of citations per year, and the normalized total
citations (TC). The most cited article is by Egbue O, with 964 total ci­
tations and 80.33 citations per year (Egbue & Long, 2012). The second
and third most cited articles are by Sierzchula, Bakker, Maat, and van
Wee (2014) and Rezvani et al. (2015), with 709 and 667 total citations,
respectively; the remaining articles listed range from 636 to 426 total
citations (Ahmad et al., 2018; Alonso et al., 2012; Gallagher & Mueh­
legger, 2011; Graham-Rowe et al., 2012; Liang et al., 2017; Richardson
et al., 2012). The normalized TC column indicates the average number
of citations per year since the article's publication, with values ranging
from 3.54 to 9.85. Overall, the articles on the list suggest a significant
interest in consumer attitudes and perceptions toward EVs and the
integration of EVs with the smart grid. The articles on the list also reflect
the interdisciplinary nature of research on EVA, with contributions from
various fields such as environmental science, economics, and trans­
portation research. This multidisciplinary nature of EVA research could
Table 2
Top 10 globally cited EVA documents (based on citation count) (Source: Scopus
database, 2011–2022).
Sr. Author/year/journal Total TC per Normalized
No. citations year TC
(TC)

Table 1 Egbue & Long, 2012, Energy

1 964 80.33 8.82
Publications trends for EVA (Source: Scopus database, 2011–2022). Policy
2 Sierzchula, 2014, Energy Policy 709 70.90 7.64
Description Results Rezvani, Jansson, & Bodin,
3 2015, Transportation Research 667 74.11 9.85
Main information about the data
Part D
Timespan 2011:2022
Alonso et al., 2012,
Sources (Journals, Books, etc.) 445
4 Environmental Science and 636 53.00 5.82
Documents 1800
Technology
Annual growth rate % 33.01
Sortomme & El-Sharkawi, 2011,
Document average age 3.81 5 592 45.54 4.76
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
Average citations per doc 31.41
Liang et al., 2017, Natural
References 79,793 6 492 70.29 7.99
Materials
Document contents
Richardson, Flynn, & Keane,
Keywords plus (ID) 8348
7 2012, IEEE Transactions on 452 37.67 4.13
Author's keywords (DE) 4633
Power Systems
Authors
Gallagher & Muehlegger, 2011,
Authors 4851
8 Journal of Environmental 441 33.92 3.54
Authors of single-authored docs 98
Economics and Management
Authors collaboration
Graham-Rowe et al., 2012,
Single-authored docs 103
9 Transportation Research Part A: 437 36.42 4.00
Co-authors per doc 3.77
Policy and Practice
International co-authorships % 28.83
Ahmad, Alam, & Chabaan, 2018,
10 IEEE Transactions on 426 60.86 6.92
Document types Transportation Electrification
Articles 1800

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

be attributed to the complex interplay of technological, economic, so­ Finance, Materials Science, Chemistry, Psychology, and Chemical En­
cial, and environmental factors (Singh et al., 2020). gineering, have a relatively small number of articles, indicating that
these areas have yet to receive significant attention in EVA research.
3.2. Year-wise publication of the EVA research Including research from these areas is appropriate since it offers
insightful information on adopting EVs' economic viability, financing
The trend in EVA research publications from 2011 to 2022 is pre­ choices, battery technology, sustainable materials, customer attitudes,
sented in Table 3, sourced from the Scopus database. The number of and production procedures. This multidisciplinary approach improves
articles related to EVA has increased, with a notable surge after 2014. our comprehension of the numerous aspects affecting the EVA. Fig. 3
This surge in publications coincided with the adoption of the SDGs by demonstrates that EVA research is an interdisciplinary field that spans
the United Nations in 2015, which prioritized sustainable trans­ several subject areas. It is essential to consider these different perspec­
portation. The rise in interest in this topic is illustrated in Fig. 2‘s column tives to understand EVA's implications fully.
chart. From 2011 to 2016, 466 articles related to EVA were published,
while from 2017 to 2022, 1072 articles were published on the same 3.4. Affiliation-wise publication of the EVA
topic, indicating continued growth in research interest in EVA. How­
ever, the mean TC per article and the mean TC per year exhibit a Fig. 4 presents the affiliation-wise publication trend related to EVA
declining trend, demonstrating a decreasing impact of EVA research on from 2011 to 2022, based on the Scopus database. Tsinghua University
the scientific community. in China tops the list with 39 articles on EVA, followed by the University
Moreover, the number of citable years decreases as we move from of California, Davis, with 35 articles, and the NREL in the US with 32
older to more recent publications, implying that newer findings make articles. These leading institutions have significantly contributed to EVA
more senior research less relevant. These findings are consistent with research, including battery technology, charging infrastructure, and
prior studies indicating a decline in research impact in various fields policy analysis. Researchers at these institutions have explored various
over time (Bornmann & Mutz, 2015). Overall, the table shows a growing aspects of EVA adoption, such as consumer behavior, technological
interest in EVA research, but the effect of these publications on the innovation, and environmental impacts. Their research findings have
scientific community is decreasing. provided valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and
researchers. The diversity of these sources reflects the interdisciplinary
3.3. Subject area-wise publication of the EVA nature of EVA research and highlights the importance of collaborations
across various disciplines to achieve sustainable mobility goals.
Fig. 3 presents the subject-wise publication distribution related to
EVA from 2011 to 2022 based on the Scopus database. Engineering is the 3.5. Funding sponsor-wise publication of the EVA
most popular subject area for EVA research, with 1029 articles pub­
lished. These studies are pertinent to the EVA because they offer Fig. 5 presents the sponsor-wise funding for publications related to
insightful information about the technological aspects of the design of EVA from 2011 to 2022 derived from the Scopus database. The NNSF of
EVs and address important issues, including range, battery life, charging China tops the list with 172 publications, followed by the U.S. DOE with
infrastructure, and vehicle efficiency. Understanding these engineering- 103 and the NSF with 90. Other significant funding sponsors include the
related issues is essential for appreciating the opportunities and prob­ Office of EERE, the EPSRC, and the FRFFCU. The availability of funding
lems linked to the EVA. Energy and environmental science come in plays a crucial role in driving research on EVA, and the significant
second and third, with 753 and 662 articles, respectively, indicating that funding provided by these sponsors indicates the growing importance of
EV adoption has significant implications for energy and the environ­ EVA research in addressing global energy and environmental challenges
ment. Social sciences, with 595 articles, is the fourth most popular (Casella et al., 2022; N. Wang, Tang, & Pan, 2019).
subject area, demonstrating that adopting EVs is not just a technological
or environmental issue but also has social implications. Computer Sci­ 3.6. Author-wise publication of the EVA
ence, Business Management and Accounting, and Decision Sciences are
the most popular subject areas, with 246; 228; and 136 articles indi­ Fig. 6 presents the top 10 authors in the field of EVA based on the
cating that EVA has significant implications. Including studies from Scopus database. Sovacool, B.K. emerges as the leading author with 17
computer science, business management and accounting, and decision articles, followed by Axsen, J., Noel, L., and Wang, S., each contributing
sciences is justifiable because these fields offer insights into improving 12 articles. Sovacool, B.K.'s integrated conceptual framework offers a
electric vehicle technology, financial evaluation, and EVA-related de­ comprehensive understanding of EVA (Sovacool, 2017), while their
cision-making processes, ensuring a thorough analysis of the multidis­ studies on consumers' purchasing intentions in China (Sovacool, Abra­
ciplinary aspects of switching to sustainable transportation solutions. hamse, Zhang, & Ren, 2019) and the impact of demographic variables
The remaining subject areas, including Economics, Econometrics, on electric mobility preferences in the Nordic region (Sovacool, Kester,
Noel, & de Rubens, 2018) provide valuable insights into adoption
Table 3 factors.
Year-wise publication related to EVA (Source: Scopus database, 2011–2022). Axsen, J.'s contributions to EVA research include an examination of
the neighbour effect in hybrid EVs, highlighting the role of social net­
Sr. Year No. of Mean TC per Mean TC per Citable
No. articles article year years works (Axsen, Mountain, & Jaccard, 2009), and an investigation of so­
cial influence and consumer preference formation in a UK workplace
1 2011 19.00 124.42 9.57 13
2 2012 43.00 109.33 9.11 12
electric-vehicle study (Axsen, Orlebar, & Skippon, 2013). Noel, L. has
3 2013 36.00 79.75 7.25 11 explored the failure of the Better Place initiative and the factors of range
4 2014 44.00 92.8 9.28 10 anxiety, interpretive flexibility, and EVA (Noel & Sovacool, 2016), along
5 2015 75.00 67.71 7.52 9 with conducting a Nordic choice experiment on willingness to pay for
6 2016 94.00 59.33 7.42 8
EVs and vehicle-to-grid applications (Noel et al., 2019). Lastly, Wang S.'s
7 2017 124.00 61.56 8.79 7
8 2018 150.00 45.34 7.56 6 research has delved into policy implications for EVA, including the in­
9 2019 210.00 31.29 6.26 5 fluence of consumer knowledge, perceived risk, and financial incentives
10 2020 233.00 22.23 5.56 4 (S. Wang, Wang, Li, Wang, & Liang, 2018), as well as the impact of
11 2021 334.00 12.75 4.25 3 policy measures on consumer intention to adopt electric vehicles in
12 2022 438.00 3.26 1.63 2
China (S. Wang, Li, & Zhao, 2017). These authors' varied academic

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Fig. 2. Year-wise publication related to EVA (Source: Scopus database, 2011–2022).

