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Quality of Natural Adhesives from Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) and Kudo

(Lannea coromandelica ) Tree Sap for Craft Making

Conference Paper · February 2019

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Quality of Natural Adhesives from Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) ..........................................(Istihanah Nurul Eskani & Titiek Pujilestari)

IUFRO • INAFOR 2017-POSTER E8

Quality of Natural Adhesives from Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) and Kudo

(Lannea coromandelica ) Tree Sap for Craft Making
Istihanah Nurul Eskani1, Titiek Pujilestari
Center for Handicraft and Batik, Jl. Kusumanegara No.7 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
1
hana.eskani@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Adhesives commonly used in craft industries are made by synthetic based materials that have been
identified to be unsafe for human health and the environment. This research aimed to develop an
adhesive by using natural raw materials of Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) and Kudo (Lannea coromandelica)
tree sap. To obtain the adhesive, Jelutung sap was dissolved in toluene and heated in waterbath
at temperature of 800C for 1 hour. Maleic Anhydride (MAH) and Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)
with amount of 5% and 0.75% by weight of Jelutung sap respectively were added to increase
the compatibility between the adhesive and the adherent. The Kudo sap based adhesives were
produced by using the same method as the adhesive of Jelutung but by use of water as solvent.
The physical properties of the adhesives were evaluated and then compared to SNI 06-6049-1999
PVAc Adhesive. The performances of the adhesives were also observed by applying them to a craft
material of Jomok (Arthocarpus elastica) tree bark. The mechanical properties were tested and then
compared to the performance of synthetic adhesives. The results show that the physical properties
of adhesives from Kudo tree sap meet the SNI and the mechanical properties were comparable
to the performance of synthetic adhesives, so that it can potentially be used in the craft industry.
However, the adhesive made of Jelutung sap have a poor performance when it was used in the
craft production.

Keywords: Natural adhesives, Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) tree sap, Kudo (Lannea coromandelica) tree
sap

1. INTRODUCTION
Adhesives are one of the important materials in industry particularly in craft production. Craft
industry is a creative industry to produce decorative items for home or fashion. Adhesive
commonly used in the craft industry is a synthetic adhesive called yellow glue and white glue
(PVAc). The synthetic adhesives are identified to be unsafe for human health as it solvent contains
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). If LSD substances frequently inhaled by human will cause
hallucinations and damage the nervous system and other organs (Kasim, 2013). On the other hand,
formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea formaldehyde (UF), melamine formaldehyde (MF) and
phenol formaldehyde (PF) usually used in the wood industry emit formaldehyde vapour that causes
symptoms of dizziness, shortness of breath and insomnia (Karliati, 2014).
This research was aimed to develop adhesives derived from natural plant materials without the
use of formaldehyde. The raw materials used in this research were Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) and
Kudo (Lannea coromandelica) tree sap. Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) is originally from Southeast Asia. In
Indonesia, it widely grows in Sumatra and Kalimantan including Jambi, Riau, North Sumatra, West
Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan (Sofiyuddin, 2013). Jelutung wood has
been usually used for making pencils, plywood, partition board, and sap as raw materials of gum,

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Proceedings of IUFRO – INAFOR Joint International Conference 2017
Yogyakarta, 24th– 27th July 2017

paints, adhesives and varnish. The Kudo tree (Lannea coromandelica) belongs to the Anacardiaceae
family and is widespread in Indonesia. In India, the Kudo tree is called the Indian Ash Tree and is
widely used to treat various diseases, including toothache, abdominal pain and impotence (Reddy,
Joy, & Kumar, 2011).

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
2.1 Adhesive Preparation
Jelutung sap was dissolved in toluene with a ratio of Jelutung sap and toluene was 30 : 70 and
35: 65 while Kudo tree sap was dissolved in water with a ratio of 1 : 3 and 1 : 4 respectively. The
solutions were heated in a waterbath at a temperature of 70 - 800C and stirred for 60 minutes. Maleat
Anhydrid (MAH) of 5% weight of the sap was added to the solutions; thereafter the solution was
being cooled. Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) of 0.75% of the sap weight was added after the adhesive
was cooled for + 12 hours. Furthermore, for comparison, another adhesive of each sap was also
prepared without using MAH and BPO additives.
2.2 Testing of Adhesive Quality
Quality of the adhesive is determined by its physical and mechanical properties. The physical
properties of adhesive tested were specific gravity, visual appearance (color), viscosity, and pH.
The results were compared to SNI 06-6049-1999 for PVAc adhesives (BSN, 1999). The mechanical
properties analysed were peel test and delamination in order to see whether it is comparable to
synthetic adhesives or not. Peel test using British Standard (BS 5350-C12: 1994), 1800 peel test for
flexible to flexible bonded assemblies (T-Peel Test). The natural adhesive was applied on the bark
of jomok then glued onto the cardboard. The specimens were 25 mm width x 200 mm length with
50 mm long of the specimen was not covered by the adhesives (BS, 1994).
SNI 01-7201-2006 was used for the delamination test. In this test, specimens were made of jomok
bark with a size of 75 mm x 75 mm which were glued using the natural adhesive onto plywood.
The specimens were immersed in hot water at a temperature of 35 ± 3 °C for 2 hours then dried
in an oven at temperature of 60 ± 3°C for 3 hours (BSN, 2006).

