Sample mean = 19.

4
• Sample mean = 19.4
• Null hypothesis (H₀): The population mean (μ) is 20
• Alternative hypothesis (Hₐ): The population mean (μ) is less than 20
• Population standard deviation = 2
• Sample size (n) = 50
• Calculated z-score: z = (19.4 - 20)/(2/√50) = -2.1213

Using these values, we can draw the following conclusions:

A. The calculated z-score is -2.1213.
B. The probability of observing a z-score less than -2.1213 (P(Z < -2.1213)) is 0.0169.
C. Since the calculated p-value (0.0169) is less than the significance level (α = 0.05), we reject
the null hypothesis (H₀). Therefore, we conclude that the population mean (μ) is less than 20.
D. Additionally, as the test statistic (-2.1213) is more extreme than the critical value (-1.645), we
reject the null hypothesis. This further supports the conclusion that the population mean (μ) is
less than 20.
 • Null hypothesis (H₀): The population mean (μ) is 25
• Alternative hypothesis (Hₐ): The population mean (μ) is greater than 25
• Population standard deviation = 2
• Sample size (n) = 50
• Calculated z-score: z = (26.4 - 25)/(6/√40) = 1.4757

Based on these calculations, we can draw the following conclusions:

A. The calculated z-score is 1.4757.
B. The probability of observing a z-score greater than 1.4757 (P(Z > 1.4757)) is 0.0700.
C. Since the calculated p-value (0.0700) is greater than the significance level (α = 0.01), we do
not have sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis (H₀). Therefore, we cannot support the
claim that the population mean is greater than 25 at a significance level of 0.01.
D. The critical value for α = 0.01 is approximately 2.33. Since the test statistic (1.4757) is less
than the critical value (1.4757 < 2.33), we do not reject the null hypothesis.
A. By applying the formula, we find that the value is 2.4206 when calculating (52.5 - 50)
divided by (8 times the square root of 60).

B. To compute the t-value, we use the formula (51 - 50) divided by (8 divided by the
square root of 60). Simplifying further, we obtain a t-value of approximately 0.968.

C. Similarly, when calculating the t-value using the given data (51.8 - 50) divided by (8
divided by the square root of 60), we obtain an approximate value of 1.745.
A. The null hypothesis (H₀) states that the population mean (μ) is equal to 18, while the
alternative hypothesis (Hₐ) suggests that μ is not equal to 18. With a sample mean (x̅) of 17,
sample standard deviation (s) of 4.5, and sample size (n) of 48, the calculated t-value is 1.5412.

B. The probability of observing a t-value less than -1.5412 is approximately 0.062 (representing
the area to the left of -1.5412 on the t-distribution). Similarly, the probability of observing a
t-value greater than 1.5412 is approximately 0.062 (representing the area to the right of 1.5412).
Adding these two probabilities together yields a total of 0.124.

C. Comparing the calculated p-value of 0.0124 to the significance level α (0.05), we find that the
p-value is greater than α. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis H₀: μ = 18 at the
significance level of 0.05.

D. The calculated t-value is 1.5412, while the critical t-value is 2.013. Since the calculated
t-value is less than the critical t-value, we do not reject the null hypothesis. Thus, based on the
critical value approach, we fail to reject the null hypothesis H₀: μ = 18.