Fig. 3. Area-wise publication related to EVA (Source: Scopus database, 2011–2022).

backgrounds add to the depth of the EVA literature, and their study
offers insightful information for decision-makers, producers, and con­
sumers involved in the EVA.
3.7. Co-citation analysis
The co-citation analysis of the VOS viewer has provided important
new insights into the field of EVA research. One hundred four co-cited
authors were found out of 71,667 and divided into four clusters. There
are 45 authors in the largest cluster, coloured red, and denotes a high
level of co-citation activity and influence. The 32 and 23 co-cited au­
thors in the green and blue groups, respectively, likewise demonstrate
significant collaboration and research within subtopics. However, the
yellow cluster contains the fewest authors, indicating a more specialized
or specialist field of study. These clusters' various sizes shed light on the
significance and density of different research fields within the subject.
The top 10 authors in EVA research, as shown in Table 4 based on
citation count, are highly significant. Their work addresses various EVA-
related problems and is frequently co-cited, demonstrating its strength
and significance. The co-citation analysis visualization, represented by
Fig. 7, thoroughly explains the authors' connections and co-citation
patterns. It proves the existence of numerous clusters, each of which
stands for a different subject of study. While the larger nodes inside the
groups denote authors with greater influence, the size and dispersion of
these clusters provide insights into the prominence and collaboration
across various subtopics. This paper will be useful for researchers,
decision-makers, and professionals interested in examining EVA's in­
tellectual structure and trends.

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V. Singh et al.
Fig. 4. Affiliation-wise publication related to EVA.
Fig. 5. Funding sponsor-wise publication related to EVA.
3.8. Bibliographic coupling
Bibliographic coupling is used in this bibliometric to identify the
degree of similarity between two or more scientific articles based on
their shared references. The method involves comparing the references
cited in different articles and identifying the ones cited in both (Chang,
Huang, & Lin, 2015). The more references the two articles share, the
stronger their bibliographic coupling. Bibliographic coupling helps
identify research trends and collaborations between authors and can be
used to create co-citation networks (Fonteyn, Lizin, & Maes, 2020). The
following sub-sections present the bibliographic coupling of sources,
nations, and articles.
3.8.1. Bibliographic coupling of sources
In the analysis of bibliographic coupling between sources, it has been
observed that the strength of the coupling between two sources in­
creases with the number of references they share. For this study, a total
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Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
of 445 sources were considered, but only those sources with at least five
publications were selected for analysis to ensure the quality of the re­
sults. Furthermore, to improve the accuracy of the analysis, the number
of citations per publication was restricted to ten. Following these pa­
rameters, 61 sources were found to meet the threshold criteria. The
bibliographic coupling of these sources was visualized using the VOS
viewer, which determined the total link strength of each source (van Eck
& Waltman, 2010). The analysis identified five clusters of sources. The
first cluster, illustrated in red, consisted of 26 sources, while the second
cluster, illustrated in green, had 16 sources. The third cluster, repre­
sented in blue, consisted of 11 sources, and the fourth and fifth clusters,
illustrated in yellow and cyan, respectively, had 5 and 3 sources each.
The credentials and citation statistics of these sources are presented
in Table 5, where the average number of citations per document is
provided in the last column. An interesting finding of the analysis was
that although “Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Envi­
ronment” had produced the maximum number of 123 documents with
V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Fig. 6. Author-wise publication related to EVA.

to EVA, but only 38 meet the threshold of at least ten papers and ten
Table 4
citations for analysis in VOS viewer. The limited number of nations
Top 10 authors based on citation count related to EVA.
involved in EVA research highlights the study's critical deficiency, pre­
S.N. Author Citations Total link strength senting an opportunity to broaden the study's scope to include other
1 Axsen J. 735 23,818 countries.
2 Li J. 657 19,133 Fig. 11 presents a detailed map of the collaboration network among
3 Wang S. 506 18,708
influential countries and regions, with lines indicating cooperative re­
4 Sovacool B.K. 500 15,762
5 Wang J. 473 12,769 lationships and the thickness of the lines representing the extent of
6 Kempton W. 461 11,144 cooperation. The USA has the broadest radius of collaborative partners,
7 Zhang X. 460 12,164 with China being the most outstanding collaborator with a publication
8 Zhang Y. 434 10,390 frequency of 70, followed by the UK with a frequency of 35. Other
9 Wang Y. 433 10,356
countries with strong collaborative ties to the USA include Canada,
10 Plotz P. 418 14,135
South Korea, and the UK, each with a publication frequency of 18.
Cooperation among high-performance countries is apparent, as world­
5625 total citations, the average number of citations per document was wide co-authored papers have been shown to perform better in quantity
only 45.73. In contrast, “Energy Policy,” which had published only 82 and citations (Kwiek, 2021). However, Canada, ranking fifth with 103
documents, had 6313 citations, and the average citation per document published articles, has maintained an almost closed stance with limited
was 76.99, significantly higher than “Transportation Research Part D: links with the global community. To address this issue, scholars from
Transport and Environment.” This result suggests that the average Canada should actively engage in educational visits and international
number of citations in documents can provide valuable insights into the research exchanges to enhance collaboration.
quality of a specific source. Fig. 8. illustrates the Bibliographic coupling Using the VOS viewer's clustering algorithm, the countries and re­
map for sources, and Fig. 9's bar chart, represents the top 10 productive gions in the study were classified into six distinct categories, as illus­
sources based on the number of documents they have produced. Overall, trated in Fig. 12. The diagram highlights that the US, China, the UK, and
this bibliographic coupling analysis provides insights into the relation­ India are the most significant nodes with solid connections. However,
ships between sources and helps identify the most productive and these three countries are labelled with different colours, indicating that
influential sources in a field of study. Researchers can gain valuable their research focus in EVA may vary based on geographic location.
insights into the citation patterns and strengths of coupling between These findings suggest that geographic location shapes the research
sources by using appropriate parameters for analysis and visualization orientation in other countries and regions (Barbosa et al., 2022).
tools like the VOS viewer. Therefore, researchers from all over the world should strive to overcome
spatial barriers in EVA research and work toward the advancement of
3.8.2. Bibliographic coupling of countries this field.
Table 6 shows the bibliographic coupling results based on countries
related to EVA, where the United States, China, and the United Kingdom 3.8.3. Bibliographic coupling of documents
are the top three productive countries in terms of EVA publications The bibliographic coupling of documents related to EVA is presented
(Fig. 10), followed by India, Germany, Australia, Netherlands, South in Table 7, listing the top 10 papers based on their number of citations
Korea, Canada, and Denmark. The Netherlands and Denmark have the and total link strength in the dataset (Barth, Jugert, & Fritsche, 2016;
highest average citations per document, indicating highly impactful Bjerkan, Nørbech, & Nordtømme, 2016; Han, Wang, Zhao, & Li, 2017;
research in EVA from these countries. The table also displays the number Hardman, Shiu, & Steinberger-Wilckens, 2016; He & Zhan, 2018; X.
of citations, total link strength, and the average citations per country, Huang & Ge, 2019; Rezvani et al., 2015; She, Sun, Ma, & Xie, 2017; S.
revealing that the United States has the maximum totality of publica­ Wang et al., 2017; White & Sintov, 2017). The minimum citation
tions in the sector of EVA. However, the Netherlands, with only 77 threshold of 100 was set in VOS viewer to obtain more accurate results,
documents, has the highest average citation per document among all resulting in only 115 documents meeting the criteria out of 1800. Out of
other countries. One hundred one countries produce documents related 155 papers, 91 were found to be connected, forming nine distinct

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Fig. 7. Co-citation analysis in VOS viewer.

impactful documents related to EVA based on their bibliographic

Table 5
coupling, which can assist researchers and practitioners interested in
Bibliographic coupling map for sources related to EVA (Source: Scopus database,
this area.
2011–2022 and authors' compilation with VOS viewer).
Sr. Source Documents Citations Total link Average
No. strength citations 3.9. Co-occurrence of keywords