D (1)

The results of mechanical properties test of the natural adhesives were then compared to the
mechanical properties of synthetic adhesives commonly used in the handicraft industry.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The physical properties of adhesives i.e. color, pH, viscosity and specific gravity are shown in
Table 1. The color of a standard adhesive according to SNI 06-6049-1999 is white. The natural
adhesives that have been prepared in this research have the same color as the color of the raw
material. The adhesive of Jelutung sap color is white which has met the SNI, however the adhesive
from the sap of Kudo tree is brown.
The degree of acidity (pH) of a standard adhesive according to SNI 06-6049-1999 is 3-8. The
adhesive of Kudo sap and Jelutung sap without additive have a pH of 3-6 that meets the SNI.
However, the adhesive of Jelutung sap modified with additives of MAH and BPO was more
acidic. According literature, low pH values ​​lead to longer adhesive lifetime (Sulistyanto, Darmanto,
& Amalia, 2015). However, too low pH value will potentially damage the glued material (Ruhendi,
2008). The requirement of viscosity of PVAc adhesive according to SNI 06-6049-1999 is at least
1 poise. The natural adhesives produce in this work that meet the SNI was only adhesive from

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Quality of Natural Adhesives from Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla) ..........................................(Istihanah Nurul Eskani & Titiek Pujilestari)

Kudo sap with ratio Kudo sap : Water = 1: 3. Eventhough, the SNI 06-6049-1999 does not require
the value of specific gravity, in this study, specific gravity of Kudo and Jelutung sap adhesive is
close to specific gravity of synthetic adhesive. (STT2 with sg: 1.003 gr /cm3).
Table 1: Physical Properties of Natural Adhesives
Viscosity Specific Gravity
Adhesives The Sap : Solvent Color pH
[poise] [gr/cm3]
BLT 1 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 3 Brown 5 1.000 1.107
BLM 1 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 3 Brown 3 1.100 1.020
BLT 2 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 4 Brown 5 0.110 0.876
BLM 2 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 4 Brown 3 0.140 1.037
JLT 1 Jelutung Sap : Toluene = 30 : 70 White 6 0.050 0.917
JLM 1 Jelutung Sap : Toluene = 30 : 70 White 1 0.011 0.957
JLT 2 Jelutung Sap: Toluene = 35 : 65 White 6 0.018 0.912
JLM 2 Jelutung Sap: Toluene = 35 : 65 White 1 0.009 0.986
STT 1 Synthetic Adhesive (fox/aica Yellow 9 0.120 n.a
aibon)
STT 2 Synthetic Adhesive (glukol) White 5 1.500 1.003
Annotation:
BLT 1 : natural adhesives from Kudo sap : water = 1 : 3
BLM 1 : natural adhesives from Kudo sap : water = 1 : 3 modified with MAH 5% and BPO 0,75% by with of the sap
BLT 2 : natural adhesives from Kudo sap : water = 1 : 4
BLM 2 : natural adhesives from Kudo sap : water = 1 : 4 modified with MAH 5% and BPO 0,75% by with of the sap
JLT 1 : natural adhesives from Jelutung : toluene = 30 : 70
JLM 1 : natural adhesives from Jelutung : toluene = 30 : 70 modified with MAH 5% and BPO 0,75% by with of the
sap JLT 2 : natural adhesives from Jelutung : toluene = 35 : 65
JLM 2 : natural adhesives from Jelutung: toluene = 35 : 65 modified with MAH 5% and BPO 0,75% by with of the sap
STT 1 : synthetic adhesive (fox/aica aibon)
STT 2 : synthetic adhesive (glukol)
n.a : not available

Mechanical properties of natural adhesives after being applied to the craft material of Jomok
(Arthocarpus elastica) bark are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Mechanical Properties of Natural Adhesives
Adhesives The Sap : Solvent Peel Strength Delamination
[N/mm] [%]
BLT 1 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 3 0.240 0.000
BLM 1 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 3 0.187 5.070
BLT 2 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 4 0.123 43.673
BLM 2 Kudo Sap : Water = 1 : 4 0.193 0.000
JLT 1 Jelutung Sap : Toluene = 30 : 70 0.043 24.960
JLM 1 Jelutung Sap : Toluene = 30 : 70 0.107 0.000
JLT 2 Jelutung Sap : Toluene = 35 : 65 0.043 33.333
JLM 2 Jelutung Sap : Toluene = 35 : 65 0.030 46.093
STT 1 Synthetic Adhesive (fox/aica aibon) 0.157 3.643
STT 2 Synthetic Adhesive (glukol) 0.213 0.000

