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مصطلحات طبية
مصطلحات طبية
مصطلحات طبية
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Medical terminology
• If you can successfully interpret each part, you can usually grasp the essential
meaning of the word. Thus, interpreting the meaning of a medical term requires
knowledge of common medical roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
Components of medical word
Word Roots
• A word root is the main part of a word; all medical words have at least one-word root.
Many medical roots signify a disease, procedure, or body part.
• e.g.: Identify the roots in the following words:
Word Roots Roots
• Some roots appear at the beginning of a word, whereas others appear after a prefix, before a
suffix, or between a prefix and a suffix.
• a root at the beginning of a word—angioedema (angi is a root that means vessel)
• a root in the middle of a word—encephalic (cephal is a root that means head)
• a combination of roots—phototherapy (photo is a root that means light; therapy is a root that
means treatment).
Combining Forms
Prefix
Prefix prefix
• A prefix consists of one or more letters attached to the beginning of a root to modify its
meaning; usually indicates location, time, or number. Not all words have prefixes.
• To determine the meaning of a prefix in a medical term, consider a familiar word that begins
with the same prefix.
• For example:
antislavery
Antihistamine
Suffix
A suffix is one or more letters attached to the end of a root to modify its meaning; indicates
the procedure, disease, or condition
• Examples:
itis= inflammation
algia= pain
ic= pertaining to
Basic Rules of Word Building
• There are three important rules of word building :
• Rule 2: A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant .
• Rule 3: A combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound
word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)
Now put together the meanings of the suffix and the root: HEMATOLOGY means study of blood.
• Start with the suffix at the end of the term -GRAM means a record. Now look at the beginning of the
term. ELECTR is a word root, and it means electricity. Read the meaning of medical terms from the
suffix, back to the beginning of the term, and then across.
Analyzing Medical Terms
• Gastroenterology has two combining forms are GASTR/O and ENTER/O. The entire word
(reading from the suffix, back to the beginning of the term, and across) means study of the
stomach and the intestines.
CARDI / AC
root suffix
(heart) (pertaining to)
means pertaining to the heart. Again, the combining vowel (O) is dropped when the suffix (-AC) begins
with a vowel. Words ending in -AC are adjectives.
ENTER/ITIS
Root suffix
(intestines) (inflammation)
inflammation of the intestines. Notice again that the combining vowel (O) is dropped because the suffix
(-ITIS) begins with a vowel.
• Which rule is applied on the following?
1) (carcin) and (–oma)
2) (colon) and (-scope)
• Answar
1)
• Rule 1: A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
• Carcinoma
Defining Medical Words
When defining a medical word, first define the suffix. Second, define the
beginning of the word; and finally, define the middle of the word.
Here is an example using the term osteoarthritis.
Oste/o/arthr/itis
(2) (3) (1)
1. Define the suffix first: -itis means inflammation.
2. Define the beginning of the word: oste/o means bone.
3. Define the middle of the word: arthr means joint.
Therefore, oste/o/arthr/itis is an inflammation of the bone and joint.
e.g.: Using the technique for defining medical words as described above,
define the following
• Angioma
• Hematemesis
• Tonsillitis
• Leukocyte
• Thromblysis
Medical terminology
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prefix
• A prefix is a word element located at the beginning of a word.
• Note that the word prefix itself contains (pre-). The second part of the word
prefix is “fix,” which gives us a perfect, definition of prefix: something affixed
(attached) to the front of or before (pre-) something else.
• For example:
antislavery
Antihistamine
Prefixes prefix
• Substituting one prefix by another prefix changes the meaning of the word.
• Two similar-sounding prefix pairs that may lead to creating errors such as:
(ante-) and (anti-).
• The prefix (ante-) means “before, anterior, forward”, e.g., antepartum refers to occurring
before childbirth
• the prefix (anti-) means “against, counter, prevent”, e.g., anticoagulant is an agent that is
against the clotting process.
prefix
• When defining a medical term that has both a prefix and a suffix, define the suffix
first, the prefix next, and the word root last.