Transportation
Research Part D
Author keywords and Keywords Plus are both essential components
1 123 5625 11,727 45.73 of scientific articles, as they aid readers in quickly identifying the main
Transport and
Environment concepts and focus of the research. Word clouds can be generated to
Transportation identify the most regularly employed words across a field. Scopus gives
2 Research Part A 64 3968 8564 62.00
researchers both types of keywords. The authors choose author key­
Policy and Practice
3 Energy Policy 82 6313 7962 76.99 words, often used by researchers and readers, to quickly identify the
Sustainability main concepts and focus of the article (Goh & See, 2021; Uddin & Khan,
4 64 1090 6461 17.03
(Switzerland) 2016). In contrast, Keywords Plus is generated automatically by Scopus
Journal Of Cleaner based on an analysis of the article's title, abstract, and cited references.
5 53 2150 4307 40.57
Production
They provide additional insights and context to the article beyond what
Technological
6 Forecasting and 33 1033 2920 31.30 the author's keywords may have captured (Bhatnagar & Sharma, 2022;
Social Change Uddin & Khan, 2016). Keywords Plus is generally perceived as more
7 Transport Policy 29 1140 2765 39.31 beneficial in capturing the scientific essence of an article (Bhatnagar &
World Electric
8 69 339 2748 4.91 Sharma, 2022).
Vehicle Journal
9 Energy Economics 21 445 2473 21.19 Fig. 14 represents the prominent 50 words in author keywords and
10 Energies 82 1320 2407 16.10 keywords plus, with the words' sizes indicating their occurrence fre­
quency. As shown in Fig. 14 (a), the term “electric vehicles” is at the
centre of the graph, followed by “charging (batteries)” and “technology
clusters with different colours representing each cluster in Fig. 13. The adoption.” Keywords plus that are frequently used include “battery
red and green clusters were the largest, with 15 documents each, fol­ electric vehicle,” “electric automobile,” “greenhouse gases,” and
lowed by blue with 13, yellow with 12, purple with 11, cyan with 9, “charging infrastructure.” In contrast, Fig. 14 (b) shows that “technology
orange with 7, brown with 5, and pink with 4. The most cited document adoption” is the most prominent keyword, followed closely by “electric
in the EVA research field was “Rezvani Z.; Jansson J.; Bodin J.” with 667 mobility,” “electric vehicle adoption,” and sustainability. Notably, both
citations and a total link strength of 65, indicating its significant influ­ “technology adoption” and “electric vehicles” are also included in
ence. In summary, Table 7 provides valuable insights into the most Fig. 14 (a), indicating that keywords plus provide a broader scope than

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Fig. 8. Bibliographic coupling map for sources.

Fig. 9. Source-wise publication related to EVA.

author keywords. This result is because keywords plus cover a more
significant number of words and has a more comprehensive range of
meanings. Thus, using keywords plus is advantageous in the biblio­
metric review of scientific realms, as evidenced by their superiority in
analyzing the structure of green energy adoption publications (Qin et al.,
2022).
Fig. 15 depicts the outcomes of a co-occurrence network analysis of
4633 keywords extracted from research publication titles and abstracts
using a VOS viewer. This analysis aimed to identify the co-occurrence
patterns among these keywords. The VOS viewer imposed a minimum
of ten occurrences of keywords for refined results, which yielded 88
keywords. Subsequently, 38 irrelevant keywords were excluded from
the analysis. All keywords were then labelled with a unique colour into
eight distinct clusters. The first cluster, marked in red, includes ten
keywords, such as “battery electric vehicles,” “electric vehicle adop­
tion,” “attitude,” and “environmental concern.” This cluster mainly

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Table 6 focuses on determinants of EVA.

Bibliographic coupling based on countries related to EVA. The second cluster, labelled in green, contains eight keywords, with
Sr. Country Documents Citations Total link Average the two most predominant being “sustainable transportation” and
No. strength citations “greenhouse gas emission (GHGE).” It emphasizes the sustainability of
1 United States 573 23,147 49,766 40.40 transportation and its impact on the environment. The third cluster, in
2 China 323 10,308 41,241 31.91 blue, consists of seven keywords, with “adoption intention,” “early
3 United 185 5944 24,421 32.13 adopters,” and “barriers” being the most salient. It highlights the earlier
Kingdom adopters of EVs and the challenges faced during adoption. The fourth
4 India 145 1955 21,510 13.48
5 Germany 102 3240 14,591 31.76
cluster, in yellow, contains seven keywords, with “batteries” and “en­
6 Australia 65 1308 11,373 20.12 ergy management” being the most frequent. This cluster stresses the
7 Netherlands 77 3498 11,211 45.43 importance of energy management, including lifecycle assessment and
8 South Korea 62 1165 10,899 18.79 sustainable development. The fifth cluster, in purple, comprises seven
9 Canada 103 2483 10,373 24.11
keywords, with “distributed energy resources” and “smart grid” being
10 Denmark 41 1502 10,208 36.63
the most predominant. It places more emphasis on the technological
factors of electric vehicle adoption. The sixth cluster, in cyan, comprises

Fig. 10. Country-wise publication related to EVA.

Fig. 11. Country collaboration map for EVA publication at the geographic level.

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Fig. 12. The country collaboration network involves the clustering of information.

commonly used keyword and its interrelated parts. The distance inside
Table 7
the block is scaled to the number of keywords associated with that theme
Bibliographic coupling of documents related to EVA.
(Bhatnagar & Sharma, 2022; Secinaro et al., 2022). The flow conditions
Sr. No. Document Citations Total link strength and strength of linkages between the concepts can be determined by
1 She et al., 2017 185 83 analyzing the thickness and colour of the connecting lines between
2 He & Zhan, 2018 115 75 different themes. Thicker lines represent stronger connections, while
3 Huang & Ge, 2019 123 73 other colours indicate various research themes (Bhatnagar & Sharma,
4 Han et al., 2017 149 72
5 Bjerkan et al., 2016 323 70
2022; Secinaro et al., 2022).
6 Wang et al., 2017 155 69 The sustainability theme of EVA has drastically changed. Between
7 Barth et al., 2016 146 69 2015 and 2017, public awareness of the negative environmental effects
8 White & Sintov, 2017 112 66 of conventional automobiles increased, and governments began offering
9 Rezvani et al., 2015 667 65
incentives for EV purchases and the construction of charging stations.
10 Hardman et al., 2016 106 64
Technology breakthroughs have increased battery range and efficiency.
From 2018 to 2020, the market grew with more EV vehicles and
six keywords, with “individuals' behaviour intention” and “range anxi­ affordable costs. Infrastructure for charging EVs was created to accom­
ety” being the most significant. It emphasizes the behavioural intentions modate the expanding EV market. From 2020 to 2022, there was a
of individuals regarding electric vehicle adoption. The seventh cluster, growth in environmental awareness and laws, with a particular
in orange, contains four keywords, with “transport policy” and “electric emphasis on sustainable mobility ecosystems integrating EVs with
vehicle charging” being the most prominent. This cluster emphasizes the renewable energy and smart city solutions.
role of government policies in electric vehicle adoption. Finally, the last Between 2015 and 2017, the EVA theme of technology adoption
cluster, in brown, contains three keywords, such as “air pollution,” developed rapidly. However, the following years saw a reduction until
“incentives,” and “technology adoption,” which stress the importance of 2020–2022. Widespread acceptance was hampered by elements like
incentives and rebates for EVA. short battery life and poor infrastructure for charging. However, im­
Thematic evolution analysis is another approach, utilizing a Sankey provements in battery technology and greater investments in charging
diagram, as shown in Fig. 16, which can offer valuable insights into the infrastructure resulted in a resurgence in the next era, reigniting
temporal thematic evolution of research in EVA. This approach provides enthusiasm for the adoption of EV technology. Conversely, between
a comprehensive understanding of the development of the field, 2018 and 2019, “environmental impact” and “innovation” appeared as
including changes in research focus and trends (Secinaro, Calandra, newly developing themes in EVA. During this time, the industry strongly
Lanzalonga, & Ferraris, 2022). The Sankey diagram presents a holistic emphasized EV technical breakthroughs and the environmental impact
representation of the interplay between various themes over decades, of transportation.
visualizing the significant progressive paths of themes (Bhatnagar & The frequency of occurrence of each theme also reveals significant
Sharma, 2022). The diagram, created using the Bibliometrix tool, in­ growth in research on several themes, including “technology adoption,”
cludes blocks representing each theme. Each block consists of the most which jumped from 11 times in 2015–2017 to 16 times in 2018–2019

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Fig. 13. Bibliographic coupling of documents.

Fig. 14. Word cloud of keywords.

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V. Singh et al. Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033

Fig. 15. Co-occurrence network of keywords (Source: Scopus database, 2011–2022 and authors' compilation with VOS Viewer).