Mechanical properties of the natural adhesives have been compared to the performance of synthetic
adhesives (STT 1 dan STT 2). As can be seen in Table 2, the peel strength of the Kudo sap adhesive
bond is greater than that of the synthetic adhesive except for the BLT 2. In general, the adhesive of
the Kudo sap has a peel strength value comparable to the synthetic adhesive. In contrast all natural
adhesives made of Jelutung sap have a peel strength value smaller than the synthetic ones.
The delamination value (%) indicates the level of damage of the specimen material glued with the
adhesive to be tested. The smaller the delamination value indicates the greater strength value of

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 Proceedings of IUFRO – INAFOR Joint International Conference 2017
Yogyakarta, 24th– 27th July 2017

the adhesive. The delamination test aims to assess the strength of adhesive bonds with sufficient
accuracy and determine the appropriate conditions for their application (Bryant et al., 1959 in
Siruru, 2006). A 0% delamination value indicates no damage to the specimen material after the
delamination test. In general, the adhesive from the Kudo sap has a relatively small delamination
value which indicates the strong adhesive bond. On the otherhand, the adhesive from Jelutung sap
has a greater delamination value indicating the weak adhesive bond.
In this study, Maleic Anhydride (MAH) was added to the natural adhesive as coupling agent and
Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) was also added as initiator. The addition of MAH will lead to the increase
of adhesion by grafting on the polymer backbone via esterification between the polymer matrix
and the hydroxyl group of wood (Febrianto, et al, 1999). Therefore the addition of MAH will
increase the strength value of the adhesive. However, in this study the addition of MAH had no
significant effect on the adhesive strength when compared with the adhesive without the addition
of MAH.

4. CONCLUSIONS
Natural adhesives can potentially be prepared from Kudo sap and Jelutung sap. The physical
properties of the adhesives of Kudo sap which include pH, viscosity and specific gravity have met
the requirements of SNI and its mechanical properties are equivalent to the synthetic adhesives
commonly used in the handicraft industry. In contrast, the adhesive from Jelutung sap has poor
performance when used in handicraft industry.

5. REFERENCES

BS. (1994). BS 5350-C12:1994 Methods of Test of Adhesives - Part C12:180 Peel Test for Flexible
to Flexible Bonded Assemblies (T-Peel Test). London: British Standard Institution (BSI).
BSN. (1999). SNI 06-6049-1999 Polivinil Asetat Emulsi untuk Perekat Pengerjaan Kayu. Jakarta,
Indonesia: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
BSN. (2006). SNI 01-7201-2006 Kayu Lapis dan Papan Blok Bermuka Kertas Indah. Jakarta,
Indonesia: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
Febrianto, F., Yoshioka, M., Nagai, Y., Mihara, M., & Shiraishi, N. (1999). Composites of wood
andtrans-1,4-isoprene rubber 1: Mechanical, physical, and flow behavior. Journal of Wood
Science, 45, 38–45. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579522
Karliati, T. (2014). Karakteristik dan Aplikasi Getah Perca Termodifikasi untuk Perekat Kayu. Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
Kasim, M. F. (2013). Penyalahgunaan zat adiktif “lem aibon” oleh anak jalanan di kota makassar. Universitas
Hasanudin.
Reddy, A. K., Joy, J. M., & Kumar, C. K. A. (2011). Lannea coromandelica : The Researcher ’ s Tree,
4(3), 577–579.
Ruhendi, S. (2008). Kualitas Papan Partikel Kenaf Menggunakan Perekat Likuida dengan fortifikasi
Melamin Formaldehid. Ilmu Dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan, 1(1), 34–44.
Siruru, H. (2006). Pengaruh Ekstender dan Bahan Pengisi Perekat Urea Formaldehida Terhadap
Delaminasi Papan Blok. Agroforestri, I(3), 19–25.
Sofiyuddin, M. (2013). Jalan Panjang Domestikasi dan Agroforestasi Jelutung (Dyera sp). Kiprah
Agroforestri, 6(2), 3.
Sulistyanto, E. P., Darmanto, Y. S., & Amalia, U. (2015). Karakteristik Lem Ikan dari tiga Jenis Ikan
Laut yang Berbeda. Ilmu Dan Kelautan Tropis, 7(1), 23–32.

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