Governor Generals

Warren Hastings (1784-85):

1. Abolition of Dual system

2. Revenue: Board of Revenue, English collectors, Accountant general, Izardari system
3. Judicial: Civil and Criminal court for every dist. Under Collector, appellate courts: Diwani – Governor and two
judges from council, Nizamat – Indian judges
4. Trade: uniform tariff, abolished dastaks, regulated internal trade, pre-paid postage system
5. 1773 act
6. Wars: Rohilla war 1774, Maratha 1776-82, Mysore 1780-84
7. 1784 act
8. Impeachment

Cornwallis (1786-93):

1. Wars: Mysore 1790-92

2. Administrative: High salaries to Officials, purify civil services, competition based recruitment, Separation of
powers – Commercial, Judicial and Revenue – collectors deprived of their Judicial
3. Revenue: Permanent Settlement
4. Judicial: 4 provincial – Calcutta, Dacca, Patna, Murshidabad. Sir William Jones. George Barlow – Cornwallis
Code – on principle of Montesquieu ‘Separation of powers’. All officials are answerable
5. Police: Dist. Judge ->Police->Thanas – Indian Daroga->Constables
6. Other: Board of Trade – EIC’s commercial investment, fair treatment was given to weavers and worker
7. Evaluation: curtailed Tipu, consolidated company’s position, purified administration

John Shore (1793-98): No events. Non-intervention policy.

Wellesley (1798-05):

Condition: Zaman Shah on NW, Marathas on N and Central, Tipu uncompromising enemy, Nizam of Hyd
employed Frenchmen, political neutrality of previous John shore, Napoleon invasion of East → Non-
intervention to Subsidiary alliance. Trading corporation to Imperial power.

George Barlow (1805-07): Vellore Mutiny 1806

Lord Minto (1807-13): Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 and Charter Act 1813.

Richard Hastings (1813-23):

Paramountcy concept
1. Gurkhas (1814-16): Treaty of Sagauli – Tarai region, Garhwal and Kumaon region
2. Suppression of Pindaris
3. Third Maratha War: 1817-18
4. Reforms: approved Ryotwari settlement, police system of Bengal extended, Again Collector as Magistrate,
vernacular schools, Hindu college 1817, abolished Censorship of Press by Wellesley
Lord Amherst (1823-28): First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26): Treaty of Yandaboo – Assam annexed.

Lord William Bentinck (1828-35):

1. Governor of Madras in 1803. Recalled after Vellore Mutiny 1806

2. Policy towards Indian States: Non-intervention and Non-aggression
3. Charter Act 1833
4. Financial: reduced salaries, bhattas
5. Judicial: abolished provincial courts, local languages in lower and English in higher
6. Revenue: Mahalwari system
7. Social: Sati, more infanticide, thugs (Sleemen), Maculay educational minutes, Anglicist approach, 1835
Calcutta Medical College
8. Evaluation: Straightforward, honest, upright, benevolent, sensible man.

Lord Auckland (1836-42): First Afghan War (1836-42) – lost

Lord Ellenborough (1842-44): Abolition of Slavery, annexed Sindh

Lord Hardinge (1844-48): Prohibition of Human Sacrifice, 1st Anglo-Sikh war 1845-46 – T. of Lahore

Lord Dalhousie (1848-56):