Fig. 16. Thematic evolution of EVA research from 2011 to 2022.

and then to 28 times in 2020–2022. These antecedents, combined with
the ongoing transfer, distinction, and transformation amid the multiple
themes, suggest that research in the EVA domain is still in its early
stages. Therefore, the current EVA research has yet to develop or mature
fully.
4. Exploring the landscape of antecedents in EVA
In this section, the factors that contribute to EVA were examined
using keyword analysis. To identify the most relevant terms related to
“antecedents,” the co-occurrence network for keywords plus and bib­
lioshiny was utilized (Qin et al., 2022). In Subsection 3.9, it was noted
that keywords plus provide a broader description of the topic. A co-
occurrence network of keywords plus was constructed to further un­
derstand the antecedent factors, with Fig. 17 highlighting the most
related terms associated with “antecedents.” The word “antecedents”
was found to be linked to numerous other times. To identify the directly
linked terms, “antecedents” was selected, and its most important and

14
V. Singh et al.
Fig. 17. Selection of the “antecedents” in the keywords plus co-occurrence network and highlight of most connected terms.
closely related words, including “electric vehicles,” “charging infra­
structure,” and “technology adoption,” were highlighted. With the pa­
per's keywords being highly conceptual (Guo, Li, Guo, Li, & Yang, 2021),
these terms, which were highly connected to “antecedents,” were
considered possible aspects of antecedent factors affecting EVA. Rele­
vant publications featuring these keywords were selected and subjected
to clustering analysis using CiteSpace software. The research identified
nine clusters: energy management, life cycle assessment, technology
acceptance, electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, climate policy, social
welfare, charging stations, and autonomous vehicles. These clusters are
shown horizontally down the timeline in Fig. 18. The label for each
cluster is placed at the end of its timeline. Each timeline also presents
commonly used keywords, except for life cycle assessment, technology
acceptance, electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, and autonomous
vehicles, displayed separately. The rest of the clusters are still visibly
active.
Finally, an abductive content facet review was conducted to explore
the antecedents that influence the EVA based on the analysis protocols
outlined in Subsection 2.2. The review process involved a thorough
analysis, review, and summary of highly relevant publications, as well as
careful consideration of the clustering outcomes illustrated in Fig. 18.
Based on this comprehensive review, five key themes emerged as sig­
nificant factors affecting EV adoption: technological advancements,
adopter levels, economic considerations, social influence, and sustain­
ability concerns, as reported in Fig. 19.
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Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
4.1. Theme 1: What are the technological antecedents contributing to
EVA?
The technological antecedents of EVA are critical for the develop­
ment and success of EVs (Chen, Zarazua de Rubens, Noel, Kester, &
Sovacool, 2020; Mukherjee & Ryan, 2020). The nine antecedents of
Theme 1 contribute to EVA in different ways, and their importance
varies depending on the context and stage of the EV adoption process.
The contribution of each antecedent of Theme 1 to EVA is given below:
• Battery technology: Battery technology has been identified as a
critical factor in the development of EVs (Xiong, Wang, Bai, & Ma,
2021). EVs' performance and driving range depends on their batte­
ries' energy storage capacity, size, weight, and energy density (San­
guesa, Torres-Sanz, Garrido, Martinez, & Marquez-Barja, 2021).
Battery technology advancements have resulted in more efficient,
lightweight, and cost-effective batteries that can store and deliver
more energy, thus improving the driving range and reducing the
charging times of EVs (Martins, Guimarães, Botelho Junior, Tenório,
& Espinosa, 2021).
• Charging infrastructure: The availability and accessibility of
charging infrastructure have been identified as crucial factors in the
widespread adoption of EVs (Rostad Sæther, 2022). The location,
number, and type of charging stations, as well as the charging time,
can affect the usability and convenience of EVs (Metais, Jouini,
Perez, Berrada, & Suomalainen, 2022). A reliable and easily
V. Singh et al.
Fig. 18. A timeline view of keywords in different clusters.
accessible charging infrastructure can help reduce range anxiety, a
significant concern among EV users (Pevec et al., 2020). Installing
charging stations at strategic locations, such as parking lots, shop­
ping malls, and highway rest areas, can enable EV drivers to charge
their vehicles while carrying out their daily activities, making EVs
more practical and convenient (Metais et al., 2022).
• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capability: V2G technology has been recog­
nized as a significant factor in integrating EVs with the power grid
(Sovacool, Kester, Noel, & Zarazua de Rubens, 2020). V2G capability
allows EVs to discharge their stored energy back to the grid during
periods of high demand, providing a valuable tool for grid stabili­
zation and integrating renewable energy sources (Islam, Iqbal,
Marzband, Khan, & Al-Wahedi, 2022). Additionally, V2G capability
can provide additional revenue streams for EV owners, who can re­
turn their excess energy to the grid (Heilmann & Friedl, 2021).
Adopting V2G technology can make EVs more attractive to con­
sumers and utilities, promoting the adoption of EVs and the devel­
opment of renewable energy sources (Tan, Ramachandaramurthy, &
Yong, 2016).
• Technical reliability: Technical reliability is essential for the wide­
spread adoption of EVs, as highlighted in several studies. Consumers
demand safe, durable, and low-maintenance vehicles, and technical
reliability is crucial for building consumer trust and confidence in the
technology (Yong, Ramachandaramurthy, Tan, & Mithulananthan,
2015). According to Liao, Molin, and van Wee (2017), consumers
rank vehicle reliability as one of the top three factors when consid­
ering EV purchasing. Ensuring EVs' technical reliability involves
testing and validating vehicle components and systems to ensure
their performance under different driving conditions, including
harsh environmental conditions. Innovation in battery technology,
such as solid-state batteries, can improve the durability and safety of
EVs (Vishnugopi et al., 2021). Maintenance and management of EV
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Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
components, including battery health and charging practices, can
extend their lifespan and improve performance (Hannan, Lipu,
Hussain, & Mohamed, 2017). Therefore, technical reliability is
crucial in developing and adopting EVs, and ongoing research and
innovation are necessary to improve safety, durability, and
performance.
• Vehicle design: Vehicle design is an important factor in the success of
EVs, as highlighted in various studies. Aesthetic appeal, function­
ality, and meeting the needs of the target audience are key consid­
erations in the design of EVs. Consumers demand vehicles that offer a
comfortable driving experience, ample cargo space, and the ability to
accommodate various driving styles and passenger needs (Sanguesa
et al., 2021). The design of EVs can also influence consumer
perception and acceptance of the technology (Yong et al., 2015).
According to Amjad, Neelakrishnan, and Rudramoorthy (2010),
vehicle design can also impact the aerodynamic efficiency of EVs,
which can affect their range and performance. To ensure the success
of EVs, designers must consider consumers' needs and preferences
while balancing the vehicle's functional requirements. Ongoing
research and innovation in vehicle design can contribute to devel­
oping more attractive and available EVs, promoting the adoption of
electric vehicles among consumers.
• Speed: Speed is a crucial factor in the adoption of EVs, as it influences
their overall performance and usability. According to a study by
Aravena and Denny (2021), the top speed of EVs has improved
significantly in recent years, with many models capable of reaching
highway speeds and providing sufficient acceleration. EVs' perfor­
mance depends on advances in motor technology and battery per­
formance, which have enabled EVs to match the performance of
traditional gasoline-powered vehicles (Puma-Benavides, Izquierdo-
Reyes, de Calderon-Najera, & Ramirez-Mendoza, 2021). Addition­
ally, advancements in charging infrastructure, battery technology,
V. Singh et al.
Fig. 19. Highlights of the five themes of the EVA with their respective antecedents.
and vehicle design have increased EV adoption rates. As such, speed
remains a key factor in the development and adoption of EVs, and
further technological advancements are likely to enhance their speed
and performance.
• Fuel economy: Fuel economy is a crucial factor in the adoption of EVs
by consumers, as it can significantly impact their overall cost of
ownership. According to a study by Poullikkas (2015), EVs offer
significant fuel savings over CVs, rendering them a desirable choice
for budget-conscious buyers. The study found that EVs have lower
expenditures than CVs, as they require less maintenance and no
gasoline or oil changes. Furthermore, EVs have lower GHGEs than
traditional CVs, making them more environmentally friendly (X. Liu
et al., 2020). Advances in battery technology, charging infrastruc­
ture, and vehicle design have contributed to the increased adoption
of EVs and the further development of fuel-efficient vehicles.
• Environmental performance: Environmental performance is a critical
antecedent of EVs. EVs produce zero emissions, making them an
attractive alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles, a significant
source of GHGEs (IEA, 2020). Adopting EVs can help lessen air
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Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
toxicity, promote public health and combat climate change (Alarfaj,
Griffin, & Samaras, 2020).
• Ease of operation: Studies have highlighted the importance of ease of
operation in EV adoption, including perceived ease of use (Kim, Lee,
Park, Hong, & Park, 2019), user-friendliness (Funke, Plötz, & Wiet­
schel, 2019), and the integration of smart charging technology
(Mozafar, Moradi, & Amini, 2017). Accessibility and availability of
charging stations, including home charging options, are also crucial
for promoting ease of operation and reducing range anxiety (He &
Zhan, 2018).
4.2. Theme 2: What are the precursors of the EVA level?
Theme 2 focuses on the antecedents of the adopter level of EVA.
These antecedents can be categorized into individual-level antecedents
(Li et al., 2017b; Singh et al., 2020) and organizational-level antecedents
(Sierzchula, 2014; Skippon & Chappell, 2019). The contribution of each
antecedent of Theme 2 to EVA is given below:
V. Singh et al.
4.2.1. Individual-level antecedents
• Awareness and knowledge of EVs: Awareness and knowledge of EVs
are critical factors in EV adoption. According to Chhikara, Garg,
Chhabra, Karnatak, and Agrawal (2021), a lack of awareness and
