Introduction Introduction

AWGN channels Outage probability

Fading Channels Average probability of error

Introduction

xác suất
In AWGN the pha probability
đinh
of symbol error depends on the received
SNR s . In a fading channel, the received signal power varies
do bị che khuất đa đường
randomly over distance or time due to shadowing and/orphân multipath
phối
như vậy
fading. Thus, in fading s is a random variables with distribution
p s ( ), and therefore Ps ( s ) is also random.
chỉ số
The performance metric when s is random tiêu chí
depends on the rate of
chính
độ mờ hiệu suất
change of the fading. There are two main performance criteria that
mô tả
can be used to characterize the random variable Ps :
Xác định ngừng hoạt động được định nghĩa là xác xuất mà giảm xuống dưới 1 giá trị
The outage probability, Pout , defined as the probability that s falls nhất định
below a given value corresponding to the maximum allowable Ps . tương ứng
The average error probability, Ps , averaged over the distribution of
s.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 22
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Outage probability

The outage probability relative to Pout is defined as

Z 0
Pout = p ( s < 0 ) = p s ( )d . (11)
0

where 0 typically specifies the minimum SNR required for

acceptable performance.
For example, if we consider digitized voice, Pb = 10 3 is an
acceptable error rate since it generally cannot be detected by the
human ear. Thus, for a BPSK signal in Rayleigh fading, b < 7 dB
would be declared an outage, so we set 0 = 7 dB.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 23
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Outage probability

1 s/ s
In Rayleigh fading with p s ( ) = e , one will have
s

Z 0
1 s/ s 0/ s
Pout = e d s =1 e , (12)
0 s

where s is the required average SNR which can be referred as:

0
s = , (13)
ln(1 Pout )

For binary signaling, the distribution of b is written as:

1 /
p b( ) = e b (14)
b

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 24
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Average probability of error

The average probability of error is used as a performance metric
when s is roughly constant over a symbol time. Then the averaged
probability of error is computed by integrating the error probability
in AWGN over the fading distribution:
Z 1
Ps = Ps ( )p s ( )d . (16)
0

where Ps ( ) is the probability of symbol error in AWGN channels

with SNR , which can be approximated by the expressions in the
aforementioned table.
For a given distribution of the fading amplitude r (i.e., Rayleigh,
Rician, log-normal, etc.), we compute p s ( ) by making the change
of variable

p s ( )d = p(r)dr. (17)

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 28
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Average probability of error (cont.)

For instance, in Rayleigh fading, the received signal amplitude r has
the Rayleigh distribution
r r 2 /(2 2
)
p(r) = 2
e , r 0, (18)

2
where the signal power is exponentially distributed with mean 2 .
The SNR per symbol for a given amplitude r is

r 2 Ts r 2 Ts
= = . (19)
2 n2 N0

where n2 = N0 /2 is the PSD of the noise in the in-phase and

quadrature branches.
Di↵erentiating both sides of this expression yields
rTs
d = 2
dr. (20)
n

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 29
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Average probability of error (cont.)

Substituting (19) and (20) into (18) and then (17) yields
2 2 2
n n /( Ts )
p s( ) = 2T
e . (21)
s

2 2
Since the average SNR per symbol s is just Ts / n, one can
rewrite (21) as
1 /
p s( ) = e s , (22)
s
which is exponential. For binary signaling, this reduces to
1 /
p b( ) = e b . (23)
b

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 30
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Average probability of error (cont.)

Integrating the error probability of BPSK in AWGN over the
distribution (23) yields the following average probability of error for
BPSK in Rayleigh fading:
s !
1 b 1
Pb = 1 ⇡ . (24)
2 1+ b 4 b

where the approximation holds for large b.

p
If we use the general approximation Ps ⇡ ↵M Q M s then the
average probability of symbol error in Rayleigh fading can be
approximated as
Z 1 s !
⇣p ⌘ 1 ↵m .5 M s
Ps ⇡ ↵M Q M e / sd s = 1
0 s 2 1 + .5 M s
↵M
⇡ .
2 M s

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 31
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Average probability of error: Numerical results of BPSK

0
10
AWGN 0
10
Rayleigh fading

−1
−1
10 10

−2
10
m = 0.5
−2
10
Average Bit Error Probability

−3
10
m=1
−3 −4 (Rayleigh)
10
b

10
P

−5
10
−4
m = 1.5
10
−6
10

m=2
−5 −7
10 10

−8
10 m = 2.5
−6 m=∞ m=4
10 m=5 m=3
0 5 10 15 20 (No fading)
−9
10
γb (dB) 0 10 20 30 40
Average SNR γb (dB)

Figure 1: Average probability of bit

Figure 2: Average Pb for BPSK in
error Pb for BPSK in Rayleigh Fading
Nakagami Fading.
and AWGN.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 32
 Introduction Introduction
AWGN channels Outage probability
Fading Channels Average probability of error

Average probability of error: Numerical results of MQAM

0
10
M=4
M = 16
M = 64
−1
10

−2
10
Rayleigh fading

−3
b

10
P

−4
10 AWGN

−5
10

−6
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

γb(dB)

Figure 3: Average Pb for MQAM in Rayleigh Fading and AWGN.

Wireless communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques Section 3.1: Performance analysis over fading channels 33