• Note in the following example how the meaning of the word changes:
(peri–) = prefix for around,
(cardi) = root word for heart, and
(–itis) = suffix for inflammation.
• Term: pericarditis
• Definition: inflammation around the heart (muscle)
prefix
• Not all medical terms include a prefix, but when one is present, it is critical to the
term’s meaning.
• For example,
• are conditions that are exact opposites, confusing those two prefixes creates errors.
Categories of prefixes
• Dividing prefixes into functional categories makes them easier to learn.
• There are 4 divisions:
1. Prefixes of time or speed
2. Prefixes of direction
3. Prefixes of position
4. Prefixes of size or number
3. Prefixes of Position
4. Prefixes of size or number
Other prefixes:
Medical terminology
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Suffix
• A Suffix is a word element located at the end of a word.
• A Suffix that stands alone is preceded by a hyphen (-).
• For example the suffix –logy, when it appears by itself, will be written -logy, with
the hyphen indicating that one or more word elements will always come before it.
• Not all root words have a suffix.
• Some suffixes are attached to a prefix only, e.g., dia- = prefix (through, across, or
between) and -rrhea = suffix (discharge, flow). When they form a complete word,
as in this example (diarrhea), the resulting word may be considered a root word,
depending on its use.
Suffix
• Substituting one suffix for another suffix changes the meaning of the word.
• E.g., carditis, cardiologist, cardiopathy.
• In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease,
or part of speech.
• Although the suffix is last in a medical term, it most often comes first in its
definition.
• e.g.: appendicitis means "inflammation (-itis) of the appendix." So, the suffix, in
this case –itis, provides us with the first word of the defining phrase.
Categories of Suffix
• Dividing Suffix into functional categories makes them easier to learn.
• There are 4 divisions:
1) suffixes that signify medical conditions
2) suffixes that signify diagnostic terms, test information, or surgical procedures
3) suffixes associated with a medical specialty or specialist
4) suffixes that convert a noun to an adjective
1. Suffixes Signifying Medical Conditions
• The suffix (-porosis), which means porous, is added to the root (oste/o), to form
the term (osteoporosis), which means “a porous condition of bone.”
2. Suffixes Signifying Diagnostic Terms, Test Information,
or Surgical Procedures
• Suffixes that form terms related to test information, diagnoses, and procedures
are often attached to a root that signifies a body part.
• The suffix (-ectomy) means “removal of,” and append is the root for appendix.
Thus, the term means “removal of the appendix.”
3. Suffixes That Name a Medical Practice or Practitioner
• -able = ability
ex: Injectable, inflatable
• -ible = ability
ex: Edible, reducible
Medical terminology
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• the ventral cavity located in front body which is subdivided into the thoracic and
abdominal pelvic cavities. The ventral cavity contains all the other internal organs,
sometimes referred to as viscera (singular viscus)
• the dorsal cavity located in the back of the body, Which subdivided into the cranial
and spinal cavities. The dorsal cavity contains the brain and spinal cord, which make
up the central nervous system.
Body Systems
• Body Systems Apart from their locations in body cavities, each of the organs, tissues, bones, and so
on, belongs to one or more specific body system, in which they work together to carry out physiologic
functions The body systems are listed below
• Endocrine System
• Integumentary System
• Digestive System
• Skeletal System
• Immune System
• Muscular System
• Urinary System
• Heart
• Reproductive System
• Blood Vessels
• Nervous System
• Respiratory System
• Eye Ear
New roots related to the body
The Digestive
System
The Digestive System:
• common word elements related to the digestive system
Common Disorders And Procedures Associated With The
Digestive System
Term Definition
• DM diabetes mellitus
• GERD gastroesophageal reflux disorder
• GI gastrointestinal
• NGT nasogastric tube