understanding of EVs is a significant barrier to adoption. Educational
programs and public awareness campaigns can increase consumer
knowledge of EVs and their benefits. For example, Kester, Noel,
Zarazua de Rubens, and Sovacool (2018) highlighted the importance
of consumer awareness and information campaigns in boosting the
adoption of EVs. Ensuring the availability of charging facilities and
resources is crucial for the widespread acceptance of EVs. Patil,
Kazemzadeh, and Bansal (2023) emphasize the need to increase
public awareness of charging infrastructure to promote the wide­
spread adoption of EVs. Raising awareness and knowledge of EVs
through education and public awareness campaigns can help over­
come barriers to EV adoption and enable the transition to a sus­
tainable transportation system.
• Perception of EV performance and reliability: Perception of EV per­
formance and reliability also plays a crucial role in EV adoption (W.
Zhang, Wang, Wan, Zhang, & Zhao, 2022). Consumers who perceive
EVs as unreliable or not performing well may be less likely to adopt
them. Therefore, manufacturers and policymakers must work to
improve the public's perception of EVs by highlighting their benefits
and improving their performance. A study by Zhang, Bai, and Shang
(2018) found that consumers' positive perceptions of EVs were
associated with their beliefs about their environmental benefits and
their perceptions of EV performance and reliability. Furthermore, a
survey conducted by the IEA found that concerns about EV perfor­
mance and reliability were significant barriers to EV adoption (IEA,
2020). Therefore, improving the public's perception of EVs is crucial
for widespread adoption. Manufacturers and policymakers can ach­
ieve this by highlighting the benefits of EVs, enhancing their per­
formance and reliability, and addressing consumer concerns through
public awareness campaigns and educational programs.
• Environmental attitudes and values: Environmental attitudes and
values are essential antecedents for EVA (Okada, Tamaki, & Managi,
2019). Consumers who value ecological sustainability are more
likely to consider EVs a transportation option. Therefore, policy­
makers and manufacturers can leverage this by emphasizing the
environmental benefits of EVs. A study by Priessner, Sposato, and
Hampl (2018) found that environmental attitudes and values were
among the significant predictors of EV adoption. Furthermore, a
survey conducted by the European Commission found that environ­
mental concerns were the most frequently cited reasons for pur­
chasing an EV (European Commission, 2019). Therefore,
highlighting the environmental benefits of EVs can be an effective
way to promote their adoption. Manufacturers and policymakers can
achieve this by developing and implementing green marketing
strategies that emphasize the environmental benefits of EVs and by
investing in clean energy infrastructure to support EV adoption.
• Psychological factors (e.g., risk perception, trust): Psychological
factors such as risk perception and trust can also influence EVA
(Wang et al., 2018). Consumers may perceive EVs as riskier than
traditional gasoline-powered vehicles due to their unfamiliarity with
the technology. Therefore, building trust in EV technology is essen­
tial by highlighting its safety features and benefits. A study by Zhang
et al. (2022) found that trust in EV technology was a significant
predictor of EV adoption. Therefore, building trust in EV technology
and addressing consumer concerns about range anxiety and charging
infrastructure availability is critical for promoting EV adoption.
Manufacturers and policymakers can achieve this by improving EV
technology and infrastructure, developing public awareness cam­
paigns and educational programs, and providing incentives for EV
adoption.
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Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
• Income: Income is another critical individual-level antecedent for
EVA (Ling, Cherry, & Wen, 2021). EVs can be more expensive than
traditional vehicles, so higher-income consumers may be more likely
to adopt them. Gehrke and Reardon (2022) found that income
significantly predicted EV adoption in the United States. Further­
more, a survey conducted by the European Commission found that
the cost of EVs was the most frequently cited barrier to EV adoption
(European Commission, 2019). Therefore, reducing the cost of EVs
and providing financial incentives for low- and moderate-income
consumers can help promote EV adoption. Manufacturers and poli­
cymakers can achieve this by developing affordable EV models,
providing financial incentives, and implementing tax credits and
other policies to reduce the cost of EV ownership.
• Education level: Education level can also affect EVA (Mukherjee &
Ryan, 2020). Consumers with higher education levels may be more
likely to adopt EVs due to their heightened awareness and knowledge
of the technology. A study conducted by Priessner et al. (2018)
discovered that the adoption intention of EVs is positively influenced
by educational level. In addition, a survey conducted by the IEA
found that consumers with higher education levels were more likely
to consider purchasing an EV (IEA, 2017). Therefore, education
campaigns and programs can play an essential role in promoting EVA
by increasing consumer knowledge and awareness of EVs.
• Age: Age can also affect EVA (Habich-Sobiegalla, Kostka, &
Anzinger, 2019; Singh, Singh, Singh, & Higueras-Castillo, 2023).
Younger consumers may be more open to new technology and more
environmentally conscious, making them more likely to adopt EVs.
Wu, Liao, and Wang (2020) found that younger consumers were
more willing to adopt EVs in China. However, older consumers may
be more resistant to change, making them less likely to adopt EVs.
Therefore, targeted education campaigns and incentives for older
consumers may be necessary to promote EVA among this
demographic.
• Rural vs non-rural location: Location can also play a role in EVA
(Chen et al., 2020). Consumers in urban areas may have better access
to charging infrastructure and may be more likely to adopt EVs
(Coffman, Bernstein, & Wee, 2017). However, rural consumers may
face barriers to EVA, such as limited access to charging infrastructure
(Krishna, 2021). Therefore, policymakers can address this by
expanding charging infrastructure in rural areas and incentivizing
rural consumers to adopt EVs. A study by Alotaibi, Omer, and Su
(2022) found that providing incentives and developing charging
infrastructure in rural areas could increase EV adoption rates in
Saudi Arabia. Similarly, Li et al. (2017b) found that government
policies and incentives could promote EV adoption in rural areas of
China.
• Gender: Gender can also influence EVA (Sovacool, Kester, Noel, &
Zarazua de Rubens, 2019; X. W. Wang, Cao, & Zhang, 2021). Studies
have shown that women may be more likely to adopt EVs due to their
higher concern for the environment and their perception of EVs as
safer vehicles (He, Zhan, & Hu, 2018; Ziefle, Beul-Leusmann, Kasu­
gai, & Schwalm, 2014). However, other studies have found no sig­
nificant gender differences in EVA (Jones, Cherry, Vu, & Nguyen,
2013). Therefore, it is important to consider gender as a potential
factor in promoting EV adoption. Policymakers and manufacturers
can address this by emphasizing EVs' environmental and safety
benefits and targeting advertising and education campaigns for
women.
• Cultural and institutional factors specific to each country can also
play a role in EVA. For example, in countries where public trans­
portation is highly developed, consumers may be less likely to adopt
EVs due to the availability of alternative transportation options
(Sierzchula et al., 2014; Singh, Singh, Higueras-Castillo, & Liebana-
Cabanillas, 2023). Other cultural factors, such as attitudes toward
technology and the environment, can influence EVA (Novotny, Sze­
berin, Kovács, & Máté, 2022). Therefore, policymakers and
V. Singh et al.
manufacturers must consider these country-specific factors when
promoting EVA and tailor their strategies accordingly.
4.2.2. Organizational-level antecedents
Several organizational-level antecedents influence EVA, including
government policies and incentives, infrastructure availability and
quality, leadership support and involvement, employee attitudes and
incentives, corporate social responsibility, collaboration and partner­
ship with other organizations, and business model innovation. The
contribution of each of these antecedents to EVA is given below:
• Government policies and incentives: Government policies and in­
centives have been found to significantly influence EVA and the
development of charging infrastructure (Hardman, Chandan, Tal, &
Turrentine, 2017). Studies by Li et al. (2019), and Jenn, Springel, and
Gopal (2018) have all explored the impact of different types of pol­
icies and incentives, such as tax credits, rebates, and subsidies, on
EVA in China and the United States, respectively. The studies found
that incentives, particularly purchase subsidies, positively impacted
EVA, while policies aimed at increasing access to charging infra­
structure were also important. Overall, these findings suggest that
government policies and incentives can play a crucial role in pro­
moting EVA and supporting the growth of the EV market.
• Infrastructure availability and quality: Several studies have investi­
gated the impact of infrastructure availability and quality on EVA. A
study by Zou, Khaloei, and Mackenzie (2020) analyzed the rela­
tionship between charging station accessibility and EVA in the
United States. The study found that areas with more accessible
charging stations had higher EVA rates. Another study by Ou, Lin,
He, and Przesmitzki (2018) examined the impact of parking avail­
ability on EVA in China. The study found that the availability of
parking facilities, especially public charging stations, positively
impacted EVA. In addition, a study by Powell, Cezar, Min, Azevedo,
and Rajagopal (2022) explored the impact of the electricity grid on
EVA. The study found that upgrading the electricity grid to handle
increased EV demand was crucial for promoting EVA. These studies
suggest that infrastructure availability and quality, such as charging
stations, parking, and the electricity grid, are essential for promoting
EVA.
• Leadership support and involvement: Leadership support and
participation can also influence EVA. When leaders demonstrate a
commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility,
employees and customers are more likely to view EVA as a viable
option (Jansson, Nordlund, & Westin, 2017). Additionally, leaders
can support EVA by investing in EVs fleets, encouraging employees
to switch to EVs, and partnering with other organizations to promote
EVA (Skippon & Chappell, 2019). Several studies have explored the
impact of leadership support and involvement on EVA (Globisch,
Dütschke, & Schleich, 2018; Sierzchula, 2014). These studies suggest
leadership support and participation can significantly promote EVA
and sustainability.
• Employee attitudes and incentives: Employee attitudes and in­
centives can also play a role in EVA. Mersky et al. (Mersky, Sprei,
Samaras, & Qian, 2016) conducted a study on the effectiveness of
incentives for EVA in Norway, which found that providing em­
