Week PRACTICAL RESEARCH I-Q4

6
PATTERNS, THEMES AND CODES

INTRODUCTION

In the previous lesson, you have identified the different methods and tools in gathering data
for qualitative research such as through mainly observation or interview. This time, you will learn how to get
the most valuable information for your research among those , data that you have gathered. To get those,
you need to locate the patterns, codes and themes.

After reading the worktext, you are expected to:

1. Infer and explain patterns and themes from data
2. Relate the findings with pertinent literature

DEVELOPMENT
After data gathering, you have to interpret it and look for the most relevant answers at the
most valid conclusion. But in qualitative research, interpreting the answers should start with transcribing.
Imagine you havre 50 respondents. While interviewing them, you record their answers. The process of
writing down what has been recorded is the transcribing process. After that you might realize that each of
them for example gave you a 10-sentence paragraph for a singl question. How will you get the main
answer to your question from such a lengthy and laborious answer? For you to have to have their main
answer, you need pattern themes and codes.

PATTERNS and THEMES

Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data. It is usually applied to a set of texts,
such as interview transcripts. The researcher closely examines the data to identify common themes –
topics, ideas and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly.
Conclusions in qualitative research are based on patterns and themes. Patterns and themes are
words or phrases that collectively describes the experience or thoughts of every participant.
Coding is the process of labeling and organizing your qualitative data to identify different themes
and the relationships between them. When coding customer feedback, you assign labels to words or
phrases that represent important (and recurring) themes in each response. These labels can be words,
phrases, or numbers; we recommend using words or short phrases, since they’re easier to remember,
skim, and organize.
Coding qualitative research to find common themes and concepts is part of thematic analysis, which
is part of qualitative data analysis. Thematic analysis extracts themes from text by analyzing the word and
sentence structure.

Why is it important to code qualitative data?

Coding qualitative data makes it easier to interpret customer feedback. Assigning codes to words
and phrases in each response helps capture what the response is about which, in turn, helps you better
analyze and summarize the results of the entire survey.
Researchers use coding and other qualitative data analysis processes to help them make data-
driven decisions based on customer feedback. When you use coding to analyze your customer feedback,
you can quantify the common themes in customer language. This makes it easier to accurately interpret
and analyze customer satisfaction.

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Example:

In qualitative research, coding is “how you define what the data you are analysing are about”
(Gibbs, 2007). Coding is a process of identifying a passage in the text or other data items (photograph,
image), searching and identifying concepts and finding relations between them.

Qualitative Coding
Coding is a way of indexing or categorizing the text in order to establish a framework of thematic
ideas about it | Gibbs (2007).

In qualitative research, coding is “how you define what the data you are analysing are about” (Gibbs, 2007).
Coding is a process of identifying a passage in the text or other data items (photograph, image), searching
and identifying concepts and finding relations between them. Therefore, coding is not just labeling; it is
linking of data to the research idea and back to other data...

The codes which are applied enable you to organize data so you can examine and analyze them in a
structured way, e.g. by examining relationships between codes.

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An example

A code in a qualitative inquiry is most often a word or short phrase. In the table below an
example (Saldaña, 2013) is given.

Raw data Preliminary Final

codes code

The closer I get to “retirement * retirement RETIREMENT

age” the faster I want it to age* ANXIETY
happen. I’m not even 55 yet and I
would give anything to retire financial
now. But there’s a mortgage to obligations
pay off and still a lot more to
sock away in savings before I can dreams of
even think of it. I keep playing early
the lottery, though, in hopes of retirement
dreams of early winning those
millions. No retirement luck yet.

Expert Tips
Any researcher who wishes to become proficient at doing qualitative analysis must learn to code
well and easily. The excellence of the research rests in large part on the excellence of the coding |
Strauss (1987)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/
https://getthematic.com/insights/coding-qualitative-data/
https://www.cessda.eu/Training/Training-Resources/Library/Data-Management-Expert-Guide/3.-Process/Qualitative-coding
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/453385887481606786/

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Name:_____________________________ Subject: PR1
Section:___________________________ WEEK 6

PERFORMANCE TASK

Directions:Choose the Initial Coding and Focused Coding that match with the response.
Initial Coding Student feels involved in own learning
Student feels valued
Check for understanding
Explained content
Responded to questions
Encouraging expressions of viewpoint
Encouraging questions
Focused Coding Presentation of content
Student empowerment
Encouraging student participation

Question:”What in this course has helped you the most?”

Response Initial Coding Focused Coding
(1)I appreciate how much the instructor 1.
encourage us (2)to voice our opinions
and to ask questions in class. As much 2.
as possible, (3)he took the time to
respond to everyone’s questions and 3.
opinions, (4)to explain concepts, and
then (5)to make sure everyone 4
understood his answers. (6)This helped
me because I felt like I was being heard 5
and (7) I became more involved in
learning the material. 6

7.

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Name:_____________________________ Subject: PR1
Section:___________________________ WEEK 6

WRITTEN OUTPUT

Directions: Code the following responses according to the given patterns and themes. Write the correct
code before each number .
Pattern and Themes Codes
Work Related Issues W
Family Problem F
Persona Issues P
Technological Issues T
Knoeledge on Language K

Question:Why can’t you accomplish your activities in your lessons on time?

Codes Responses
1.It is hard.
2. Honestly I am lazy.
3 .I don’t feel the teacher.
4. I just don’t feel the urge to do it.
5. I don’t like the subject. Period.
6. I don’t have anybody to help me.
7. I have a lot of responsibilities at home.
8. There is no network signal in our place.
9. I am mentally exhausted due to pandemic.
10. I want to stop. I just want to do any other work.
11. I can’t ask my teacher. I don’t have my own phone.
12. I can pass the subject even though I do’t do the activities.
13. I am really bad at English.
14. I need cellphone to research the answers in the internet.
15. I spend most of my time with my boyfriend/girlfriend.
16. I usually forget to do it once I start my favorite mobile game.
17. I don’t want to study. My parents are just forcing me to enrol.
18. I can’t concentrate on my studies due to family problems.
19. I am working for 12 hours. I don’t have time and strength to do it.
20. My faith has no faith on me so why should I do it?
21. It is hard to understand the lesson because the words are too techncal.
22. I can’t find any inspiration to pursue my studies.
23. I am just copying with my friend. But since she can’t do it now, I can’t answer it as well.
24. I can’t go to school to get my learning materials because we don’t have any means for transpo.
25. I am used to face-to-face learning. How can I be able to understand a module which I can’t translate.

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