Introduction

AWGN channels
Fading Channels

Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques

Section 3.1: Performance analysis over AWGN and fading channels

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 1
 Introduction
AWGN channels
Fading Channels

Outline of the lecture notes

1 Introduction

2 AWGN channels Tỷ lệ công suất tín hiệu trên tạp âm và năng lượng bit/ký hiệu
Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
Error probability for BPSK and QPSK Xác suất lỗi đối với BPSK và QPSK
Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical
modulations Xác suất lỗi bit và ký hiệu gần đúng cho các biểu tượng điển hìnhđiều chế

3 Fading Channels
Introduction
Outage probability Xác suất mất điện
Average probability of error
Xác suất lỗi trung bình

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 2
 Introduction
AWGN channels
Fading Channels

Introduction

We now consider the performance of the digital modulation

techniques discussed in the previous chapter when used over AWGN
channels and channels with flat-fading.
There are two performance criteria of interest: the probability of
error, defined relative to either symbol or bit errors, and the outage
probability, defined as the probability that the instantaneous
signal-to-noise ratio falls below a given threshold.
Wireless channels may also exhibit frequency selective fading and
Doppler shift. Frequency-selective fading gives rise to intersymbol
interference (ISI), which causes an irreducible error floor in the
received signal.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 3
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy

In this section we define the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) and

its relation to energy-per-bit (Eb ) and energy-per-symbol (Es ).
We then examine the error probability on AWGN channels for
di↵erent modulation techniques as parameterized by these energy
metrics. Our analysis uses the signal space concepts of previous
section.
⇥ ⇤
In an AWGN channel, the modulated signal s(t) = Re u(t)ej2⇡fc t
has receiver noise n(t) added to it prior to reception. The noise n(t)
is a white Gaussian random process with zero-mean and power
spectral density N0 /2.
The received signal is thus r(t) = s(t) + n(t).

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 4
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy (cont.)

We define the received signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) as the

ratio of the received signal power Pr to the power of the noise
within the bandwidth of the transmitted signal s(t).
The received power Pr is determined by the transmitted power and
the path loss and multipath fading.
The noise power is determined by the bandwidth of the transmitted
signal and the spectral properties of n(t). Specifically, if the
bandwidth of the complex envelope u(t) of s(t) is B then the
bandwidth of the transmitted signal s(t) is 2B.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 5
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Signal-to-Noise ratio and bit/symbol energy (cont.)

Since the noise n(t) has uniform power spectral density N0 /2, the
total noise power within the bandwidth 2B is
Pn = N0 /2 ⇥ 2B = N0 B. So, the received SNR is given by
Pr
SN R = . (1)
N0 B
In systems with interference, we often use the received
signal-to-interference-plus-noise power ratio (SINR) in place of SNR
for calculating error probability. If the interference statistics
approximate those of Gaussian noise then this is a reasonable
approximation.
The received SINR is given by
Pr
SN R = . (2)
N 0 B + PI
where PI is the average power of the interference.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 6
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Signal-to-Noise ratio and bit/symbol energy (cont.)

The SNR is often expressed in terms of the signal energy per bit Eb
or per symbol Es as
Pr Es Eb
SN R = = = . (3)
N0 B N0 BTs N0 BTb
where Ts and Tb are the symbol and bit durations, respectively. For
binary modulation (e.g., BPSK), Ts = Tb and Es = Eb .
For data shaping pulses with Ts = 1/B (e.g., raised cosine pulses
with = 1), one will have SNR = Es /N0 for multilevel signaling
and SNR = Eb /N0 for binary signaling. For general pulses,
Ts = k/B for some constant k, we have k ⇥ SNR = Es /N0 .
The quantities s = Es /N0 and b = Eb /N0 are sometimes called
the SNR per symbol and the SNR per bit, respectively.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 7
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

[Digital Modulation] Lab 5: Plot the QAM constellation

with noise
Lab 5. Expected plots of MQAM constellation

1.5 MQAM constellation at transmitter

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

1.5 MQAM constellation at receiver over AWGN channels

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 9
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Signal-to-Noise ratio and bit/symbol energy (cont.)

For performance specification, we are interested in the bit error

probability Pb as a function of b .
However, for M-array signaling (e.g., MPAM and MPSK), the bit
error probability depends on both the symbol error probability and
the mapping of bits to symbols. Thus, we typically compute the
symbol error probability Ps as a function of s based on the signal
space concepts of previous section and then obtain Pb as a function
of b using an exact or approximate conversion.
These assumptions for M-array signaling lead to the approximations:

s Ps
b ⇡ and Pb ⇡ . (4)
log2 M log2 M

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 11
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Error probability for BPSK and QPSK

Consider BPSK modulation with coherent detection and perfect
recovery of the carrier frequency and phase. With binary modulation
each symbol corresponds to one bit, so the symbol and bit error
rates are the same.
The transmitted signal is s0 (t) = Ag(t)cos(2⇡fc t) to send a 0 bit
and s1 (t) = Ag(t)cos(2⇡fc t) to send a 1 bit. Note that for binary
modulation where M = 2, there is only one way to make an error
and dmin is the distance between the two signal constellation points,
so the probability of error is also the bound:
✓ ◆
dmin
Pb = Q p (5)
2N0
⇣ ⌘
where Q(z) = 2 erfc pz2 . Remind that:
1