ployees with access to charging infrastructure and tax incentives
incentivized them to switch to electric vehicles. Another study by
Roemer and Henseler (2022) found that employees' environmental
concerns were the main driver for initial EV usage in corporate fleets.
Product-related factors are becoming more critical in the long term.
Overall, these studies suggest that organizations can encourage EVA
by offering incentives to employees, promoting positive attitudes
toward EVs, and providing education and training to increase
employee familiarity with EVs.
• Corporate social responsibility (CSR): CSR can motivate organiza­
tions to promote EVA. A study by Kumar, Jha, Damodaran, Bangwal,
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and Dwivedi (2021) found the importance of CSR in promoting EVA.
Another study by Shankar and Kumari (2019) found that CSR im­
pacts EVA in India. The study found that employees were more likely
to view EVs as viable if their organization prioritized CSR. Further­
more, Shareeda, Al-Hashimi, and Hamdan (2021) identified CSR as a
potential competitive advantage for companies launching EVs. These
studies suggest that organizations prioritising CSR may be more
likely to promote EVA as part of their sustainability goals.
• Collaboration and partnership with other organizations: Collabora­
tion and partnerships with other organizations are critical for pro­
moting EVA. Studies by Chhikara et al. (2021) and Günzel-Jensen
and Rask (2021) demonstrate that collaborations between the gov­
ernment and private organizations can address various challenges,
including high upfront costs, a lack of charging infrastructure, and
consumer education. Organizations can develop comprehensive EV
ecosystems that provide a seamless experience by sharing resources
and expertise. These findings suggest that collaboration can be
crucial in overcoming barriers to EVA and promoting sustainable
transportation solutions. Therefore, it is essential to accelerate the
transition to electric mobility.
• Business model innovation: Business model innovation and alterna­
tive financing options are crucial in promoting EVA. The studies by
Costa, Wells, Wang, and Costa (2022), Liao, Molin, Timmermans,
and van Wee (2019), and Huang and Qian (2021) provide insights
into consumer preferences and psychosocial views regarding busi­
ness models in the context of EVA. The findings highlight the
importance of offering innovative business models, such as vehicle
leasing and business-to-consumer EV sharing, which can enhance EV
adoption. Moreover, business model innovation has significant po­
tential to drive the transition to sustainable energy and mobility
systems, thus offering opportunities for industry stakeholders and
policymakers to develop effective strategies for EVA.
4.3. Theme 3: What are the economic antecedents contributing to EVA?
Theme 3 of economic antecedents of EVA includes the total cost of
ownership, cost-effectiveness compared to CVs, purchase and operating
costs, resale value, job prospects in the renewable energy industry,
economic impact on the energy and transportation sectors, tax in­
centives and rebates, charging and infrastructure costs. The contribution
of each of these antecedents to EVA is given below:
• The total cost of ownership (TCO): TCO is a crucial factor that affects
EVA. The study by Figenbaum (2022) found that TCO plays a sig­
nificant role in consumers' decision-making when considering EVs.
Kumar and Chakrabarty (2020) showed that the TCO per kilometre
for E2W and E3W is lower than that of their ICE counterparts for
typical daily use in Indian urban areas. However, for hatchback and
sedan cars, TCO per km is higher for electric vehicles than for ICE
cars. Additionally, electric buses have a higher TCO per km than
diesel and CNG buses due to the high initial purchase cost.
Mohammadzadeh, Zegordi, Husseinzadeh Kashan, and Nikbakhsh
(2022) proposed an optimal government policy-making model for
EVA using TCO under budget constraints. The study suggests that the
government should consider subsidies for both purchase and elec­
tricity costs to encourage EVA and assign over 70% of the budget
toward purchase subsidies in over 50% of feasible scenarios.
Therefore, policymakers should consider TCO when designing pol­
icies to encourage EV adoption.
• Cost-effectiveness compared to CVs: The cost-effectiveness of EVs
compared to CVs is a crucial factor influencing EVA. Hao, Lin, Wang,
Ou, and Ouyang (2020) emphasized the importance of understand­
ing the cost-effective electric ranges of EVs for consumers, manu­
facturers, and society using an expanded TCO approach. Sheldon and
Dua (2019) found that existing federal subsidies for plug-in EVs
(PEVs) in the US are expensive at $36 k per additional PEV and can
V. Singh et al.
be enhanced through focusing on incentives by income, vehicle
disposal, geography, and vehicle miles travelled while discrimi­
nating by battery capacity results in more excellent battery EVA.
Both studies are crucial for any discussion of EV mass markets.
• Purchase and operating costs: EVs have different purchase and
operating costs than CVs. While the initial purchase price of an EV
can be higher, they have lower operating costs due to the lower cost
of electricity compared to gasoline and reduced maintenance costs
due to fewer moving parts (Hagman, Ritzén, Stier, & Susilo, 2016).
Additionally, EVs may qualify for financial incentives and subsidies,
further reducing the purchase cost for consumers (Sheldon & Dua,
2019). As advancements are made in battery technology and larger
production quantities are achieved, it is anticipated that the expenses
related to EVs will continue to decline, making them a more cost-
effective option over time (Liu et al., 2021).
• Resale value: Resale value is another factor that can influence EVA.
EVs have a different depreciation pattern than CVs, as they depend
more on the state of their battery pack. However, as battery tech­
nology improves and the costs of EVs decrease, their resale value is
expected to increase, making them a more attractive option for
consumers (Tarei, Chand, & Gupta, 2021).
• Jobs in the green energy sector: The growth of the EV market has
created jobs in the green energy sector, including the production of
batteries, charging infrastructure, and renewable energy generation
(R. R. Kumar & Alok, 2020). These employment opportunities may
further incentivize governments to promote EVA to create more jobs
and stimulate economic growth.
• Economic impact on the energy and transportation sectors: EVA can
significantly impact the energy and transportation sectors. As more
EVs are adopted, the electricity demand is expected to increase,
creating opportunities for renewable energy sources such as wind
and solar power (Colmenar-Santos, Muñoz-Gómez, Rosales-Asensio,
& López-Rey, 2019). Additionally, EVA can reduce the gasoline de­
mand, affecting the oil industry and potentially causing a shift in the
global energy market (IEA, 2020).
• Tax incentives and rebates: Tax incentives and rebates are commonly
used to encourage EVA. Governments offer various incentives like
tax breaks, tax credits, exemptions, and subsidies to reduce the cost
of EV purchasing (Hardman, 2019). These incentives may also
include access to HOV lanes, free parking, and reduced toll fees,
making EVs a more attractive for consumers (Nazari, Mohammadian,
& Stephens, 2019).
• Charging facilities costs: The availability and cost of charging facil­
ities can be a barrier to EVA. While charging infrastructure is
becoming more widespread, some areas still lack sufficient charging
stations, limiting the range of EVs (Clinton & Steinberg, 2019).
Additionally, the cost of installing charging infrastructure can be
high, which may deter some consumers from purchasing an EV
(Hardman, 2019). However, government incentives and partner­
ships with private companies can help to reduce these costs and in­
crease the availability of charging infrastructure, further
incentivizing EVA (Liu, Sun, Zheng, & Huang, 2021).
4.4. Theme 4: What social influence antecedents contribute to EVA?
Theme 4 of social influence antecedents of EVA includes personal
attitudes and values, social norms and pressure, public awareness and
education, symbolic meanings, marketing and advertising, and subjec­
tive norms. The contribution of each of these antecedents to EVA is given
below:
• Personal attitudes and values: Personal attitudes and values signifi­
cantly contribute to electric vehicle adoption. People prioritising
environmental sustainability are likelier to adopt electric vehicles
because they produce fewer GHGEs than CVs (Asadi et al., 2021;
Higueras-Castillo, Liébana-Cabanillas, Muñoz-Leiva, & García-
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Maroto, 2019). Other attitudes and values that may contribute to
EVA include a desire for energy independence, support for innova­
tion and technology, and concern for public health (Featherman, Jia,
Califf, & Hajli, 2021). In addition, research suggests that social
norms, peer influence, and personal experience can also influence
individuals' decisions to adopt EVs (Gulzari, Wang, & Prybutok,
2022).
• Social norms and pressure: Social norms and pressure can contribute
significantly to EVA. Research has shown that people are influenced
by the opinions and behavior of their peers and social networks when
deciding which products to buy (Shalender & Sharma, 2021). In the
context of EVA, people may be more likely to purchase EVs if they see
others in their social network doing the same. Policies and programs
promoting EVA, such as rebates or incentives, can also create a social
norm around driving EVs (Asadi et al., 2021).
• Public awareness and education: Public awareness and education
can contribute significantly to EVA (Higueras-Castillo, Guillén,
Herrera, & Liébana-Cabanillas, 2021). Many people may not know
the benefits of EVs or the options available, so increasing public
awareness and education can help change attitudes and encourage
EVA. This can be done through various channels, such as advertising
campaigns, informational events, or online resources. Studies have
shown that providing information about the environmental benefits
and cost savings of EVs can increase interest and intention to
participate in EVA (Mukherjee & Ryan, 2020; Shalender & Sharma,
2021). In addition, education and outreach can address common
misconceptions about EVs, such as concerns about range or charging
infrastructure, which may discourage EVA (Sierzchula et al., 2014).
• Symbolic meanings: Symbolic meanings can refer to the emotional
and cultural associations that people assign to objects, actions, or
concepts. These meanings can influence how individuals perceive
the importance of financial performance and the use of EVA as a
metric to measure it in the context of electric vehicle adoption (EVA).
For instance, if EVA is linked to prestige, success, or innovation, in­
dividuals may place a higher value on financial performance and
regard EVA as a crucial metric to evaluate it (Ingeborgrud &
Ryghaug, 2019; Lee, Hardman, & Tal, 2019).
• Marketing and advertising: Marketing and advertising involve
communication strategies organizations use to promote their prod­
ucts, services, or values. In the context of EVA, marketing and
advertising can influence the perception of stakeholders on the
