LECTURE IN PHED 30063

Research 1

LUALHATI B. ABADILLA-DELA CRUZ

Associate Professor

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Manila, Philippines
 Student Activities
• Post on the Wall
– What are your expectations in Research 1?
– Why Study Educational Research?
– What is research?
 Research
• Systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer question or solve
problem. The ultimate goals of research are
to develop, refine and expand a body of
knowledge (Polit & Beck, 2004 )
 Research
• Is the continuing discovery and exploration of
the unknown (Sanchez, 2002). It entails an
investigation of latest facts leading to the
discovery of new ideas, new methods, or
improvements. It is always proceeds from the
known to the unknown. Thus, the end of a
research is the discovery of truth. To arrive at
such, the researcher uses a method that suits
his chosen field of study.
 Research
• Is to search again and again or to examine
carefully. More specifically, research is a
diligent, systematic inquiry or investigation to
validate and refine existing knowledge and
generate new knowledge (Burn & Grove,
2007)
 Research
• Is ideally, the careful, unbiased investigation of
a problem based, insofar as possible, upon
demonstrable facts and involving refined
distinctions, interpretations, and usually some
generalizations (Good, as cited in Alcantara&
Espina, 1995)
 Research
• Is a refined technique of thinking and
employing specialized tools, instruments, and
procedures aimed at obtaining a more
adequate solution of a problem that would be
possible under ordinary means (Crawford as
cited in Alcantara & Espina, 1995)
 Research
• Primarily concerned with generating new
knowledge (Kerlinger, 1986, cited in Wilson,
1990)
• It is synonymous to the creation of a theory
which is the result of basic research. Any
newfound knowledge reflected in the
conclusions can be considered a theory,
which is on the major contribution of basic
research
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
Punch & Qancea
Empirical Quantitative Qualitative
(numerical (non-numerical
research data) data)

theoretical
research

Conceptual-
philosophical
research

historical
research
 General Kinds of Research
Burke Johnson & Larry Christensen
Basic or Pure research

Applied research

Evaluation research

Action research

Orientational research
 Basic or Pure Research
• Aimed at generating fundamental knowledge
and theoretical understanding about basic
human and other natural process
• Focuses on generating fundamental
knowledge
– E.g. effects of priming in memory (Anderson,
1995)
 Basic Research Key Purpose
• To develop solid foundation of reliable and
fundamental knowledge and theory on which
future research can be built
 Applied Research
• Focuses on real-world questions and
applications to provide relatively immediate
solutions.
• It is often conducted in more natural settings
than basic research
• Applied research often leads to the
development of interventions and programs
aimed at improving societal conditions
 Applied Research
• It is concerned with using knowledge to give
immediate solutions to a problem. A
proposed intervention is a usual contribution
of this type of research
 Evaluation Research
• When interventions and social or educational
programs aimed at improving various
conditions are implemented, evaluation
research is often carried out to determine
how well the program works in real-world
settings and to show how they might be
improved.
 Purpose of Evaluation Research
• Involves determining the worth and merit or
quality of the program
– Formative evaluation
– Summative evaluation
 Action Research
• Focused on solving specific problems that
local practitioners face in their schools and
communities (Stringer, 1996)
• Action research is a never ending process
because most problem are not fully solved
 Orientational Research or Critical
Theory Research
• Focuses on collecting information to help a
researcher advance a specific ideological or
political position or orientation that he
believes will improve some part of the society
(Sandoval. 2000)
• It focuses on giving voice and increased power
to the disadvantaged in the society
 Characteristics of Research
SYSTEMATIC
• There is system of writing a
research. The macro system
is the composition of
Chapters and the element
of each. The logical and
scientific manner. The
micro system is the
formulation of the detailed
content of each Chapter.
• (systematic procedure)
Objective
• A research must looks at the
bases of which the work is
founded.
• He must never produce a
work out of no where
• Result must never based on
biases
• Result must be verified and
validated
 Characteristics of Research
Feasible Empirical
• Can be verified or validated • There must evidence to
• Can be proven supplement the problem as
well as the answer
• All sources must be properly
cited
 Characteristics of Research
Clear
• The choice of variables used
in the study should be
explained by the researcher.
This can be done by
enriching the review of
related literature
Roles of Researcher (Nieswiadomy,
2006)
Principal investigator

Member of a research team

Identifier of researchable problems

Evaluator of research findings

User of research findings

Patient/client advocate during study

Subject/respondent/participant
 Purposes of Research
1. Research provide a scientific basis for any
practice or methodology in any field or
discipline. This is important since the
interest of entire system or operation and all
the concerned members of the institution or
organization is at stake.
 Purposes of Research#2
• Research is undertaken for continuous
development of and further productivity in
field like education, management, business,
engineering and other areas of endeavor.
 Purposes of Research#3
• Research develops tools for assessing the
effectiveness of any practice and operation.
 Purposes of Research #4
• Research provides solutions to problems
concerning almost all issues encountered in
the different areas of work
 Purposes of Research #5
• Research develops and evaluates alternative
approaches to the educational aspects of any
discipline that enable the students to gain
broad knowledge and specialized skills for safe
practice
 Purposes of Research #6
• Research advances the personal and
professional qualifications of a practitioner
 Goals of Research
To produce evidence-based
practice

To promote
To establish
cost-effectives
credibility in
through
the profession
documentation

To observe accountability for

the profession
 Research Paradigm
• A perspective about research held by a
community of researchers that is based a set
of shared assumptions, concepts, values, and
practices. It is an approach to thinking about
and doing research.
 Educational Research Paradigm

