Symbol of Operational Amplifier

OP-AMP ICs
OP-AMP ICs
OP-AMP ICs
 OP-AMP Parameters
• Input offset Voltage (Vio): Input offset voltage is the
voltage that must be applied between the two input
terminals of an op-amp to null the output.
 OP-AMP Parameters

• Input offset Current (Iio): The algebraic difference

between the current in the inverting and non inverting
terminal is known as the input offset current.
Iio = (IB1 – IB2)
• Input Bias Current (IB): IB is the average current flows in
the inverting and non-inverting terminal of an op-amp.
IB = (IB1 + IB2 )/2
• Open Loop Voltage gain (A): It is the ratio of the output
voltage and the differential input voltage
A = Output voltage/Differential input = Vo/Vid
 OP-AMP Parameters

• Output offset Voltage: Output offset voltage is the

voltage at the output when both the input terminals are
grounded.
• Output Voltage Swing: This parameter indicates the
values of positive and negative saturation voltage of the
op-amp.
• Differential input resistance (Ri): Differential input
resistance Ri is the equivalent resistance that can be
measured at either the inverting or non-inverting input
terminals with the other terminal connected to ground.
 OP-AMP Parameters

• Input Capacitance (Ci): Input capacitance is the

equivalent capacitance that can be measured at either
the inverting or non-inverting input terminal with the
other terminal connected to ground.
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR): When the same
voltage is applied to both the input terminals the voltage
is called a common mode voltage Vcm and the op-amp is
said to be operating in the common mode configuration.
CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential
voltage gain to common mode gain.
CMRR = Ad/Acm
 OP-AMP Parameters

Supply voltage Rejection Ratio: The change in an op-amps

input offset voltage Vio caused by variations in the supply
voltage is called the SVRR or PSRR or PSS. It is expressed in
microvolts per volt or in decibels.
SR= ΔVio/ΔV (µV/V or dB).
Gain Bandwidth Product (GB) : The gain bandwidth product is
the bandwidth of the op-amp when the voltage gain is 1.
The GB is also called unity gain bandwidth (UGB) or closed
loop bandwidth.
 OP-AMP Parameters

• Slew Rate: Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of

change of output voltage per unit of time and is
expressed as volt per micro second.
SR=(dVo/dt)max (V/μs)
OP-AMP Parameters
 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL OP-AMP

• Infinite voltage gain .

• Infinite input resistance, so that any signal source can
drive it and there is no loading of the preceding
stage.
• Zero output resistance, so that the output can drive
an infinite number of other devices.
• Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero.
• Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signal from
0 to ∞ Hz can be amplified without attenuation.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL OP-AMP

• Infinite common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) so that

the output common-mode noise voltage is zero.
• Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes
occur simultaneously with input voltage changes.
OP-AMP Parameters