importance of financial performance and the use of EVA as a metric
to measure it. Several studies have highlighted the impact of mar­
keting and advertising on the adoption of EVs (Krishnan & Koshy,
2021; Thøgersen & Ebsen, 2019). For instance, an organization that
promotes EVA in its marketing and advertising campaigns can in­
crease stakeholders' awareness of EVA and its significance as a metric
for measuring financial performance. As a result, stakeholders may
perceive EVA as a valuable metric and prioritize it in their decision-
making processes (Singh, Singh, Singh, & Higueras-Castillo, 2023).
• Subjective norm: This factor plays a vital role in shaping individual
attitudes and behavior toward EVA, as it refers to the perceived so­
cial pressure individuals feel from important others to perform a
particular behavior (Higueras-Castillo, García-Maroto, Muñoz-Leiva,
& Liébana-Cabanillas, 2022; Singh, Singh, Higueras-Castillo, &
Liebana-Cabanillas, 2023). In the context of EVA, subjective norms
can influence how individuals perceive the importance of financial
performance and the use of EVA as a metric. For example, studies
have shown that employees' perceived pressure from their supervi­
sors or colleagues can impact their willingness to adopt EVA prac­
tices (Singh, Singh, Higueras-Castillo, & Liebana-Cabanillas, 2023).
Furthermore, research has found that the influence of subjective
norms on EVA is particularly strong in collectivistic cultures, where
individuals place a higher value on group norms and expectations
(Dong, Zhang, Wang, & Wang, 2020). Therefore, understanding the
impact of subjective norms on EVA can help organizations develop
V. Singh et al.
effective strategies to promote the use of EVA as a metric to measure
financial performance.
Theme 4 of social influence antecedents of EVA highlights the
importance of social and cultural factors that can influence how in­
dividuals perceive the importance of financial performance and the use
of EVA as a metric to measure it. Understanding these antecedents can
help organizations develop strategies to promote the use of EVA and
prioritize financial performance in a way that aligns with their values
and goals.
4.5. Theme 5: What are the sustainability antecedents contributing to
EVA?
Theme 5 of sustainability antecedents of EVA includes greenhouse
gas reduction, energy security and independence, resource conserva­
tion, air pollution reduction, and social and economic impacts (R. R.
Kumar & Alok, 2020; Singh, Singh, Higueras-Castillo, & Liebana-
Cabanillas, 2023). The contribution of each of these antecedents to
EVA is given as follows:
• GHGE reduction: Greenhouse gas reduction refers to the decrease in
GHGEs, like carbon dioxide, responsible for contributing to climate
change. In the context of EVA, greenhouse gas reduction can
contribute to higher EVA by reducing the costs associated with car­
bon emissions, such as taxes or fees, and by improving the reputation
and attractiveness of the organization to environmentally-conscious
stakeholders (R. R. Kumar & Alok, 2020; Singh, Singh, Higueras-
Castillo, & Liebana-Cabanillas, 2023). Moreover, companies
focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions can also benefit from
increased investor confidence as investors increasingly prioritize
sustainability and environmental responsibility (Whitehead, 2017).
• Energy security and independence: Energy security and indepen­
dence refer to an organization's ability to produce or procure energy
from reliable and sustainable sources. In the context of EVA, energy
security and independence can contribute to higher EVA by reducing
the costs associated with energy procurement, increasing the sta­
bility of energy prices, and improving the organization's resilience to
energy-related risks (R. R. Kumar & Alok, 2020; Lin & Wu, 2021).
• Resource conservation: Resource conservation refers to the efficient
use and management of natural resources, such as water, land, or
minerals. In the context of EVA, resource conservation can
contribute to higher EVA by reducing the costs associated with
resource extraction, transportation, and disposal, as well as by
improving the organization's reputation and attractiveness to
environmentally-conscious stakeholders (Bilgen & Sarıkaya, 2018;
Miao, Fang, Sun, & Luo, 2017; R. Zhang & Hanaoka, 2021).
• Air pollution reduction: Air pollution reduction refers to the decrease
in emissions of air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides or particulate
matter, which contribute to health problems and environmental
damage. In the context of EVA, air pollution reduction can contribute
to higher EVA by reducing the costs associated with air pollution-
related health problems and environmental damage, as well as by
improving the organization's reputation and attractiveness to
environmentally-conscious stakeholders (Asadi et al., 2021; R. R.
Kumar & Alok, 2020).
• Social and economic impacts: Social and economic impacts refer to
the effects that an organization's activities have on society and the
economy, such as job creation, income distribution, or community
development. In the context of EVA, social and economic impacts can
contribute to higher EVA by improving the organization's reputation
and attractiveness to socially-conscious stakeholders, as well as by
creating positive externalities that contribute to the overall well-
being of society (R. R. Kumar & Alok, 2020; Singh, Singh,
Higueras-Castillo, & Liebana-Cabanillas, 2023).
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Theme 5 of sustainability antecedents of EVA highlights the impor­
tance of sustainability factors that can contribute to higher EVA by
reducing costs, improving reputation, and creating positive external­
ities. Understanding these antecedents can help organizations develop
strategies to integrate sustainability into their business model and pri­
oritize sustainability factors in their decision-making processes.
5. Discussion of the findings and policy recommendations
This section presents a thorough and detailed analysis of the con­
ceptual topography of EVA publications and the landscape of anteced­
ents in EVA.
5.1. Bibliometric analysis
The bibliometric analysis of EVA publications reveals that the field is
expanding rapidly and becoming more diverse, with significant global
collaboration among researchers. The top 10 most-cited articles
emphasize the importance of addressing consumer concerns regarding
range anxiety, charging infrastructure, and upfront costs while inte­
grating EVs with the smart grid, with significant policy implications
such as investing in EV technology research and development,
addressing consumer concerns, and reducing carbon emissions through
intelligent grid integration. However, the declining pattern in the mean
TC per article and the mean TC per year suggests a decreasing impact of
EVA research on the scientific community. It is crucial to consider the
different perspectives of EVA to contribute to reducing GHGEs in the
transportation sector.
The affiliation-wise publication trend and sponsor-wise funding for
EVA research from 2011 to 2022 reveal that Tsinghua University, the
University of California, Davis, and the NREL are the top institutions
with the most publications on EVA. These leading institutions have
significantly contributed to EVA research, reflecting the interdisci­
plinary nature of EVA research and the importance of collaborations
across various disciplines. Furthermore, the NNSF of China, the U.S.
DOE, and the NSF are the top funding sponsors for EVA research, indi­
cating the growing importance of EVA research in addressing global
energy and environmental challenges.
The analysis of author-wise publication and co-citation of the EVA
literature highlights diverse authors' significant contributions to the EVA
research field. The top authors identified in the study have provided
unique interdisciplinary perspectives on EV adoption and have
researched various aspects of EVA adoption. The co-citation analysis
also highlights the importance of collaboration and knowledge exchange
among researchers in the field. The four clusters identified in the co-
citation analysis demonstrate the diverse research areas related to
EVA and highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaborations to
address the complex challenges associated with EVA.
Bibliographic coupling was analyzed for sources, countries, and
documents related to EVA to identify research trends and collaborations
between authors. The analysis identified five clusters of sources, with
“Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment” produc­
ing the maximum number of documents but “Energy Policy” having a
higher average citation per document. The bibliographic coupling of
nations showed that the US, China, and the UK were the top three
productive countries regarding EVA publications, with the Netherlands
and Denmark having the highest average citations per document. The
bibliographic coupling of papers related to EVA was presented, listing
the top 10 records based on their number of citations and total link
strength in the dataset.
The co-occurrence network analysis of EVA research groups key­
words into eight clusters, highlighting various aspects of EV adoption.
Thematic evolution analysis reveals solid and diverse connections
among the themes in the evolutionary path of EVA research, with some
themes showing steady development from their initiation, such as
“sustainability.” These findings critically analyze the relationships
V. Singh et al.
between sources and countries and help identify the most productive
and influential citations in a field of study, thus aiding policymakers,
researchers, and industry stakeholders in advancing EV development
and adoption as a sustainable transportation option.
5.2. The landscape of antecedents
This section provides a detailed discussion of the conceptual topog­
raphy of publications related to EVA and the landscape of factors that
influence it. Through keyword analysis, clustering analysis, and faceted
abductive analysis of the content of relevant publications, this study
identified five key themes as significant antecedents affecting EVA:
technological advancements, adopter levels, economic considerations,
social influence, and sustainability concerns. These findings emphasize
that policymakers and industry leaders must prioritize technological
advances and infrastructure development while considering financial
incentives, social influence, and sustainability problems to accelerate
EVA. Integrating these factors into policy frameworks and strategic
planning can support the widespread adoption of EVs and promote a
sustainable transportation system.
Theme 1 discusses the various technological antecedents that have
shaped the EV landscape, including battery technology, charging
infrastructure, V2G capability, technical reliability, vehicle design,
speed, fuel economy, environmental performance, and ease of opera­
tion. These factors are essential for the widespread adoption of EVs,
which offer numerous environmental and operational advantages. Pol­
icymakers can promote EV adoption by prioritising the development and
expansion of charging infrastructure, incentivizing renewable energy
sources, and encouraging V2G technology adoption. Additional policies