Mixed research or
Quantitative Qualitative
mixed methods
research research
research
 Quantitative Research
• Quantitative research approach primarily
follows the confirmatory scientific method
because its focus is on hypothesis testing and
theory testing
• Quantitative researchers consider to be of
primary importance to state one’s hypotheses
and then test hypotheses with empirical data
to see if they are supported,
 Qualitative research
• Qualitative research is used to describe what
is seen locally and sometimes to come up with
or generate hypotheses and theories.
• Qualitative research is used when little is
known about the a topic or phenomenon and
when one wants to discover or learn more
about it. It commonly used to understand
people’s experiences and to express their
perspective.
 Qualitative research
• Uses a wide-and deep-angle lens, examining
human choice and behavior as it occurs naturally
in all of its detail
• It do not want to intervene in the natural flow of
behavior
• Qualitative researchers often view human as
being fluid, dynamic, and changing over time an
place, and they usually are not interested in
generalizing beyond the particular people being
studied.
 Mixed method
• Involves the use of both qualitative and
quantitative method
• Use variety of data collection and analysis
approach
 Quantitative Research Method
• Experimental method
– in which the researcher manipulates the
independent variable, actively intervening in the
world, and then observes what happens.
– Experimental research provides the strongest
evidence of all the research about the existence of
cause-and-effect relationship
 Quantitative Research Method
• Nonexperimental research
• There is no manipulation of independent
variable
• there is no random assignment of groups by
the researcher
– Causal-comparative research (relationship
between variables)
– Correlational research (strength and direction)
 Qualitative Research Method
• Phenomenology
– Researcher attempt to understand how one or
more individuals experience a phenomenon from
people’s own point of view
 Qualitative Research Method
• Ethnography
• It attempt to describe the culture of a group
of people and learning what is like to be in a
group on the perspective of the member of
the group
– (holistic description) the description of how
members of the group interact and how they
come together to make up the group as a whole
 Qualitative Research Method
• Case Study Research
– A form of qualitative research that is focused on
providing a detailed account of one or more cases
 Qualitative Research Method
• Grounded theory
– A qualitative theory approach to generating and
developing a theory from the data you collect in a
research study.
 Qualitative Research Method
• Historical research/narrative research
– Research about people, places and events in the
past
Research Typology
Methodological
Paradigm

Quantitative Qualitative
Mixed research
research research

Experimental Phenomenology

Nonexperimental Ethnography

Case study

Grounded Theory

Historical
 Sources of Research Ideas

Everyday Practical Past

theory
life issues researches
Flowchart of the development of Research Idea
Research Topic - the broad subject matter area to be investigated

Research problem - the educational issue or problem within a broad area

Research purposes – a statement of the intent or objective of the study

Research question
Qualitative research – an interrogative sentence that ask a question about the relation between 2 or more variable
Qualitative research – interrogative sentence that ask a question about some process, issue, or phenomenon to be explored

Hypothesis – a prediction or best guess of the relation that exists among the variables investigated
 Chapter II

Ethics Research
 Importance of Ethics in Research
• Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge and
truth and avoidance of error. It also fosters
valued that are essential to collaborative
work. Research often involves a great deal of
cooperation and coordination among many
people in different fields or disciplines.
Important values are trust, accountability,
mutual respect and fairness
 Importance of Ethics
• Many of the ethical norms help ensure that
researchers are held accountable to the public
• Adherence to ethical principles also helps,
build public support for research. People are
more likely to fund research that promotes a
variety of important moral and social values
such as social responsibility, human rights,
animal welfare, health and safety.
Ethical Codes & Policies for Research
Honesty

Objectivity

Integrity

Care

Openness

Respect for intellectual

property

Confidentiality
 Responsible publication

Responsible mentoring

Respect for colleagues

Social responsibility

Non-discrimination

Competence

Legality

Human subjects’ protection

 Rights of Research Participants

Voluntary Informed
Risk of harm Confidentiality anonymity
participation consent
 Unethical Activities
• Publishing the same paper in two different
journals without informing the editor/s
• Failing to inform the collaborator of one’s
intent to file a patent in order to become the
sole inventor
• Including a colleague as an author of a paper
in turn for a favor even though he did not
contribute on it
 Unethical activities
• Discussing with your colleagues data from the
paper that you are reviewing for a journal
• Trimming outlines from a data set without
providing sufficient justification
• Using inappropriate statistical techniques in
order to obtain favorable results and enhance
the significance of one’s research
 Unethical activities
• Failing to acknowledge the contributions of
other people in the field
• Making derogatory comments and personal
attacks in your review of author’s submitted
work
• Injudicious and inhumane use of animals in
research
 Chapter III

The Research Title, sources

& Considerations
 Research Title
• Generally, title:
1. Should summarize the main idea of the
paper
2. Should be concise statement of the main
topic
3. Must include the major variable/s
4. Should show the relationship of the main
variables under study
5. Must be self explanatory
 Sources of Research Problem
• Research problems may exist in various
settings such as hospital or clinics, schools or
offices, or anywhere in the community.
 Consideration in Making Research
problem
External criteria
• Novelty – practical value of
the problem
• Availability of subjects
• Administrative support
• Availability/adequacy of
facilities/equipment
• Ethical consideration
Internal criteria
• Professional qualification
• Motivation
• Time factor
• Costs and returns
• Hazards, penalties and
handicaps