Z z
2 2
erfz = p e t dt, (6)
⇡ 0
and the complementary error function is erfcz = 1 erfz
Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 12
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Error probability for BPSK and QPSK

Consider BPSK modulation with coherent detection and perfect
recovery of the carrier frequency and phase. With binary modulation
each symbol corresponds to one bit, so the symbol and bit error
rates are the same.
The transmitted signal is s0 (t) = Ag(t)cos(2⇡fc t) to send a 0 bit
and s1 (t) = Ag(t)cos(2⇡fc t) to send a 1 bit. Note that for binary
modulation where M = 2, there is only one way to make an error
and dmin is the distance between the two signal constellation points,
so the probability of error is also the bound:
✓ ◆
dmin
Pb = Q p (5)
2N0
⇣ ⌘
where Q(z) = 2 erfc pz2 . Remind that:
1

Z z
2 2
erfz = p e t dt, (6)
⇡ 0
and the complementary error function is erfcz = 1 erfz
Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 12
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Error probability for BPSK and QPSK

Consider BPSK modulation with coherent detection and perfect
recovery of the carrier frequency and phase. With binary modulation
each symbol corresponds to one bit, so the symbol and bit error
rates are the same.
The transmitted signal is s0 (t) = Ag(t)cos(2⇡fc t) to send a 0 bit
and s1 (t) = Ag(t)cos(2⇡fc t) to send a 1 bit. Note that for binary
modulation where M = 2, there is only one way to make an error
and dmin is the distance between the two signal constellation points,
so the probability of error is also the bound:
✓ ◆
dmin
Pb = Q p (5)
2N0
⇣ ⌘
where Q(z) = 2 erfc pz2 . Remind that:
1

Z z
2 2
erfz = p e t dt, (6)
⇡ 0
and the complementary error function is erfcz = 1 erfz
Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 12
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Error probability for BPSK and QPSK (cont.)

Moreover, we have dmin =k s0 s1 k=k A ( A) k= 2A. The

energy-per-bit can be determined by
Z Tb Z Tb Z Tb
Eb = s20 (t)dt = s21 (t)dt = A2 g 2 (t) cos2 (2⇡fc t)dt = A2 .
0 0 0
(7)
Thus, the signal
p constellation for
p BPSK in terms of energy-per-bit is
given by s0 = Eb and sp1 = Eb . This yields the minimum
distance dmin = 2A = 2 Eb . Substituting this into (5) yields
✓ p ◆ r !
2 Eb 2Eb ⇣p ⌘
Pb = Q p =Q =Q 2 b . (8)
2N0 N0

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 13
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Error probability for BPSK and QPSK (cont.)

QPSK modulation consists of BPSK modulation on both the

in-phase and quadrature components of the signal. With perfect
phase and carrier recovery, the received signal components
corresponding to each of these branches are orthogonal and
independent. Therefore, the bit error
p probability on each branch is
the same as for BPSK: Pb = Q 2 b .
The symbol error probability equals the probability that either
branch has a bit error:
h ⇣p ⌘i2
Ps = 1 1 Q 2 b . (9)

In this formula, we calculate the probability that both the I and Q

branches experience no errors and then subtract that from 1 to get the
probability that at least one of them has an error.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 14
 Introduction Signal-to-Noise power ratio and bit/symbol energy
AWGN channels Error probability for BPSK and QPSK
Fading Channels Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical modulations

Approximate symbol and bit error probabilities for typical

modulations
Many of the approximations or exact values for Ps derived above for
coherent modulation are in the following form:
⇣p ⌘
Ps ( s ) ⇡ ↵ M Q M s (10)
where ↵M and M depend on the type of approximation and the
modulation type. In the below table, we summarize the specific values of
↵M and M for common Ps expressions for PSK, QAM, and FSK
modulations based on the derivations in the prior sections.
Modulation Ps ( s ) Pb ( b)
p
BFSK: Pb = Q
p b
BPSK: Pb = Q 2
p p b
QPSK,4QAM: Ps ⇡ 2 Q ✓ s ◆ Pb ⇡ Q 2 b
q ⇣q ⌘
6 s 6 log2 M
MPAM: Ps ⇡ 2(MM 1) Q M2 1
Pb ⇡ 2(M 1)
M log2 M Q
b
(M 2 1)
p 2
p
MPSK: Ps ⇡ 2Q 2 s sin(⇡/M ) Pb ⇡ log2 M Q 2 b log2 M sin(⇡/M )
p ✓q ◆ p ⇣q ⌘
3 s 3 b log2 M
Rectangular MQAM: Ps ⇡ 4( pMM 1) Q M 1 Pb ⇡ p4(M M 1)
log2 M
Q (M 1)
✓q ◆ ⇣q ⌘
3 s 4 3 b log2 M
Nonrectangular MQAM: Ps ⇡ 4Q M 1 Pb ⇡ log2 M Q (M 1)

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 19