1. Annexation of PB 1849, Sikkim 1850, Lower Burma 1852, Awadh, Doctrine of Lapse
2. Administrative: Bengal Lt. Governor, Centralized control over newly acquired territory. GG>Commissioner-
>Territory
3. Military: increase Europeans in army, inclusion of martial tribes
4. Educational: Woods dispatch 1854, Universities: Bombay, Madras and Calcutta and Engg. College @roorkee
5. Railways: Strategic lines to move goods and troops to East, defense purpose. 1853 Mumbai-thane
6. Electric Telegraph: Father of E.Telegraph in India, 4000 miles from Cal-Peshawar and Bombay-Madras
7. Postal: Uniform rate, Intro of Stamps, Modern postal system, Post Office Act 1854
8. Public Works Dept.: Separately estd. And funded, Ganga canal, Bridges, Roads etc.
9. Commercial: Free trade, Indian ports to World trade, Harbors @Bombay, Karachi, Calcutta, Indian economy
got globalized
Name Year Leader Area Reason
Sanyasi Revolt 1770 Restriction – holy places and Bengal
famine
Chuar Uprising 1776-72 Durjan Singh Midnapore Dt. Famine, land reforms, economic distress
Ho uprising 1820-22 Chhotanagpur Interference in admn. And atti of landlords
Kol Mutiny 1831 Chhotanagpur Transfer of land to outsiders from Mundas
Kandh Uprising 1837-56 Chakra Bisoi Chhotanagpur Human sacrifice – Lord Hardinge
Santhal Rising 1854 Sido and Kanhu Rajmahal hills Oppression by outsiders – police, landlo,
offi
Ahom Revolt Gomdhar Konwar Assam Treaty of Yandaboo
Khasi uprising Tirtha Singh NE Road bt. Brahmaputra valley and Sylhet
Pagal Panthis 1825 Karam Shah, Tipu North Bengal Oppression of Zamindars
Faraizi revolt 1819-60 Hazi Shariat Allan Faridpur in East Expel English intruders from Bengal
and Dadu Mian Bengal
Munda revolt Birsa Chhotanagpur Destruction of sys of common
landholdings
Bhil Movement 1817-19, Sewaram NW of MH Agrarian hardships, Ryotwari system in
1825,35,46 Khandesh 1820s
Cutch rebellion 1816-32 Rao Bharmal Kutch, GJ Interfered in Internal feuds. 1826 – British
Burma expedition – time to restore Cutch
Waghera rising 1817-19, Okha Mandal, GJ Alien rule coupled with Gaekwad
25, 36, 46 supported by British
Koli rising 1829, 39, Neighbor of Bhils Large-scale unemployment and
44-48 dismantling of their forts
Ramosi rising 1822 Chittur singh Western ghats British rule
Surat salt Issue of raising salt duty by 50ps
agitations
Satara revolt 1840 Dhar rao Ruler of satara – defeated and banished
1844 Narsing Patekar
Bundela revolt 1842 Madhukar shah Revenue policy
Jawahar singh
Gadkari revolt Assumption of direct administration of
Kolhapur by British
Kolhapur and Gadkaris – hereditary military class of
Savantvadi Marathas – unemployed
Raja of 1765 Acquisition of territory, asked 3lacs,
Vijayanagaram disband troops
Poligars revolt Dindigal and Land revenue system
Malabar region
Diwan velu Travancore Subsidiary alliance, harsh conditions on
tampi’s revolt Travancore, high handedness
Rampa revolt Hill tribes of Restrictive forest regulations and govt.
coastal Andhra supported mansbdar
Wahabi Syed Ahmed Rai Bareilly Islamic revivalist
movement
Kuka revolt Bhagat Jawahar Western PB
mal (Sian Saheb)
Political Associations:

Name Year Leaders Remarks

Bangabasha
PrakashikaSabha
Zamindari Asso.
Bengal British India Society
British India Asso.
East India Asso.
Indian League
Indian Asso.
Poona Sarwajanik Sabha
Madras Mahajan Sabha
Bombay Presidency Ass.
INC
1836 Raja Rammohan Roy
1838 Dwarakanath Tagore To safe guard the interest of lanlords
1843 For all people welfare. 1851 – Zamindari Asso.
And BBIS were merged into British Ind Asso.
1851 Separate Legislature, Exe. From Jud., salaries
reduce, abolish salt duty, abkari and stamp
duties
1866 Dadabhai Naoroji @London To promote Indian welfare
1875 Sisir Kumar Ghosh Stimulating nationalism – Amrita Bazar
Patrika
1876 Surendranath Banerjee and Indian league replaced by this asso. ICS
Ananda Mohan Bose reforms, The Bengalee daily, Illbert bill contro
1867 Mahadev Govind Ranade Vernacular Press Act 1878, to intro Local self-
governance; Tilak was from here
1884 M. Viraraghava chari, G.
Subramaniya Ayer, P.Ananda
Charlu
1885 Babruddin Tayabji,
Pherozshah Mehta, KT Telang
1885 Due to Arms Act 1878, Vernacular Press Act
1878, Illbert Bill 1883 – withdrawn and
reintroduced with high adjustment

INC – Formation – Aims and Objectives – British response – achievements – Criticism

Rise of Extremism – reasons – aims

Lord Curzon - Partition of Bengal 1905 → Swadeshi Movement 1905-08

1905 session – Benares – method of protest and Presidential post conflict – G K Gokhale – mild resolution

1906 session – Calcutta – Dadabai Naoroji President – strong resolution: swaraj

1907 session – Surat – Rash behari ghose – split

Persons – Books:

Name Organisation/Aim Publication

Jnanendranath Basu 1st Samiti in Midnapore, 1902
Promotha mitter Anushilan Samiti in Kolkata, 1906 Yugantar by B N Ghosh and
Jathindranath Banerjee Bhupendranath Dutta
Aurobindo Ghosh
Birandranath ghosh
Bhupendranath dutta

