HISTAMINE

ACTIONS

Vinuthna Gunti
 INTRODUCTION
Histamine is a powerful biological
mediator that plays a vital role in
inflammation and immune response.
Understanding its actions is crucial for
developing e ective treatments for
various allergic and inflammatory
conditions.
HISTAMINE SYNTHESIS
Histamine is synthesized from the amino
acid histidine by the enzyme histidine
decarboxylase. It is stored in mast cells
and basophils, ready for release upon
stimulation.
HISTAMINE RECEPTORS

Histamine exerts its e ects through four

distinct receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. Each
receptor subtype has unique functions and
is expressed in di erent tissues and cell
types.
 H1 RECEPTOR ACTIONS

Activation of H1 receptors triggers the

phospholipase C pathway.
Phospholipase C cleaves
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
(PIP2) into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
(IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
IP3 induces the release of calcium from
intracellular stores, leading to smooth
muscle contraction, vasodilation, and
increased vascular permeability.
 H2 RECEPTOR ACTIONS H3 RECEPTOR ACTIONS

H2 receptors stimulate adenylyl H3 receptors act as autoreceptors on

presynaptic neurons.
cyclase.Adenylyl cyclase increases
Activation inhibits further release of
intracellular cAMP.
histamine and other neurotransmitters.
Elevated cAMP activates protein
This autoregulation is vital in
kinase A (PKA), leading to increased maintaining neurotransmitter balance in
gastric acid secretion in parietal cells. the central nervous system.
 H4 Receptor Actions

H4 receptors are mainly found on

immune cells.
Activation modulates immune
responses by influencing cell
migration and activation.
The exact mechanisms are still an
area of active research.
 HISTAMINE IN ALLERGIC
REACTIONS

During sensitization, exposure to an

allergen triggers IgE antibodies on mast
cells.
Cross-linking of IgE receptors activates
mast cells, leading to histamine release.
Histamine, through H1 receptors, induces
the classic symptoms of allergies like
itching, redness, and swelling.
THANK YOU