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VECTORS
In mathematics and physics, vector is a term that refers colloquially to some
quantities that cannot be expressed by a single number (a scalar), or to elements
of some vector spaces.

Historically, vectors were introduced in geometry and physics (typically in

mechanics) for quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction, such as
displacements, forces and velocity. Such quantities are represented by geometric
vectors in the same way as distances, masses and time are represented by real
numbers.

The term vector is also used, in some contexts, for tuples, which are finite
sequences of numbers of a fixed length.

Both geometric vectors and tuples can be added and scaled, and these vector
operations led to the concept of a vector space, which is a set equipped with a
vector addition and a scalar multiplication that satisfy some axioms generalizing
the main properties of operations on the above sorts of vectors. A vector space
formed by geometric vectors is called a Euclidean vector space, and a vector
space formed by tuples is called a coordinate vector space.
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DIRECTED LINE SEGMENTS

Partitions occur on line segments that are referred to as

directed segments. A directed segment is a segment that has
distance (length) and direction. It is important to understand
that a directed segment has a "starting point" referred to as
the "initial point".

HISTORICAL IMAGE – LINE SEGMENT (1699)

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Notation of a vector

Vector notation is how we write vectors in mathematics.

A vector is a quantity which has both magnitude and direction. It

can be used to show a movement.

We can write vectors in several ways,

1. USING AN ARROW,
2. USING BOLDFACE
3. UNDERLINED.

Modulus/magnitude of a vector
Types of vectors

Let us explore a few types of vectors:

Zero Vectors: Vectors that have 0 magnitude are called zero
vectors, denoted by →0 = (0,0,0). The zero vector has zero
magnitudes and no direction. It is also called the additive
identity of vectors.
Unit Vectors: Vectors that have magnitude equals to 1 are
called unit vectors
It is also called the multiplicative identity of vectors. The
length of unit vectors is 1. It is generally used to denote the
direction of a vector.
Position Vectors: Position vectors are used to determine the
position and direction of movement of the vectors in a
three-dimensional space. The magnitude and direction of
position vectors can be changed relative to other bodies. It
is also called the location vector.
Equal Vectors: Two or more vectors are said to be equal if
their corresponding components are equal. Equal vectors
have the same magnitude as well as direction. They may
have different initial and terminal points but the length and
direction must be equal.
Negative Vectors: A vector is said to be the negative of
another vector if they have the same magnitudes but
opposite directions. If vectors A and B have equal lengths
but opposite directions, then vector A is said to be the
negative of vector B or vice versa.
Parallel Vectors: Two or more vectors are said to be parallel
vectors if they have the same direction but not necessarily
the same magnitude. The angle between two parallel
vectors is zero degrees. The vectors whose angle of
direction differs by 180 degrees are called antiparallel
vectors, that is, antiparallel vectors have opposite
directions.
Orthogonal Vectors: Two or more vectors in space are said
to be orthogonal if the angle between them is 90 degrees.
In other words, the dot product of orthogonal vectors is
always 0.
Co-initial Vectors: Vectors that have the same initial point
are called co-initial vectors
Notation for a vector

In mathematics and physics, vector notation is a commonly used

notation for representing vectors, which may be Euclidean
vectors, or more generally, members of a vector space.
Modulus/magnitude of a
vector

Given a vector
→
v =(xy), its magnitude, also called modulus can be calculated
with the formula:
→
|v|=√x2+y2
Vector multiplication