Rashbehari Bose Secret society Sachin: Bandi Jeevan

Sachin sanyal Attack on viceroy (Hardinge): 1912, Delhi Conspiracy
Ghadar movement
Prafulla Chaki Alipore Bomb Case/ Muraripukur conspiracy/
Khudiram Bose Manicktolla bomb conspiracy. Ghosh brothers were
arrested.
Vasudev Balwant Phadke Ramosi peasant force, MH: 1879
Chapekar Brothers W N Rand(ICS - Plague commissioner of Pune) and
Lt.Ayerst assassinated in 1897
Savarkar brothers Mitra mela in 1897 and merged with Abhinav Bharat in Mazzini Charitra by Vinayak
1899 Damodar Savarkar.
Shyamji Krishna verma India House @London The Sociologist Journal

Madanlal Dhingra Assassinated Bureaucrat Curzon Wyllie

VirendranathChattopadhyaya Germany Berlin Talwar newspaper

Madam Bhikaji Cama Paris Bande mataram Journal
Ajith Singh (Bhagat singh Geneva: Anjurnan-i-Mohisban-i-Watan Bharat Mata Journal
uncle)
Taraknath Das The Free Hindustan paper
Ramdas Puri 1911:
G.D. Kumar United India House in Seattle
Taraknath Das Swadesh Sewak Home in Vancouver
Sohan singh Bhakna
Lal Hardayal
Lala Har Dayal 1913: Lala Har dayal Ghadar newspaper (multi
Barkatullah Founder of Ghadar party lingual) – 1913 @San
Bhagwan singh Editor of Bande mataram Journal of Bhikaji cama Francisco
Sohan Singh Bhakna
Kartar singh sarabha
Ramchandra
Bhai parmanand
Annie Beasant New India and Common Weal
Tilak Maharatta and Kesari
Acts:

Regulating Act: 1773: Warren Hastings

1. 24 COD through elections by Shareholders with 1000 pounds share (Court of Proprietors)
2. Governor of Bengal -> Gov. Gen. of Bengal over Bombay and Madras (in foreign relations, wars, treaties)
3. Gov.Gen. in Council -> 4 members: legislation through means of Majority. (Executive Council)
4. No veto power to GG
5. Estd. Supreme court @Calcutta

Pitt’s India Act: 1784: Warren Hastings

1. Estd. Dual govt. -> Under Crown: 6 BOC (administrative purpose, nominate Governors and GG) and Under EIC:
24 COD (trade and commerce)
2. Executive Council members from 4 to 3. One of them would be Commander-in-chief. To strengthen Gov. by
having 1 mem on his side and given Casting vote when tie. (2-2, Gov. caste vote not Veto)
3. Secret Committee: bridge bt. BOC and COD
4. Disclosing value of property to COD by all civil and military officials.

Act of 1786: Cornwallis

He had a demand that powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to
override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. Cornwallis was appointed as
Governor-General and commander in chief in India. Implicitly, it is Veto

power to GG.

Charter Act: 1793: Cornwallis

1. Monopoly of EIC: only next 20 years (Napoleon – Continental system of Europe – Ban of imports of Britain and
Adam Smith’s Free trade policy – pressure from other traders on govt.)
2. Salaries from Indian revenue.

Charter Act: 1813: Richard Hastings

1. Only monopoly on Tea and with China.

2. Christian missionaries were allowed with permission of COD or BOC
3. Annual allocation of 100,000 rupees for Education for Indians (Modern education start)
4. Local govt. could impose taxes on persons who subj. to jurisdiction of SC

Charter Act: 1833: William Bentinck: Saint Helena Act/ GoI Act 1833

1. EIC was deprived of its commercial privileges, only as an administrative body: trustee of the Crown
2. GG of Bengal -> GG of India.
3. Bombay and Madras were deprived from its law making power and were only for advisory purpose.
4. Again Executive council: 3 to 4. Law member for legislative purpose only.
 5. Codify the laws: Indian Law commission. All laws made were kept before British parliament to become Acts.
6. Services opened for Indians. COD nominates 4 times the no. of vacancies.

Charter Act: 1853: Lord Dalhousie

1. Reduced no. of COD from 24 to 18. Among 18, 6 were nominated by Crown.
2. Separate Governor for Presidency of Bengal.
3. Power to COD to form new presidency or to appoint Lt.Gov. to any territory.
4. Expansion of Gov. Gen. Council for Legislative purpose-> [(4+1)+6]=>beginning of Parliamentary sys.
5. Open competition for Civil Services – Macaulay report

Govt. of India Act: 1858: Lord Canning

1. Abolition of Company rule (abolished BOC, COD - Dual Government introduced by the Pitt’s India act)
2. Secretary of State – powers of both COD and BOC
3. Secretary of State-in- Council – 15: 7 by COD and 8 by crown
4. Office of Viceroy creation – as a diplomat to negotiate with Princely States
5. Abolition of Doctrine of Lapse.

