Lecture (4)

• Buffer solution
• Types of Buffers
• Acid – base Titration

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 1

 Buffer Solutions
• Buffer solutions are solutions that tend to resist changes in pH as a result of
dilution or the addition of small amounts of acids or bases.
• Buffer solutions usually consist of solutions containing a mixture of a weak acid or
weak base and its salt.
 Types of Buffers
• Buffers are of two types –acidic buffer and basic buffer.
1. Acidic buffer are mixture of weak acid and is salt with a strong base in
equimolal quantities. For example, mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate.
The pH of acidic buffer is <7.
• pH of acidic buffer can be calculated
by using following equation called as
Henderson’s equation.
Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 2
 ‫مزيج‬
2. Basic buffer are mixture of weak base and its salt with strong acid in
‫ الكميات املتنازل‬equimolal quantities. For example, mixture of ammonium hydroxide and

ammonium chloride. The pH of basic buffer is>7.

pH of basic buffer can be calculated by using following equation.

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 3

Example :-

Calculate the pH for solution that is 0.5M propanoic acid and 0.25 M sodium
propanoate . pKa of propanoic acid 4.87 .

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 4

Example:-
Calculate the pH of the solution that results when 20 mL of 0.1M sodium
hydroxide is added to 30 mL of o.15 M acetic acid. pKa of acetic acid 4.76.

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 5

‫نطرح التراكيز ثم نقسم على الحجم الكلي للحامض‬

‫نقسم حجم امللح على الحجم الكلي‬

‫‪Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

 ‫معلوم التركيز‬
-‫حدد‬
A chemical analysis used to determine
‫ التركيز‬the concentration of an acid or base

(sample) by adding an acid or base

Stander
solution
(titrant) of a known concentration until a
point of neutralization is found and a
calculation is done to find out the
concentration of the “unknown”
(☝ ‫ اللي هو‬N1 ‫مجهول )دائما نجد‬

‫عادة‬
 The titrants commonly used are referred to as primary standards and are available ‫متوفرة‬
in a pure & stable form, which can be used to prepare an accurate concentration of
‫تحضير‬ ‫تركيز دقيق‬
titrant ‫شكل نقي ومستقر‬
Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 7
 ‫يتضمن‬
 Acid-base titration involves a reaction between an acid and a base and the
addition of titrant continues until one reactant is consumed by the other--
‫املستهلكة‬
this is called the Equivalence point

 An indicator is used to indicate the change in the sample and is called the
endpoint
‫ليست دقيقة جدا‬
 This method is not very precise as one is using colour to endpoint a change
‫مشترك‬
 common indicators include bromothymol blue, Phenolphthalein and methyl
orange indicators ‫الفينولفثالني‬

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Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry
 Definition of some terms
 Titration: is a process in which a standard reagent is added to a solution of an
analyte until the reaction between them is completed.

 Standard solution:- is a reagent of known concentration that is used to carry

out a titrimetric analysis.
• The reagent of known concentration is called the "titrant” and the substance
being titrated is termed the "titrand”.

 A primary standard:- is an ultrapure compound that serves as the reference

material for a titrimetric method of analysis, Example of primary standards
for titration of acids are: sodium carbonate: Na2CO3, Example of primary
standards for titration of bases are: potassium hydrogen iodate: KH(IO3)2
Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 9
 A secondary standard: Is a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a
specific analysis. It is usually standardized against a primary standard.

Example of a secondary standard is the base NaOH. Commercially available

NaOH contains impurities of NaCl, Na2CO3, and Na2SO4, and readily absorbs
H2O from the atmosphere.

 Equivalence point: Is the point where the volume of added titrant at which the
number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte.
 End point: Is the point where the indicator changes color.

For example, suddenly change in a physical property of the solution or change the
color.
Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 10
 Indicator: Is a substance that undergoes a color change when a reaction
approaches completion

 Requirements for a primary standard

1. High purity. .‫عالية النقاء‬
2. Stability toward air.
3. Absence of hydrate water.
4. Ready availability at modest cost.
5. Reasonable solubility in the titration medium.
6. Reasonable large molar mass so that the relative error associated with
weighing the standard is minimized.

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 11

 Volumetric Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations

b
aA + bB product ; R=
a
titrant titrand

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Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry
 Example :-
A solution of Ba(OH)2 was standardized by titration against HCl (0.128
N). Exactly 31.76 mL of the base were required to neutralize 46.25 mL of
the acid. What is the normality of the Ba(OH)2 solution?

‫يشبه حالتي االن‬

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Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry
Example :-
What volume of H2SO4(5N) is required to neutralize a solution containing
2.5g of NaOH? M.wt NaOH=40 g mol-1

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Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry
  Titration of strong acid with strong base
In this titration, the titrant and analyte ionize completely since strong acid and
strong base dissociate completely. For the reaction between HCl and NaOH,
the reaction is as follows:
NaOH + HCl ↔ NaCl + H2O
Example 7:-
Let us consider the titration of 50 ml of (0.1 M) HCl with 0.1 M NaOH solution:
Calculate : pH after adding: 0,10,50,50.01ml of NaOH.

Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D.Analytical Chemistry 16

‫نقسم على الحجم الكلي‬

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Dr.Aseel S. -ph.D,Analytical Chemistry