promoting technical reliability, vehicle design, speed, fuel economy, and
ease of operation could further support the EV market's growth. Public
awareness campaigns can also be launched to educate consumers about
EVs' benefits.
The second theme signifies the importance of individual and orga­
nizational antecedents in driving EVA. Individual-level factors such as
awareness, perception, attitudes, and demographics influence EV
adoption rates. However, organizational-level factors such as govern­
ment policies, infrastructure availability and quality, leadership sup­
port, employee incentives, and business model innovation also
significantly impact EVA. To promote EV adoption, policymakers should
implement a multi-faceted approach targeting individual and
organizational-level factors. Policy recommendations include public
awareness campaigns to increase knowledge and awareness of EVs,
economic incentives to enhance adoption, infrastructure investments to
improve accessibility and quality, and CSR initiatives to promote busi­
ness participation. Additionally, policies should be tailored to specific
country-specific cultural and institutional variables to ensure
effectiveness.
In the third theme, various economic antecedents influence EVA,
including the TCO, cost-effectiveness compared to CVs, purchase and
operating costs, resale value, careers in green energy, economic impact
on the energy and transportation sectors, tax incentives and rebates, and
charging infrastructure costs. Governments should consider these fac­
tors when designing policies to encourage EV adoption, such as offering
subsidies for purchase and electricity costs, targeting income, vehicle
disposal, and geography incentives, and partnering with private com­
panies to reduce charging infrastructure costs. Bolstering the renewable
energy market can create employment opportunities and stimulate
economic growth.
Theme four highlights the importance of social influence antecedents
in promoting EVA. Personal attitudes and values, social norms and
pressure, public awareness and education, symbolic meanings, market­
ing and advertising, and subjective criteria all contribute to the adoption
of EVA. Organizations seeking to promote EVA can develop educational
campaigns, provide incentives and rebates, incorporate EVA into mar­
keting and advertising campaigns, and address common misconceptions
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Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
about EVs. They should also consider the impact of cultural and social
factors on the perception of financial performance and the use of EVA as
a metric to measure it when developing their strategies.
The fifth theme discusses sustainability antecedents that have sig­
nificant potential to contribute to higher EVA for organizations.
Greenhouse gas reduction, energy security and independence, resource
conservation, air pollution reduction, and social and economic impacts
can help reduce costs, improve reputation, and create positive business
externalities. Policy recommendations for policymakers and business
leaders include:
• They are incentivizing sustainable practices.
• They are setting clear targets for sustainability performance.
• They are promoting sustainability reporting to increase transparency
and accountability.
• They were engaging with stakeholders and considering their per­
spectives in decision-making.
By integrating sustainability into the business model and decision-
making processes, organizations can improve their financial perfor­
mance and long-term success while contributing to society's well-being.
5.3. Potential implementation challenges
In considering the practical implementation of the research findings,
it is important to acknowledge the potential challenges and limitations
that policymakers and stakeholders may encounter. One key challenge is
the need for substantial investments in technological advancements and
infrastructure development to support widespread EVA. Establishing a
comprehensive charging network, upgrading electrical grids, and
ensuring reliable battery technologies require significant financial re­
sources and coordination among multiple stakeholders. Additionally,
addressing the economic considerations associated with EVs, such as
upfront costs and charging infrastructure expenses, may require inno­
vative financing mechanisms and collaborations between governments
and private entities. Moreover, overcoming social and cultural barriers,
including consumer attitudes, preferences, and perceptions, presents
another obstacle. Policymakers must design targeted awareness cam­
paigns and address misconceptions to foster a positive perception of EVs.
Lastly, coordinating policies and regulations across different jurisdic­
tions and countries can be complex, particularly concerning tax in­
centives, standards, and harmonization efforts. By recognizing and
addressing these practical obstacles, policymakers and stakeholders can
develop strategies and initiatives more aligned with the real-world
challenges of promoting EVA and sustainable transportation.
6. Conclusion, limitation, and future work
This section summarizes the main findings and limitations of the
bibliometric analysis conducted in this study on EVA and its anteced­
ents. The study identified the critical antecedents of EVA and high­
lighted some knowledge gaps and potential future research directions in
the field of EVA. This section also outlines the study's limitations, such as
the exclusive use of Scopus-indexed journals and the focus on research
articles published between 2011 and 2022. Finally, this section provides
recommendations for future research, such as exploring the intersection
of EVA with Industry 4.0 technologies and identifying and addressing
potential barriers to adoption. Overall, this section emphasizes the
importance of continued research on EVA to accelerate the transition to
a more sustainable and decarbonized transport system.
6.1. Conclusion
The bibliometric analysis conducted in this study provides a
comprehensive overview of the research on EVA and its antecedents.
The analysis reveals several key findings, including identifying the most
V. Singh et al.
relevant journals, highly cited publications, influential authors, pro­
ductive nations, and best affiliations in EVA. The content analysis of the
1800 research articles published between 2011 and 2022 identified
EVA's key antecedents, including technological factors, individual and
organizational adoption levels, economic and social influence, and
sustainability. The study also identified some knowledge gaps and po­
tential future research directions in the field of EVA.
6.2. Limitation
One of the limitations of this study is the exclusive use of Scopus-
indexed journals for data collection, which may have excluded rele­
vant articles from other databases such as Web of Science. Additionally,
the study only included articles published between 2012 and 2022,
which may have excluded some older publications that could have
provided valuable insights. Furthermore, the study only focused on
research and review articles, which may have excluded other publica­
tions, such as conference proceedings and book chapters.
6.3. Recommendations for future work
Future research on EVA can build on the findings of this study by
exploring some of the knowledge gaps identified. First, further research
is needed to determine how government regulations and incentives
affect the adoption of EVA. The precise rules and incentives that have
successfully promoted EV adoption in various regions should be the
subject of future research. This can entail looking at case studies of
effective policy implementations and assessing how they affected the
adoption of EVA. Comparative analysis across multiple nations or re­
gions can highlight the efficacy of different policy trajectories and
educate policymakers on best practices.
Second, there is a significant knowledge gap about the impact of
social and cultural norms on EVA acceptance. Future studies should
investigate how societal attitudes, convictions, and values affect people's
EVA choices. This could entail conducting surveys, interviews, or focus
groups to acquire qualitative information on public perceptions and
preferences for EVs. Quantitative research could also examine the
connection between cultural aspects and EVA adoption rates to shed
light on the underlying forces and obstacles.
Additionally, including non-academic materials like news articles
and social media might improve our comprehension of how the public
feels about EVA. Future studies could use sentiment analysis methods to
evaluate the general attitude and conversation surrounding EVs on
internet forums. This would offer a more comprehensive perspective on
how the media portrays EVA and how public opinion is formed, which
might guide communication strategies and efforts to engage the public.
The effects of EVA on the automotive sector and the larger economy
represent another knowledge gap. Future studies should investigate the
economic repercussions of EV adoption, including job creation, effects
on the supply chain, and market dynamics. This could entail performing
economic impact analyses or modelling tasks to determine the potential
advantages and difficulties related to EVA. Additionally, researching
possible possibilities and disruptions for other industry stakeholders,
such as automakers, energy suppliers, and infrastructure developers,
would offer insightful information for strategic decision-making.
Another knowledge gap might be filled by comparing the biblio­
metric information about EVA across various periods and geographical
regions using other data sources. The use of additional data sets to
supplement the bibliometric analysis carried out in this study, such as
patent databases or industry reports, could be investigated in future
studies. This would make it possible to have a more thorough awareness
of the developments in technology, the state of intellectual property, and
market trends for EVA.
In conclusion, filling in these knowledge gaps through more study
would improve our comprehension of the adoption of EVA and its ef­
fects. Scholars can close these knowledge gaps and offer insightful
23
Research in Transportation Business & Management 50 (2023) 101033
information to policymakers, industry stakeholders, and scholars in the
field of EVA by looking into government policies, cultural factors, public
perception, and industry effects.
Authors statement
[Vedant Singh]: Conceived and designed the study, collected, and
analyzed the data, performed the bibliometric analysis, and contributed
to the writing of the manuscript.
[Harbansh Singh]: Conducted the literature review, assisted in data
collection and analysis, performed the science mapping and clustering
analysis, and contributed to the manuscript's drafting.
[Bhaskar Dhiman]: Assisted in data collection and analysis, con­
ducted the performance analysis, and provided critical insights during
the manuscript's preparation.
[Nitin Kumar]: Provided guidance on the methodology and analysis
and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript.
[Tej Singh]: Contributed to the study's design and critically reviewed
and revised the manuscript.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
The data that has been used is confidential.
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