Indian Councils Act: 1861: Lord Canning

1. 5th member to Executive council: Finance Member

2. Legislative purpose: 6 to 12 increment. At least half of the additional mem (i.e. 3 mem) should be non-officials
nominated by Viceroy.
3. Ordinance making power to Viceroy.
4. Assent to the Bill by GG is must => Withhold/veto
5. Portfolio system
6. Decentralization: Bombay and Madras legislative powers
7. New legislative councils in Bengal, NWFP, PB
8. No distinction between Central and Provincial subj.

Indian Councils Act: 1892: To increase the size of Legislative councils – Indirect elections – Beginning of representative
form of GoI

1. Additional mem in the Central as well as Provincial legislative councils (Central: 10<x<16). These were elected
through indirect elections. (SoS didn’t agree for Direct elections. 1st step for Representative)
2. Legislative councils can discuss about Budget but no supplementary questions can be asked.
3. Questions on public interest can be asked with prior permission of GG/Gov.

Indian Councils Act: 1909: Morley- Minto Reforms: Direct elections: Benevolent despotism – Constitutional autocracy
– GG veto

1. Expanded Central (16 increased to 60) and Provincial Legislative Councils: Direct elections
2. Non-official members to Legislative Councils: 1st time Direct election through Communal representation:
Muslims, Chamber of Commerce, Special and General.
 3. Discussion of Budget and also supplementary questions can be asked.
4. Foreign affairs and Military matters couldn’t be discussed.5.
One Indian has to be appointed to the Executive council.

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: GoI Act 1919: To end benevolent despotism and to est. responsible govt. and also
Decentralized unitary form of govt.

1. Separation of Central and Provincial lists.

2. Diarchy in Provinces – Transferred and Reserved – gradual transition from irresponsible to responsible.
3. Unicameralism -> Bicameralism @Centre
4. 3/6 of Viceroy’s executive council: Indians
5. Separate electorates for Christians and Sikhs
6. High commissioner of India @London
7. Public Service Commission
8. Commission to analyze the working of GoI Act 1919 after 10 years: Simon Commission

GoI Act 1935:

1. All India federation: Provinces and Princely states (these have discretion). But didn’t happen in reality.
Legislature practices according to 1919 Act itself.
2. Federal list, Provincial list and concurrent list
3. Abolished Diarchy in Provinces (1919) - Introduced provincial autonomy
4. Adoption of Diarchy at Centre: reserved, transfer
5. Bicameralism in 6/11 provinces
6. Abolished Indian Council of SoS and placed an advisory body.
7. RBI estd.
8. Estd. Federal court and setup in 1937
9. Estd. Federal Public Service Commission

1773: 4+1: Executive council

1784: 3+1: Executive council

1833: 4+1: 4th Law mem.

1853: [(4+1) +6]

1861: [(5+1) +12]

1892: [(5+1) +16]

1909: [(5+1) +60]

1919: (5+1) + (LS: 145 = 41+104) + (RS: 60 = 27+33)

1935: (10+1) + (LS: 375 = 250+125) + (RS: 260 = 156+101)

Education Policies:

Macaulay minutes on Education: 1835

1. Language: Teaching in English language.

2. Content: Technical education
3. Target: Downward filtration approach. Higher class initially.

Woods Dispatch: 1854

1. Traditional education should not be ignored.

2. Teach in vernacular languages at Primary and Secondary level but in English at Higher Education level.
3. Downward filtration approach was scrapped.
4. Mass education is govt.’s responsibility.
5. A hierarchy of educational institutions were setup.
6. Separate Dept. of Education was setup in every province (not dist.)
7. Universities @Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
8. Teachers training institute should be established.

Hunter’s Commission: 1882

1. Remarks confined to only Primary and Secondary level.

2. Responsibility of Primary education should be given to Dist. And Municipal boards.
3. Lesser govt. control over Universities
4. Take notice of lack of women education.

Universities Act: 1904

1. Based on Releigh Commission recommendations.

2. Senate fellows: 50<x<100
3. Fellows nominated by Govt.
4. Govt. could veto regulations passed by Senate
5. Appointment of Lecturers, Professors -> govt. approval was compulsory
6. Universities losing their power

Govt. resolution to Education policy: 1912

1. Policy on removal of Illiteracy

2. No to Compulsory education

Saddler Universities Commission: 1917

 1. School course: 12 years
2. Centralized teaching Universities encouraged
3. Special board of women education in Calcutta University
4. Also recommended setting up of new Universities: Patna, Mysore, Aligarh, Benares, Lucknow, Dacca

Hurtong Committee: 1929

Wardha Scheme of Basic education: 1937

Setup by the Provincial govt. formed by the Congress under Zakir Hussain

Sergeant Plan: 1944

Envisaged free and compulsory educatin between 6 and 11 years of age.

Radhakrishna Commission: 1948