Cell Connections

 Tight junctions are cell connection structures that form barriers and anchor cells to each other.
 Structures called adhesion belts are found just below the tight junctions, and help tight junctions
anchor epithelial cells to each other.
 They prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely
surround each cell.
 Materials that pass through an epithelial layer with tight junctions must pass through the cells, so
those cells regulate what materials can cross.
 Tight junctions are found in the lining of the intestines.

Structure of Exocrine Glands

 The duct is the tube that transports the secreted material to the free surface of the epithelium.
 The secretory portion of the gland lies deeper in the epithelium and is composed of cells that
produce the secreted material.
 Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified according to the structure of their ducts and
secretory regions, and mode of secretion.
Glands
There are 3 categories of exocrine glands:
 Unicellular glands are composed of only a single cell.
 Simple glands are multicellular and have a single, nonbranched duct.
 Compound glands are multicellular and have several branched ducts.

Simple Glands
There are several types of simple glands:
 Simple tubular—glands forming a straight tube with no branching of the secretory
portion
 Simple branched tubular—gland with several tubular secretory portions branching
from the single duct
 Simple acinar—glands with a single sac-like secretory portion
 Simple branched acinar—glands with several acinar secretory portions branching from
the single duct
Compound Glands
There are several types of compound glands:
 Compound tubular—glands with multiple ducts, each with a narrow tubular secretory
portion
 Compound acinar—glands with multiple ducts, each with a several sac- like secretory
portions
 Compound tubuloacinar—glands with multiple ducts, each with several tubular and
acinar secretory portions
Cartilage

 There are three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
 Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions, such as
covering the ends of bones, where they form joints.
 Also forms the cartilage rings of the respiratory tract, the nasal cartilages, and the costal
cartilages, which attach the ribs to the sternum (breastbone).